Wyatt Guy Lecture Notes PDF

Wyatt Guy - Lecture Notes Monday 9/9/24: Guest Speaker Story about grandmother Anishnaabe - people living around the great lakes in United states and Canada ○ Speaker identifies more as ojibwe than anishinaabe Member of Loon clan...

Wyatt Guy - Lecture Notes Monday 9/9/24: Guest Speaker Story about grandmother Anishnaabe - people living around the great lakes in United states and Canada ○ Speaker identifies more as ojibwe than anishinaabe Member of Loon clan Anishnaabe is separated into clans (7 total), they are a way of organizing community and governance Indian Act ○ Federal law that governs all matter regarding to indian status, bands, ○ Means that indians are property of the government, unable to handle their own affairs, subject to measures such as health care (need to apply) Prohibited protective measures of indian act ○ Prohibited from legal counsel (cant sue someone for damaging their car, cant sue government) ○ Entering pool halls Destruction of dogs ○ Any dog belonging to first nations person was subject to destruction ○ Dogs helped first nations people live their way of life ○ RCMP would go into reserves and slaughter dogs, because they were ‘livestock’ and people were allowed to kill livestock ○ Has been acknowledged in the past few years, but the damage was already done ○ Speaker’s grandmother’s dog was killed by the RCMP ○ This rule of RCMP being allowed to kill dogs is still legal to this day What are indigenous treaties ○ Agreements between indigenous people such as ‘you can cross our land’ or ‘you can cross our land but you cannot hunt’ etc.. Treaties between indigenous people and british settlers ○ British viewed the treaties as a divorce ○ Indigenous viewed as a marriage Thought that there would be an ongoing relationship, not that the british would get a territory forever, depending on changes in circumstances and conditions Treaty Map:  Treaty non compliance by the british ○ Changed the agreed location of speaker’s reserve away from the town and railway, there was no road access to new location until 2008 ○ New location was 2 hour boat ride from the nearest town Indian act created residential schools ○ Speakers grandma went to school ○ Four of her brothers disappeared while attending the schools, no one knows where they went ○ Because speakers grandma was married to white man, she was denied rights to live on reserve and denied access services such as health benefits Speakers grandma had her daughter taken from her ○ Had pneumonia, hospital told grandma she was dead, she was actually adopted by a white family What does the speaker think of the indian act ○ It should stay until the government provides a solution that include having their land back (for now it should stay) ○ There are both benefits and drawback Indigenous people are technically property of the government But, they are guaranteed their land Wednesday 9/11/24: TRCs arise when the government refuses to consider issues, this happened with the residential school situation in canada ○ Serve to answer the unanswered questions by the government  ○ Begin with an apology of guilt ○ Other examples are South Africa (apartheid), Chile, Rwanda, etc. Government itself did not create the TRC, it was an out of court settlement that grew from the IRSSA (indigenous residential schools settlement agreement) 94 Calls to action ○ Actionable policies recommended by the TRC to aid the healing process ○ Included: acknowledgement and creating new systems to prevent abuses from happening again 2 Main calls: calls to action (1 through 42), and reconciliation (43 through 94) TRC Report talks about how europeans brought their patriarchal codes and beliefs with them to canada Colonization vs. Colonialism ○ Colonization = action or process of settling over the indigenous peoples of an area ○ Colonialism = policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, and occupying it with settlers and exploiting it economically ○ Settler Colonialism = “distinct type of colonialism that functions through the replacement of indigenous populations with an invasive settler society that, over time, develops a distinctive identity and sovereignty." – A. Barker & E. Battell Lowman Empire - an extensive group of states or countries under a single supreme authority (oxford dictionary) Nation-State - a sovereign state whose citizens or subjects are relatively homogeneous in factors such as language or common descent (oxford dictionary) Imperialism - “...an unequal human and territorial relationship, usually in the form of an empire, based on ideas of superiority and practices of dominance, and involving the extension of authority and control of one state or people over another.” - Dictionary of Human Geography ○ You can have imperialism without colonialism but you cannot have colonialism without imperialism Colonial Period is not over, the effects are ongoing Jacques Cartier ○ Credited with setting the foundation for further french colonization of Canada Samuel de Champlain ○ Enthusiastic advocate of colonization ○ ‘Father of new france’ named this for his in establishing the colony Timeline of canada ○ New France (1534-1763)  ○ British Colonies (1763-1783) and Rupert’s Land (1670-1870; commercial ○ domain of the Hudson’s Bay) ○ British North America (1783-1867) ○ Canada (1867-) ‘The Middle Ground’ by Richard White ○ Demonstrates that there were periods during the 17th through early 19th century where there was a process of mutual invention ○ Both sides were not able to gain their ends through force ○ Borders were much weaker during this time After napoleonic wars there was settlement between british and indigenous ○ Settlers falsely believed that Indigenous land practices, including agriculture, were primitive at best and land underutilized Indigenous people had no real government or laws Indigenous rituals and ceremonies were ‘uncivilized’ and ‘barbaric’ Meaning of Confederation ○ Women and indigenous people remained unable to vote ○ Power remained in the hands of a small group of white men ○ Indigenous people had no representative in conferences creating the confederation ○ Only one section of the BNA act references indigenous people ○ Fathers of confederation dismissed indigenous peoples as ‘children’ Crafted policies with the aim of cultural assimilation Take the indian out of the child Impact of colonialism ○ “...the impact of settler colonialism is starkly visible in the landscapes it produces: the symmetrically surveyed divisions of land; fences, roads, power lines, dams and mines; the vast mono-cultural expanses of single-cropped fields; carved and preserved national forest; and marine and wilderness parks; the expansive and gridded cities; and the socially coded areas of human habitation and trespass that are bordered, policed and defended. Land and the organized spaces on it, in other words, narrate the stories of colonization.” – Tracey Banivanua Mar and Penelope Edmonds, cited in Daniel Rück, The Laws and The Land, p. 3. Acquisition of Ruperts land ○ Following confederation, macdonald government moved to transfer the northwest to the new country ○ In 1869 hudson's bay sells its claim to the land for 1.5 million Resistance  ○ Metis had the Red River resistance, and North-West Rebellion Louis Riel (View attached video) ○ There is controversy over how is is remembered ○ Born in 1844, became central leader for metis people ○ Led the red river resistance, metis had a big fear they would lose their land ○ There was an effort to reduce the number of metis people ○ Metis tried to overthrow the provisional government ○ John A Macdonald was forced to negotiate with the Metis Later, after agreement the area of Manitoba was founded, Riel was helped the metis peoples land 1880-1885: increased settlement ○ Metis experienced starvation, many thousands died ○ Canadian national railway expands west ○ Many skirmishes result in many deaths ○ Louis Riel is captured, and convicted by an all-white jury, sentenced to death, hanged in front of many Death of Louis Riel caused much controversy ○ French demanded retribution for the death and killing of Louis Riel ○ Riel's death was also a sensation abroad Lots of interest in Ireland, and India Other countries will ongoing settlers trying to dominate indigenous populations Riel becomes a symbol of resistance around the world for indigenous people There is now a national day for louis riel in Manitoba - canada's fifth province Treaties with First Nations ○ 1871-1877: Seven treaties were concluded with Indigenous Peoples living east of the Rockies ○ First Nations agreed to the treaties because they wanted guarantees for their future well-being which was threatened by the disappearance of the buffalo and the influx of settlers ○ Treaties established reserves where First Nations could farm, and promised implements, seed, and training ○ Treaties also recognized traditional hunting and fishing rights ○ Disagreement in the interpretation of the treaties Indian Act of 1876  ○ Dubbed first nations people of being incapable of integrating into ‘civilized’ society and therefore needed supervision ○ Indigenous women who married non indigenous men lost their indigenous status ○ Denied status indians the right to drink alcohol Liberal State vs. Indigenous Land Perspective ○ Liberal state Premised on the rights of the individual, including private property rights Depends upon a delineation between the private and the public sphere Political institutions protect public interests and private individuals/groups can freely pursue their private interests Movement to centralization and homogenization of interests ○ Indigenous Perspective Part of their lifeworld; holistic understanding Relationship with the land informed by their spirituality and beliefs; practices reflect that Indigenous perspective of land it that it is not just a resource to be used, but "as system of reciprocal relations and obligations [that] can teach us about living our lives in relation to one another and the natural world in non dominating and non exploitative terms" (Glen Sean Coulthard, Red Skin, White Masks) “When the school is on the reserve the child lives with its parents, who are savages; he is surrounded by savages, and though he may learn to read and write his habits...training and mode of thought are Indian. He is simply a savage who can read and write. It has been strongly pressed on myself, as the head of the Department, that Indian children should be withdrawn as much as possible from parental influence, and the only way to do that would be to put them in central training industrial schools where they will acquire the habits and modes of thought of white men.” – John A. Macdonald, Address to the House of Commons in 1883 Monday 9/16/24: New France 1759 - English beat France in the Battle of the Plains of Abraham Both important push and pull drivers that led Europe to colonize North America Jacques Cartier and Samuel de Champlain Imperial rivalries between European nations Exploration was driven by gold, silver, access to Asia  Also motivating by territorial claims France staked a claim in what is now the eastern provinces of Canada Established Quebec City in 1608 The French regime introduced a Christianizing mission early into settlement While different orders had different approaches to Christianizing Indigenous peoples, few found great success during this period because of significant differences in culture and spirituality Female religious orders had more success administering schools and hospitals than converting Indigenous women European diseases devastated the Wendat and other Indigenous populations; loss of life, knowledge, leadership French fur-trade partners left vulnerable; Haudenosaunee attacks led to Wendat diaspora and the destruction of Saint-Marie Among the Huron Administrative control New France given economic, political structure and stability when proclaimed a Royal Colony by absolutist King Louis XIV in 1660s Jean-Baptiste Colbert attempts to diversify Canada’s economy by creating a “compact colony” ○ Hopes to be self-reliant ○ Own individual industries along the St. Lawrence ○ Challenge of keeping families in New France ○ Poor transportation infrastructure Policies to increase population largely successful ○ State Tool: Family → Les filles du roi ○ 800 unmarried women, sponsored by the King came to New France from 1663 to 1673 ○ They were given an allowance of 100 pounds upon arrival ○ Women tended to be orphans, poor, or wanting a new life ○ Average of 24 years of age Challenges to plan include settlers desire for farmland, the lure of profits in the fur trade, failed assimilation of First Nations, difficulty diversifying the economy, shortages of currency, slow communication, corruption, and the continued challenges of defending the colony from attacks Empires in Conflict The Fall of New France: The Seven Years’ War Growing concerns about Acadian neutrality result in their expulsion from Acadia in 1755 France begins war with important victories, but loses Louisbourg and the St. Lawrence in 1758 Resulting naval blockade makes Canada vulnerable to attack Quebec, Montreal fall in 1759, 1760 Britain emerges as the dominant imperial power in North America The Battle of the Plains of Abraham Took place on 13 September 1759, also known as the Battle of Quebec A pivotal moment in the Seven Years’ War and subsequently in the history of Canada A British invasion force led by General James Wolfe defeated French troops under the Marquis de Montcalm, leading to the surrender of Quebec to the British (both commanding officers died from wounds sustained during the battle) The French never recaptured Quebec and effectively lost control of New France in 1760 At the end of the war in 1763 France surrendered many of its colonial possessions, including Canada, to the British The Conquest in Popular Memory Canada had to be incorporated within the British Empire First few years British imperial policy was tentative and changing Shifted from policy of conformity outlined in the Royal Proclamation of 1763 to policy of exceptionalism in 1774 with the passage of the Quebec Act More than a series of events that followed; the Conquest was experienced differently by different groups, and over time it has also represented different things to different groups Historian Jocelyn Létourneau argues the events of 1759 have been transformed into “mythistory” (or popular memory): Creation of the Grand Narrative: “...The vision of 1759 currently predominating in public discourse – that of the Conquest as cataclysmic and essentially destructive – is largely the creation of [those] who seek to use history to foster a national consciousness among the Québécois that is founded on a belief in destiny usurped and progress thwarted.” (Létourneau, 2012, p. 297) Létourneau argues that no one interpretation exists, but he promotes a new methodological context that “leads inevitably to the recognition of an ambiguous conquest.” (p. 294) After the Conquest Rebellions of 1837-38 The Rise of Quebec Nationalism The Quebec nationalism is most associated with the sovereignty movement and the Parti Quebecois, and has deep roots in Quebec’s history going back to the nineteenth century Important expressions during the Rebellions in 1837–8 and during the deadlocked politics in the lead up to Confederation Nineteenth-century French nationalism in Quebec largely a conservative phenomenon By the twentieth century, strong nationalists such as Abbé Lionel Groulx (image→) occasionally flirted with the idea of a separate state Attempts for unified nationalism Bourassa thought the Americans were more of a threat than English Canada/Britain Bourassa believed English and French Canadians should unite Wednesday 9/18/24: Motto of Quebec - “Je me souviens” Jean tache was father of confederation Chose to engrave the motto into the parliament building Means that ‘we choose to understand the past for its misfortunes, glory, etc.’ Conscription Crisis During the first and second world wars Was many anti conscription demonstrations organized in at the university of montreal Maurice Duplesis Premier of quebec ○ During his time quebec changed ○ Economy increased greatly New Quebec Urban Intellectual Elite Rene levesque Pierre trudeau During this time, division between anglophones and francophones grew Division between neo-nationalists and liberals ○ Levesque was neo nationalist ○ Pierre Trudeau was liberal Final break occurred during the 1960s ○ Liberal party separated Quebec’s Quiet Revolution 3 main demographic changes  ○ Decline in birth rate related to diminished role of catholic church, availability of birth control ○ Common Law relationships increase ○ Immigration from quebec increases after liberalization of quebec Quebec was receiving a lot of immigrants at this time Economic policies changes under jean lessage government ○ Went from laissez faire to command economy Economy shrank because lots of financial institutions moved to toronto Education and health care systems of the province were reformed New canadian middle class arose Quebec Nationalist Movement Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) ○ Quebec nationalist party ○ Supported the destruction of colonial symbols such as RCMP, all canadian symbols that discriminated against quebecois ○ Were pro capitalist Separated into two parties ○ Parti Quebecois (PQ) was formed ○ FLQ leaned further to the neo nationalist side, PQ was more liberal Terrorism In Quebec April 1963 - FLQ bombs canadian armed forces recruitment center May 1963 - FLQ mailbox bombs in montreal February 1969 - FLQ bombs Montreal Stock Exchange 1963-1970 - 200 bombings and 6 murders committed by FLQ ○ Time of fear and concern within the province October Crisis Violent activities of the 1960s set the stage for the october crisis October 1970 around 20 FLQ members were imprisoned, robert burassa led liberal government Pierre trudeau was far on the liberal side, almost an anti-nationalist Legacy of October crisis Word ‘terrorism’ was used for the first time to describe the actions of radical quebec groups (FLQ) Rene levesque PQ was elected in 1976 Parti Quebecois and Sovereignty 1963-69 - bilingualism and biculturalism was established  1969 - official languages act ○ Recognized english and french as official languages of canada ○ Schools offered new french immersion programs for english kids to learn french Unilingual anglophones made double what unilingual francophones made 1977 PQ Bill 101 passed (charter of french language) ○ Keystone policy of moderate nationalist of quebec 1980 Referendum Quebecers were asked if they wanted their province to become a sovereign nation 40% supported, scared the federal government 1995 Referendum (2nd) Same result, but much more narrow margin ○ 50.58% to 49.42% Parizeau was very unhappy with the result, publicly complained and embarrassed himself It is estimated that 36% of quebec still supports sovereignty ○ Seems to be steadily declining though Anglophone & Francophone Relations continue to be poor Strained once again by recent events ○ Bill 21 (2019) prohibits police officers etc. from wearing religious symbols Limits the career advancement for those who wear religious symbols ○ Bill 96 (2022) protects the french language Makes life more difficult for english speakers ○ Tuition Fee Changes Monday 9/23/24: Black Loyalists Divided by the revolution First Nations people also divided by the revolution The Constitutional Act (1791) Quebec turns into two colonies: upper and lower Canada Upper Canada has British laws (freehold land tenure) Lower Canada retains seigneurial system, still has French civil laws Into the 19th Century  British establish new political infrastructure in North America There is a boom in resource industries Upper Canada and there maritimes reach settlement British power is sustained in lower Canada through patronage War of 1812 United States declares war on the United Kingdom America views this as a ‘tie’ (nothing was gained but nothing was lost) Canadians believe they won, by fighting of the aggressors Laura Secord Symbol of loyalty and patriotism Canadian involved in the war of 1812 Stopped the American invasion by overhearing the the American meeting and informing the British Woman used her story in an attempt to convince the government to allow them to vote Consequences of the War Remembered by Canadians but not Americans or British Seen as a major victory by the loyalist families of upper Canada (conservatives) Society moved towards conservatism and loyalty Political Culture By the early 19th century people began challenging the power that was in the hands of the monarchy, hereditary landed elite, and state sponsored church Calls for workers to overthrow oppressive regimes Conservatives believed in hierarchy and regimes Believed only a few men were qualified to rule Rebellions, Durham Report, Act of Union John geroet lampton (lord durham) was sent to Canada Politician, diplomat Dated a report to present to British authorities (durham report) Report made two recommendations  Recommended to fuse upper and lower Canada Took care of ethnic issues This would hopefully take care of French Canadian argument Also recommended that Canada should be ruled under one single legislature This was turned down Lower Canadians believed this was a plot to assimilate them Vast majority of Canadians supported responsible government, this took power away from the British Responsible government was enacted, leaders were elected by the people Public school systems were formed Prisons and asylums were expanded Voting rights began to broaden All these events led to confederation Representatives from around canada began to have conversations Confederation was not unanimous, their were people for and against Why Confederation Nationalist Frederic fueling movements in european countries Canada seemed to be confused on their stance Britain was shifting their trade laws This left colonies weak Governments in power were coming to a deadlock on many issues through the 1850s Lots of political wrangling, system did not seem to be working There needed to be federal union to solve these issues British government was seeking to reduce its colonial expenditure (external pressure) Confederation seemed like a way to make defending Canadian colonies easier from American invasion BNA (British North America) Act of 1867 Canada’s original constitution Passed by the British House of Commons with little debate Outlines distribute power between central parliament and provincial leaders Section 91 “Peace, order, and good government” Requires the preservation and balance between powers of provincial and federal government  Federal government given powers to make laws So is provincial government All existing provinces and territories were not originally made at confederation Confederation was not the end.. Statue of Westminster (1931) Canadian citizenship act (1949) Partition of the constitution and the charter of rights and freedoms (1982) Meech Lake Accord (1987) Charlottetown Accord (1992) Monday 9/30/24: **Note: Writing assignment due November: book meeting with professor September 30th National day of truth and reconciliation for first nations people in Canada This year, British Columbia, Prince Edward Island, Manitoba, the Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and the Yukon as jurisdictions that have designated September 30th as a statutory holiday ○ Statutory holiday meaning all workers are entitled to the day off Nationalism Loyalty and devotion to one nation Significant for over 200 years Figured in revolutions and wars of independence National Identity Not an innate quality, must be learned Common points of national identity can be traditions, language, symbols, history, culture, etc.. Benedict anderson “an imagined political- community and imagined as both inherently limited and sovereign;” Is Nationalism a Good Thing? Yes, because it creates an identity for a country, and promotes unity which can connect and unite citizens No, because it has been used for the wrong reasons in the past; ignoring the past of the country and a portion of its identity. ○ Can also be harmful for relationships with other nations Canadian Flag & its History (Flag Day) February 15, 1965 canada changes its flag from one with a union jack to one with a maple leaf Flag was at first criticized, creator (George Stanley) received death threats ○ People thought the changing of the flag would separate canada and damage their relationship with england Stephen harper characterized the flag differently than past prime ministers Often political parties incorporate the national symbols into their logo, except for the bloc quebecois Symbols Often national symbols are capitalized on in our capitalist society Often promoted and employed on tourism sites Can mean different things in different contexts, can be viewed as unifying or divisive Celebrations Cultural practices and commemorative ceremonies Holidays are celebrations that repeat annually Public holidays in Canada (13 total in canada) recognized by the federal government ○ Lots of christian interest, lack of acknowledging other religions ○ Saint-Jean Baptiste Day - only celebrated by quebec, Civic Holiday - Quebec does not celebrate Dominion Day Anniversary of confederation 1879 - becomes national holiday 1982 - Dominion day is changed to Canada day Commemoration In Canada Definition of Commemoration: The act of commemorating ○ Cambridge Dictionary Definition: Something that is done to remember officially and give respect to a great person or event Viola Desmond ○ March 8, 2018: Desmond is added to the 10 dollar bill ○ Civil rights activist, mentor for black canadians as she was a successful businesswoman The Potlach Ban Potlach means ‘to give’ Was a celebration for first nations peoples Banned in 1951, which resulted in the imprisonment of some individuals and confiscation of hundreds of ceremonial objects  Monday 10/21/24: The Rights Revolution and the Response from the Far Right: Rights Revolution Written piece by Dominique Clément Clément argues that during the rights revolution (period between 2WW and signing of Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms) the awareness of and support for human rights increases ○ Role of the state changed: “governments became active agents in protecting and enforcing a new rights regime.” Four central developments: ○ Challenges to parliamentary supremacy ○ The expanding role of the state and innovations in public policy ○ The explosion of social movement activity in the sixties ○ Changing attitudes towards freedom and equality Contemporary Issue - What is the role of the state in protecting citizens’ rights? - What does the rise of far-right extremism represent? Canadian Human Rights History Article: Jennifer Tunnicliffe, “Canada and the Human Rights Framework: Historiographical Trends,” Article argues that the studies “reveal how dominant groups within society have historically marginalized and discriminated against vulnerable groups or individuals, and how this dominance has been challenged over time.” Support for human rights is an increasingly important issue Minorities had little to no recognition of their human rights Mobilization for Human Rights Great depression of 1930s, worldwide economic shock affected canada greatly ○ Businesses laying off workers, government was not helping ○ Unemployment rate rose to 20% ○ Marginalized groups often faced discrimination, protests began to pick up for homeless youth, lack of work, starvation, etc.. The 2nd World War and Post War period  Important legislation: ○ 1948: universal declaration of human rights, canada was one of few countries who initially opposed the declaration The declaration could pressure the government into adapting unwanted rules (wanted to keep their national sovereignty) Likely this was also due to fear of losing their racially discriminatory rules ○ Many other provincial bills which preventing discrimination which led to the federal bill: The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (1982) Seen as a break from parliamentary supremacy If Parliament or any provincial legislatures now enact a law which violates a section of the Charter, a court has the power to strike this legislation down ○ However, section 33 of the charter (notwithstanding clause) allows parliament and the provincial legislatures to override certain provisions of the charter Basically, canadian legislatures still remain with supreme power Quebec’s Bill 21 (2019) An act respecting the laicity of the state (keeping religions separate from the state) Prohibits employees such as prosecutors, police officers, and teachers from wearing religious symbols ○ Only applies to new hires, people that have been previously employed do not have to abide Has been continually challenged by various groups who feel this bill goes against their rights Development of the Welfare State Influenced by keynesian policies (british connection) Marsh’s 1943 report called for a change in social contract between workers and state where workers were protected ○ 1945 family allowance act ○ 1951 expansion of old age security  ○ 1965 canadian pension plan ○ 1966 medical care act After 2nd world war, higher taxes went to: ○ Infrastructure spending (roads and electrical power facilities) ○ Building up social capital (schools and hospitals) Response from the Far Right Many protestors pushed for an anti communist state, did not like the new laws ○ Edmund burke society This group of protestors were seen by some as as reflection of long-standing strains of nationalism, racism, anti-statism, anti-communism among the far right in Canada Many of the founders of these protesting groups were immigrants themselves White Paper Proposed to abolish all legal documents that had previously existed, including (but not limited to) the Indian Act, and all existing treaties within Canada, comprising Canadian Aboriginal law Proposed to assimilate First Nations as an ethnic group equal to other Canadian citizens. Was met with a lot of criticism ○ Many felt this document overlooked the concerns of many indigenous issues Section 35 of constitution act confirmed indian rights Challenges (Bill C-31) Egan vs. Canada (1995) Wednesday 10/28/24: Women's Rights and Gender Equity Equity vs. Equality Equality = each member is given the same resources & opportunities Equity = each person has different circumstance, resources and opportunities should be given to those in need in order to reach equal outcomes Women & the Early Canadian Project During period of westward expansion in canada, white women were viewed as civilizers and central agents of colonization, while indigenous women were viewed oppositely as as the cause of immorality, also believed to have corrupting influence Early steps towards equality Legalization of married women’s property rights  ○ Married women’s property act Suffrage movement ○ Gave women the right to vote in provincial elections in manitoba, saskatchewan, and alberta ○ By 1918, all caucasian women had the right to vote Persons case ○ Women defined as ‘persons’ under the BNA act in 1929 ○ The ‘famous five’ petitioned the government to ask supreme court to decide whether or not women should be defined as persons Reproductive Rights Decriminalization of abortion and homosexual relationships There still needed to be a meeting between a woman and a group of doctors, for the woman to be approved to go through with her abortion ○ Many protests across canada took place in a fight against this ruling Abortion still remains one of the most divisive issues in Canada ○ Just because abortion has been legalized, this does not mean there are not still access issues Second-Wave Feminism politically active form of feminism that emerged in the 1960s ○ Common goal was the equality of the sexes, they believed woman had still not achieved equality with men in every facet of life Third-Wave Feminism Movement expanded to include women of color and other women that felt left out Fought against ○ Gender violence and sexual harassment ○ Restricting and policing women ○ Limiting women’s personal and political power Fourth-Wave of Feminism? Some argue we are now in a fourth wave ○ This includes transgender and LGBTQ2SSIPGAVFHJDFKABFVRJWK++*%$ ○ Also includes the fight against rape culture, fighting back against sexual violence Labour Rights Fair employment practices, gender wage gap Canadian labor code amended 1971 Canadian Human Rights Act and the Charter of Rights and Freedoms MMIWG National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls was launched (2015) Final Report of the National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls was released (2019) Protesting of the Indian Act In 1968, Mary Two-Axe Early made a submission to the Royal Commission on the Status of Women protesting the Indian Act ○ Section 12 (1) b: Declared married women’s status determined by their husband’s status ○ A woman would lose her ‘indian’ status if she married a non indian man (feathers not dots) Mary Two-Axe Early Advocate for women and children, humans rights activist Pushed heavily for the amendment of Bill C-31 ○ Key area of this amendment was indigenous woman losing their indian status after marrying First ever woman to get her status recalled Monday 11/4/24: Canada and the World The Cold War & Canada Canada played an important role in the cold war, considered by many to be the birthplace of the conflict ○ Gouzenko Affair - symbolized a crumbling alliance between eastern and western world The Golden Age of Diplomacy in Canada  Post 1945 period Building a framework for economic cooperation ○ International monetary fund ○ International bank for reconstruction and development General agreement on tariffs and trade in 1947 Canada increased the number of diplomatic missions abroad Played an important role in founding of the United nations and the drafting of its charter Canadian Relations Many canadians did not want Canada to become too dependant on the United States, others thought it was important for Canada to have a strong relationship with their neighbor North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) ○ April 4th, 1949 ○ Agreement to protect a group of countries (including canada) from a russian invasion North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Korean War North korea invaded south korea ○ Many canadians participated (approximately 26 thousand) Nuclear Issues and NORAD North American Aerospace Defense Command Created so canada and United States could protect each other from soviet union attacks ○ Each of them would keep each other notified with air traffic Suez Crisis Israel, Britain, france invaded egypt Canada was put into a tough spot picking between their relationship with Britain vs. their relationship with the US Canadian Relations with the United States 1980s and 1990s trade policies ○ A more conservative political shift prevailed, shifted towards the right in the 1980s which was different than the 1970s ○ NAFTA - canada gained access to most sectors of the american market Their were still protectionist tendencies between countries, each wanted their own best interest Canada has continually tried to exert their autonomy in the global stage especially considering their neighbors being such a global superpower Monday 11/11/24: Mid 1990s - a time for diminishing international presence for Canada Canada cut buffets for international affairs due to austerity Canada questioned where their alliance lay ○ 2007 invasion of iraq ○ 2001 twin towers terrorist attack 2015 - promise for greater Canadian international participation Trudeau promised highly, said he would ‘bring Canada back’ to the international stage Delivered little, there has been much stalling and not much has been done by Trudeau ○ Especially indigenous affairs Canada has also been pushed to acknowledge the territory to its north (arctic) ○ Other countries have showed interest in claiming in that are much further away (China, Russia) Impact of COVID-19 on Canada’s National Presence Supply chains were broken down for Canada during the pandemic Trust in institutions and experts was largely lost, people did not know who to trust during time of uncertainty and terror Russia-Ukraine War - Canada’s Involvement Canada was the first country to recognize the independence of Ukraine Has had a close relationship with Ukraine since, commitment to supporting them since Russian aggression started (2014) Public Health Canada & Health Care Concerns about Canadian Healthcare  ○ Often described as slow-moving, long wait times, inefficient ○ Discriminates against indigenous peoples ○ Some of the wealthier provinces such as Quebec have moved more towards a private healthcare system, with a high percentage of their population using private instead of public healthcare Questions about Canadian Healthcare Is there a role for private healthcare in Canada? Is it just a problem of lack of funding for Canadian healthcare? Medicare Comprehensive universal plan for Canadian to be insured of healthcare free of charge Developed in two stages ○ Hospital Insurance and Diagnostic Act of 1957 ○ Medical Care Act of 1966 Though healthcare is ensured, it is often very hard to get a doctor, and therefore hard to be treated Early History of Health Care Policy Little organized health care prior to 1867 Some communities established health boards in response to epidemics (pre-Confederation era cholera outbreaks) Not until 1880s that provincial boards of health were established 1910s saw municipal efforts to increase funding and provide greater care and coverage, but before the Second World War, health care generally privately delivered and funded Key Moments of Canadian Healthcare ○ 1947: Saskatchewan implements universal hospital insurance Note importance of Tommy Douglas - founder of Canadian Healthcare ○ 1957: National Hospital Insurance and Diagnostic Services Act ○ 1962: Saskatchewan implements universal medical care insurance ○ 1966: Passage of Medicare Care Act ○ 1984: Canada Health Act Canada Health Act (1984) Public admission - administration of healthcare insurance plan of a province or territory must be carried out on a non-profit basis by public authority Comprehensiveness - all medically necessary service provided by hospitals and doctors must be insured Universality - all persons in the province or territory must be entitled to public health insurance coverage on uniform terms and conditions  Portability - coverage for insured services must be maintained when an insured person moves or travels within Canada or travels outside the country Accessibility - reasonable access by insured persons to medically necessary hospital and physician services must be unimpeded by financial or other barriers. Immunizations Has led to increasing polarization, and lack of trust in authority and social institutions Makes navigating social crisis’ very difficult for the Canadian government Public Health & National Identity National defining feature (different from USA) Capstone of the Canadian welfare state Challenges Today with Canadian Health Care Privatization: the same neoliberal political forces that confront other state programs Cost crisis - the largest and most rapidly growing budget item of provincial governments, cost containment in healthcare is a significant political issue Recognizing the social determinants of health Addressing health care holistically Monday 11/18/24: Climate Change and Canada’s Energy Regime Costs of Climate Change for Canada New forms of energy have power new machines, made instant communication possible, created entertainment, allowed people to inhabit places that were otherwise uninhabitable These energy transformations which have provided many benefits have come at a cost ○ Canada is an major emitter of greenhouse gasses Very large country, spans a long amount of land There is no efficient public transport across canada unlike many other countries Researchers have said that canadian temperatures will increase at a rate 2x the rest of the globe, 3x in the arctic and subarctic regions William Leiss outline the key consequences of climate change that Canada could face in the future: ○ Freshwater-related risks: threats to the supply of adequate surface water and groundwater resources  ○ Terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems: risk to species from habitat modification, pollution, and invasive species ○ Coastal systems and low-lying areas: submergence, coastal flooding and erosion Marine systems: threat to fisheries productivity and marine biodiversity ○ Food security: threats to the output of major crops from temperature increases Urban areas: threats to heat stress, extreme participation, drought, air pollution, water scarcity ○ Rural areas: impacts from threats to food crops ○ Human security: displacement of many peoples, migrations, violent conflicts ○ Human health: impacts of heat stress, poor nutrition, increase in food- and water-borne diseases, changes in insect-borne diseases COP29 29th conference of the United Nations Framework on Climate Change Taking place currently (Nov. 11th-22nd) ○ Canada has played a major role in helping to mobilize roughly 100 billion dollars towards helping other countries in need ○ Canada’s carbon tax has been a large topic for discussion Is a great form for reducing the carbon emissions in canada as well as giving money back to Canadians in need Canada’s Energy Regime Canadian have always had a particularly high demand for energy The countries economy was built on its natural resources Long span of the country required significant energy use for transportation among provinces “…most of the land area is now dedicated to resource extraction, machines use most of the energy, and people are stored in cities, where they can purchase an increasing array of goods transported from around the world.” “…freed from the imperative of sustainability by huge stores of cheap energy, people were able to live and woDelgamuukwrk just about anywhere, expanding economic growth dramatically.” → But questions, “at what cost?” Canadian Oil & Gas Canada is home to some of the most oil on the planet ○ Canada’s economy relies on this resource heavily Discovery of fossil fuels began in Enniskillen Township, Ontario in the 1850s In Alberta, gas discovered in Medicine Hat in 1904 and oil at Turner Valley in 1914  Renewed activity with the discovery of the Leduc oil field in 1947 Most of today’s major petroleum deposits are in Alberta, although potential sources lie offshore in the Arctic and off the East Coast Canadian Pipelines Most of today’s major petroleum deposits are in Alberta, although potential sources lie offshore in the Arctic and off the East Coast (mostly oil and natural gas) There has been much political controversy over the Canadian Mainline in 1956, the Mackenzie Valley pipeline in the 1970s (ultimately abandoned in 2017), and more recently, the Trans Mountain Expansion Project (which began operations this year) ○ Mackenzie valley pipeline has been abandoned and picked up again many times due to concerns about the environment and indigenous lands ○ Trans Mountain Expansion Project has been heavily debated, operations will finally begin this year The North Arctic and Subarctic regions (home to Inuit, Dene, and Metis) affected by climate change at a rate of twice [now estimated 3 x the rate] that experienced elsewhere; many scholars argue Canada’s goals of protecting the North and exploiting its resources are incompatible The Mackenzie Valley Pipeline and Berger Inquiry → Important because it was the “first serious attempt to examine the impact of development on local people and the northern environment” Technological Nationalism Tieing canada technological capacity to their economic prosperity and social stability ○ Technological Nationalism is the idea that a country's existence as a nation depends on its use of technology, particularly in communication and transportation. ○ In canada this is associated with their Canadian Pacific Railway Power-laden discourse used by the state to legitimate itself politically by constituting a nation in its image Insidious because it ties Canadian identity, not to its people, but to their mediation through technology As Darin Barney (2017) notes, this rhetoric used to connect support for pipeline infrastructure as a symbol of Canadian national identity Monday 11/25/24:  Reconciliation Dispossession of Lands Doctrine of discovery - concept used to justify the claiming of territories where indigenous peoples lived (territories not inhabited by christians) This dispossession has contributed to many different issues that indigenous peoples face ○ Loss of culture & language, intergenerational trauma, vulnerability to climate change, limited access to resources etc.. The Kanesatake Resistance (the Oka Crisis) 78 day standoff between mohawk protestors, Quebec police, RCMP, and the canadian army Sparked by the proposed expansion of a golf course and the development of townhouses on disputed land in Kanesatake that included a Kanyen'kehà:ka burial ground; represented a long history of land dispossession Golf course expansion was cancelled, land was purchased by the federal government, there has since been no transfer of the land to the indigenous groups Historic Treaties Started in 1701, british crown began making treaties with the indigenous peoples which were supposed to support peaceful economic & military relations Royal proclamation of 1763 - treaty making process formally established 70 historic treaties signed between 1701 and 1923, these treaties form the basis for the relationship between the crown and 364 first nations, representing over 600,000 First Nations peoples in Canada  Treaties: the Crown sees treaties as “a transfer of title” while Indigenous peoples and allies (including historical scholars) see them as agreements to share in resources in accordance with Indigenous jurisdiction; overtime the Crown (legal name for British and later Canadian governments) systematically worked to minimize and diminish Indigenous authority (fewer and fewer rights to assess territories and resources)→Unceded lands Delgamuukw Case Redefined aboriginal rights in canada Important in canadian law because it clarified the government's duty to consult with indigenous peoples Land Back Movement Indigenous led movement, call for return of indigenous sovereignty over their territories Current systems of land governance exclude the indigenous from making decisions regarding their land, ex. Not being able to stop the destruction of the resources and environment their land is on Modern Treaties or Comprehensive Land Claim Agreements Treaties which allow first nations peoples to rebuild their communities and nations on their own terms Modern treaty era began in 1973 after the Supreme Court of Canada decision, Calder et al. v. Attorney-General of British Columbia, which recognized Indigenous rights for the first time. This decision led to the first modern treaty, the James Bay and Northern Québec Agreement signed in 1975 Since 1975, 26 modern treaties have been signed Indigenous Governance Indigenous people had their own forms of government for thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans that reflected their economic, social and geographic diversity, as well as their cultural practices and spiritual beliefs Elements of indigenous governance ○ a strong sense of spirituality ○ deeply rooted sense of place ○ recognition that everything is related ○ and an emphasis on reciprocity Self-government 25 self-government agreements exist across Canada involving 43 Indigenous communities (also 2 education agreements involving 35 Indigenous communities)  Negotiated agreements can set out law-making authority in many areas, including governance, social and economic development, education, health, lands and more; it varies from group to group, depending on their unique needs and priorities and their vision of self-determination