Brinkley Chapter 1 Presentation PDF

- Chapter 1 - The Collision of Cultures “God made me the messenger of the new heaven and the new earth...” - Christopher Columbus  Early civilizations were believed to have crossed the Beiring Strait ASIA...

- Chapter 1 - The Collision of Cultures “God made me the messenger of the new heaven and the new earth...” - Christopher Columbus  Early civilizations were believed to have crossed the Beiring Strait ASIA ALASKA The Americas were diverse and scattered PACIFIC OCEAN Archaic - term for the history of humans in America for 5,000 years starting in 8000 BC Survived with hunting & gathering and stone tools Later, groups began to farm (corn, beans, squash) and created a basis for larger civilizations  Earliest civilizations in South and Central America Incas created largest empire in Peru ○ Pachacuti - “World Shaker”, Incan leader of tribe in Cuzco, who enlarged his empire with force Network of paved roads and administrative systems  Mayans settled in parts of Central America and in the Yucatan Peninsula Developed a written language, a numerical system, an accurate calendar, and advanced agricultural system, and important trade routes Superseded by the Aztecs  AKA Mexica Established Tenochtitlan (present day Mexico City) ○ Incorporated other tribes ○ Population: 2 million by 1500 Aqueducts for water supply across the region Created public buildings, schools (for males and females), military, medical system, slave workforce  Tribute - tax paid in goods (crops or cloth or animals) Mexican people had a sense of independence but their leaders were considered tyrannical rulers and too powerful to resist Developed a religion based on human sacrifice (prisoners)  Meso-Americans civilizations were the center of civilized life in North and Central America These civilizations were the hub of culture and trade Disease and disunity made it difficult for them to survive the European invasions  Smaller empires & basic political systems Complex and varied civilizations based on hunting, gathering, and fishing Eskimos fished & hunted seal; traveled by dogsled Hunters in northern forests were nomadic & hunted moose and caribou Tribes in Pacific Northwest fished and competed for natural resources  Agricultural regions with Sedentary Farming (corn & grains) Built large irrigation systems to farm on dry land Towns - centers of trade, craft, and religious & civic ritual Nomadic tribes, hunted buffalo  Inhabited by the Woodland Indians Engaged in farming, hunting, gathering, fishing  Common linguistic roots: 1. Algonquian - in Atlantic seaboard 2. Iroquoian - NY a. Included 5 nations: Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, and Mohawk 3. Muskogean - in southernmost eastern seaboard: the Chickasaws, Choctaws, Creeks, and Seminoles Few strong alliances  Native Americans had an Agricultural Revolution ○ More sedentary, developing sources of food, clothing, and shelter Population growth Religion was bound to the natural world Divided tasks by gender ○ Women - children, meals, field work ○ Men - hunting, warfare, clearing land  Population growth in Europe Advances in navigation and shipbuilding made traveling by sea easier Monarchs financing voyages of exploration ○ Sea route to Asia Prince Henry the Navigator determined to explore western coast of Africa ○ Bartolomeu Dias rounded southern tip of Africa ○ Vasco da Gama reached India by sea  Misconception - reach Asia by going west not east Fulfilling a divine mission Spain (not Portugal) supported Columbus’ voyage Columbus’ ships - Niña, Pinta, Santa María 1st Expedition - Bahamas & Cuba 2nd Expedition - Caribbean & Hispaniola 3rd Expedition - northern coast of S. America 4th Expedition - Coast of Central America (failure)  Columbus was ethnocentric (believed in the superiority his ethnic group) ○ Wanted Christianize Natives, exploit their labor, and teach them Spanish The “New World” was named “America” after Amerigo Vespucci ○ Vespucci popularized the idea that beyond the Caribbean islands were continents, not more islands, and these continents were not in fact Asia (Columbus’ belief) Magellan - circumnavigated the globe  Spanish claimed all of the New World Hernando Cortés - conquered the Aztecs, with the help of smallpox Francisco Pizarro - conquered the Incas Advanced weapons, horses, ruthless tactics, and diseases enables the conquistadors to topple the Aztec and Inca empires  History of the Spanish Empire: 1. Age of Discovery & Exploration - Columbus, first two decades of 16th century 2. Age of Conquest - Spanish military forces took over native land 3. Ordinances of Discovery - banned brutal military conquests Conquistadors wanted to gold & silver, a profitable agricultural economy, and spread Catholicism (Catholic Missions) ○ God, Gold, & Glory  St. Augustine, FL - first European settlement in US Don Juan de Oñate - claimed lands of Pueblo Indians for Spain ○ Distributed encomiendas (licenses to extract labor and tribute from natives)  Pueblos converted to Christianity, had trading relationships, and were threatened by Apache/Navajo raiders Pueblo Revolt - series of raids, led to an uprising led by Pope, and Spanish were temporarily driven away ○ Destroyed Catholic churches and killed over 400 settlers ○ Spanish regained control over New Mexico in 1692  Spain had a vast colonial empire Collection of duties & protection against pirates that required trade to go through Spanish port ○ Not good for development of Spanish area Spanish ruled their empire it but didn't people it Despite disease and war, population was primarily natives  European introduced diseases and brutality that killed millions of natives ○ Smallpox, measles, influenza, etc. New racial hierarchy ○ Spanish ○ Mestizos: people of mixed race ○ Natives Hierarchy became wealth based ○ Easier to move up or down levels  Natives told Europeans about gold and silver in the New World Natives became the main labor source Europeans also introduced new crops and livestock as part of the Columbian Exchange  Many Europeans inaccurately characterized Africans as uncivilized Successful Ancient African Empires: Ghana and Mali African societies were matrilineal (traced heredity through their mothers) ○ Women in trade & farming Plantations caused slave trade to increase ○ Over half of all the new arrivals in the New World between 1500 and 1800 were Africans  Utopia by Sir Thomas More described a perfect society in the New World Merchants began to join forces in chartered companies ○ Charters granted by monarchs Mercantilism emerged ○ More exports than imports  Protestant Reformation led by Martin Luther John Calvin was an influential French reformer ○ Doctrine of predestination The English Reformation was due to political disputes between the King and Pope ○ Broke ties with the Catholic Church; made England a Christian country Protestants became known as the “Puritans” ○ Hoped to “purify the church” Puritans found refuge in the New World  English colonists explored Ireland through 1560s and 1570s Colonists assumed the native Irish people were ignorant “savages” Created plantations and new settlements separate of the natives ○ Later would treat Native Americans the same way  England faced competition with France in North America French settled Quebec in 1608 French had low population growth Coureurs de bois were French fur traders and trappers Very good relations with Natives ○ Living among the Natives and at times marrying Native women  Holland gained independence from Spain in the early seventeenth century Larger merchant fleet than England ○ Active in Europe, Africa, Asia, and now America Henry Hudson was an explorer for the Dutch and claimed present day New York State Dutch West India Company established permanent trading posts on the Hudson, Delaware, and Connecticut Rivers  First successful English settlement in the New World, Jamestown (1607) English intimidated by Spanish forces in New World The English naval fleet defeated the larger “Spanish Armada” Pioneers of English colonization - Sir Humphrey Gilbert & Sir Walter Raleigh Sir Francis Drake - second circumnavigation of the world in one expedition  Sir Walter Raleigh was given a grant to explore the North American coast Founded an island called Roanoke and the mainland behind it (present day North Carolina) ○ Named the area “Virginia” after Queen Elizabeth, “the Virgin Queen”  Raleigh had his cousin, Sir Richard Grenville, establish a colony in Roanoke The colony was deserted when revisited 3 years later James I issued a new charter which divided America among two groups (The London Group & The Plymouth Merchants)  Columbus “discovered” lands that had been previously inhabited Most notable civilizations were the Incas, Mayans, and Aztecs Northern regions were less advanced and smaller than southern civilizations Natives suffered after European, French, and Dutch arrival to the New World Mid-sixteenth century, the Spanish and Portuguese created the largest empires