Health Science 20 Final Exam Review PDF

Health Science 20 Final Exam Review Circulatory System Section Multiple Choice Section The components of the blood: ​ Red blood cells: erythrocytes; small, biconcave disks whose primary purpose is to transport O2; empty sacs filled with an O2 carrying protein; hemoglobin ​ White bloo...

Health Science 20 Final Exam Review Circulatory System Section Multiple Choice Section The components of the blood: ​ Red blood cells: erythrocytes; small, biconcave disks whose primary purpose is to transport O2; empty sacs filled with an O2 carrying protein; hemoglobin ​ White blood cells: leukocytes; cells that make up the buffy coat, the thin, milky layer that forms between plasma and RBC layers when blood is separated; defense against infections and harmful foreign substances ​ Plasma: a pale-yellow fluid that makes up 55% of blood; transport nutirents and dissolved gases to regulate fluid and ion balance and maintain a favorable pH; 3 main plasma protein groups are albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen ​ Platelets: thrombocytes; small cell fragments produced in the red bone marrow; main job is to stop bleeding after a blood vessel has been damaged Systemic circuit: left side of the heart pumps the freshly oxygenated blood to all body tissues and returns the deoxygenated blood to the right side of the heart Pulmonary circuit: right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs to pick up O2 from the air and returns the oxygenated blood to the left side of the heart The FOUR heart valves: ​ Tricuspid valve: AV valve that separates the right atrium from the right ventricle; has 3 flexible flaps or cusps ​ Bicuspid valve: (mitral valve) AV valve that separates the left atrium from the left ventricle; has 2 flaps or cusps ​ Pulmonary valve: semilunar valve that separates the right ventricle from the pulmonary arteries; allows blood to leave the right ventricle and enter the lungs ​ Aortic valve: separates the left ventricle from the aorta; allows blood to leave the left ventricle and enter the aortic arch to the body Coronary arteries: ​ Right and Left coronary arteries provide blood to the heart itself ​ Begin just above the aorctic semilunar valve and are the first 2 branches of the aorta Coronary thrombosis: ​ Clot that forms in the coronary arteries or cardiac veins Know the following terms: ​ cardiac cycle: the coordinated contraction and relaxation of the heart chambers that compose 1 heartbeat; 4 phases of the Cardiac Cycle: Atrial Disatole, Atrial Systole, Ventricular Systole, Ventricular Diastole ​ atrial diastole: atria and ventricles relax ​ atrial systole: atria contracts ​ ventricular systole: ventricles contracts ​ ventricular diastole: ventricles relax Know how the lubb-dubb sound is made: ​ First heart sound (lubb) occurs at the start of ventricular contraction (systole) and results from closure of the atrioventricular valves ​ Second heart sound (dubb) occurs at the start of ventricular relaxation (diastole) due to closure of the aortic semilunar valves Know the following terms: ​ cardiac conduction system: CCS; heart generates and distributes nerve impulses through CCS to coordinate the events of the cardiac cycle; made up of 5 components: SA node, AV node, AV bundle, Right and left bundle branches and Purkinje Fibers ​ sinoatrial node (SA node): a mass of specialized muscle tissue found in the upper region of the right atrium, autorhythmic; generate their own impulses ​ atrioventricular node (AV node): second pump of cardiac muscle tissue found in the lower region of the right atrium ​ atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His): a group of large cardiac muscle fibers that conduct the cardiac impulse from the AV node down the interventricular septum ​ Purkinje fibers: arise from the tips of the right and left bundle branches Know the following terms: ​ ECG: recording of electrical changes that occur during the cardiac cycle ​ P wave: contraction; first upward wave; depolarization of the atria ​ QRS Complex: contraction; a large second wave begins with downward wave (Q), a large upward spike (R) and a downward spike (S); depolarization of the ventricles ​ T wave: relaxation; third dome-shaped wave; slowes repolarization of the ventricles Know what blood pressure is and be familiar with the following terms; ​ Hypertension: 140/90 or higher; high blood pressure ​ Hypotension: 90/60 or lower; low blood pressure ​ Diastolic: pressure when ventricles relax ​ Systolic: pressure when ventricles contract Know the ranges for blood pressure – know what reading indicates low pressure, know what reading indicates high blood pressure, know what reading indicates a healthy blood pressure… etc. Know the anatomy, structure and function of the veins, arteries, and capillaries. ** Be familiar with the following ECG terms: ​ P wave: contraction; first upward wave; depolarization of the atria ​ QRS Complex: contraction; a large second wave begins with downward wave (Q), a large upward spike (R) and a downward spike (S); depolarization of the ventricles ​ T wave: relaxation; third dome-shaped wave; slowes repolarization of the ventricles ​ Normal Sinus Rhythm: Rate: 60-100bpm ​ Tachycardia: a regular heart rhythm with a rate > 100bpm ​ Bradycardia: a regular heart heart rhythm with a rate < 60 bpm ​ atrial fibrillation: irregularly irregular rhythm with a rate > 100bpm ​ atrial flutter: regular or irregular rhythm with a sawtooth like flutter waves ​ ventricular tachycardia: regular rhythm with wide QRS complexes, rate >100 bpm ​ ventricular fibrillation: cardiac rhythm with no discernible waves or complexes Short Answer Section: Know how to calculate heart rate in beats per minute for an ECG strip: ​ Multiply the # of squares by 0.04 sec to give the time in sec for one beat, or sec/beat; length of one cardiac cycle ​ Step 1: Count squares ​ Step 2: Multiply the squares by 0.04 sec = sec/beat ​ Step 3: Divide 60sec/min by sec/beat to get beats/min  Be able to sketch and describe the important components of an ECG: ECG: recording of electrical changes that occur during the cardiac cycle ​ P wave: contraction; first upward wave; depolarization of the atria ​ QRS Complex: contraction; a large second wave begins with downward wave (Q), a large upward spike (R) and a downward spike (S); depolarization of the ventricles ​ T wave: relaxation; third dome-shaped wave; slowes repolarization of the ventricles Be able to label a heart diagram, be able to trace the pathway of blood through the heart and be able to explain the pathway blood takes throughout the heart. Superior Vena Cava Inferior Vena Cava Right Atrium Tricuspid Valve Right Ventricle Pulmonary Valve Pulmonary Arteries Lungs Pulmonary Veins Left Atrium Mitral Valve Left Ventricle Aortic Valve Aorta Right Side of Heart (Left hand side): Deoxygenated blood enters right atrium via vena cava and coronary sinus Right atrium contracts - moves through tricuspid valve to right ventricle Right ventricle contracts - tricuspid valve close - moves through pulmonary valve to pulmonary arteries - lungs CO2 leaves, O2 enters; blood returns via pulmonary veins Left side of Heart (Right hand side): Oxygenated blood enters left atrium via pulmonary veins Left atrium contarcts - moves through bicuspid valve - left ventricle Left Ventricle contracts - bicuspid valve closes - moves through aortic valve - aorta - body O2 leaves, CO2 enters; deoxygenated blood returns via vena cava