Indigenous Canadians PDF

Indigenous People in Canada Highlighted in BLUE are the items for your notes  Indigenous Canadians ❖ They include: The First Nations (descendants of the original inhabitants of Canada) Inuit (inhabit the Arctic regions) Métis (Mixed Indigenous and European descent) Indigeno...

Indigenous People in Canada Highlighted in BLUE are the items for your notes  Indigenous Canadians ❖ They include: The First Nations (descendants of the original inhabitants of Canada) Inuit (inhabit the Arctic regions) Métis (Mixed Indigenous and European descent) Indigenous Canadians 1,836,035 people have Indigenous ancestry (2011) 52.6% live on reserves and in communities on Crown land (land owned by the Government) Where do the majority of Indigenous Canadians live? Guess the top three provinces or territories Where They Live Number of Indigenous Canadians in the top three provinces Ontario (301 430) British Columbia (232 290) Alberta (220 695) Where you are most likely to meet an Indigenous person Nunavut (86.3% of the population is Indigenous) Northwest Territories (51.9%) Yukon (23.1%) First Nations Land ❖ There are over 600 First Nations Bands in Canada and approximately 3 100 reserves. Band - usually a small group from one community that acts as the governing body for a reserve Reserve - land set aside under the Indian Act for the exclusive use of an Indian band Some bands control multiple reserves ❖ Where do you think reserves are located in Canada? ❖ What might they be located near? ❖ a  Population Density of Canada First Nations Communities What do you notice about the location of reserves in comparison to the population of Canada?  Reserves in Ontario ❖ 126 bands in Ontario and 207 reserves ❖ Many small, remote communities accessible only by air year round, or by ice road in the winter ❖ Major urban Indigenous populations are in Thunder Bay, Sudbury, Sault Ste. Marie, Ottawa, and Toronto  Conditions on Reserves ❖ Bad Water: Third World Conditions on First Nations in Canada ❖ Many reserves face extreme poverty and experience “third world living conditions” ❖ Some issues faced on reserves: Poor housing – 1 in 5 Aboriginals live in a home in need of repair Lack of clean drinking water - 400 communities had some kind of water problem between 2004 and 2014 Lack of sanitation Loss of land for development of natural resources – rights need to be respected if they don’t want to give up land  Social Issues on Reserves ❖ High suicide rates – 5 times greater than the Canadian average ❖ Missing Aboriginal women – More than 800 missing or murdered since 1990 ❖ Hardships from residential schools – still working on reconciliation ❖ Educational funding – lower than the national average ❖ High incarceration levels Reserve Issues can vary from place to place, but the issues facing Indigenous Peoples across Canada include: 1) Child Welfare Program & Indigenous Approaches (IAs) Program provided court assistance, gardens to help feed families, and train social workers. Due to mismanagement, and the misappropriation of money, it’s been cut/scaled back 2) Unresolved Missing Women Cases More than 800 Native women are missing or have been murdered since 1990. Many of the women were plagued by vulnerability issues: mental illness, drug abuse, domestic violence. 3) Unequal Access to the Canadian Healthcare System First Nations are more vulnerable to chronic illnesses, children are twice as likely to be hospitalized with preventable diseases. 4) Indigenous Lands Taken Over by Mining Companies It can be difficult for First Nations groups to get a fair deal 5) Lack of Knowledge of the History of Residential Schools Over 150,000 children forcibly removed from their homes, many were physically, emotionally, or sexually abused. majority of the Canadian population is still unaware Reading Task - Out of Davis Inlet Article and Questions I would like you to now learn about a reserve that was experiencing some great difficulties, but helped build a new community, as a positive step for all their people. Read the article “Out of Davis Inlet” uploaded to the Content section In D2L and and answer the questions on page 2 DEMOGRAPHY The study of human populations ON AVERAGE DURING ONE DAY IN CANADA… How many babies do you think are born? 1070 How many people die? 575 How many people move here? 610 How many people leave from here? 135 At the end of the day, there are 960 more people living in Canada! DEMOGRAPHIC TERMINOLOGY A population can change naturally with births and deaths BIRTH RATE ▪Number of Births each year per 1000 People ▪Formula: BR= #of births per year population x 1000 DEATH RATE ▪Number of Deaths each year per 1000 People ▪Formula: DR= #of deaths per year population x 1000 NATURAL INCREASE RATE ▪Difference between the birth rate and the death rate of a country ▪Formula: NIR= Birth Rate – Death Rate  DEMOGRAPHIC TERMINOLOGY A population can also change with people immigrating and emigrating from a country IMMIGRATION RATE ▪Number of new people who have immigrated to a country, per 1000 citizens of that country. ▪Formula: IR= #of immigrants per year population x 1000 EMIGRATION RATE ▪Number of people who leave a country, per 1000 citizens of that country. ▪Formula: ER= #of emigrants per year population x 1000  NET MIGRATION RATE ▪Difference between people immigrating to a country and people emigrating from the same country ▪Formula: NMR= Immigration Rate – Emigration Rate POPULATION GROWTH RATE ▪The overall growth of a country’s population ▪Formula: PGR= (NIR + NMR) x 100 1000 DOUBLING TIME ▪How long it would take a population to double in size if growth rates remained the same. ▪Formula: DT= 70 PGR  Canada’s International Linkages  United Nations World’s only truly global organization (193 Members) Canada is a middle power UN Responsibilities 1. Maintain International Peace and Security (sort of) 2. Protect Human Rights 3. Deliver Humanitarian Aid 4. Promote Sustainable Development 5. Uphold International Law  NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization Military Alliance of 32 countries from North America and Europe  G20 International Forum of 19 Countries and the EU discuss policy pertaining to the promotion of international financial stability First Chairman was a Canadian (Paul Martin)  Commonwealth All former British Colonies Economic and cultural links Association of 53 countries active in areas such as; development, democracy, debt management and trade  La Francophonie Countries with French as an official language French is the first or second language in more than 52 countries Economic and cultural links Belgium Chad France Population Pyramids What are they good for? What is Where?  Population pyramids show the age/sex structure of a country Tells you what % of the population is a certain age and gender COHORT A group of people of a certain age Used to determine trends and see similarities and differences 5 year groups are most common Dependency Load The number of people who are too old or too young to support themselves. They are dependent on the rest of society Generally it includes people who are under 15 years or over 65 The higher this number is, the more taxes have to be paid for schools, hospitals, daycares, etc. Why There?  Using population pyramids to identify push/pull factors First, lets ask ourselves the following questions: - What impacts a low or high life expectancy? - What impacts birth rates? Death rates? - How might a low or high literacy rate impact birth/death rates? - How might a low or high Gross National Income (GNI) impact a country? What causes changes in birth rates? Low: High: - Access to contraceptives; - Less access/knowledge of - Higher levels of female education contraceptives; (literacy rates); - Less female education; - More women in professional - Less women in professional careers; careers; - More religious societies; - Urbanization = less rooms for kids - Need children to help with work/ - Cost of raising a child are higher; money; - More secular societies; - Poorer healthcare, meaning more - Better health care (GNI, # of deaths of children physicians/doctors) What causes changes in death rates? Low: High: - Access to (good) health care (GNI, - Less access to health care # of physicians/doctors); - Poor education - Good education (literacy rates); - Low standard of living - High standard of living; - Poor environment - Good/clean environment; - Lack of access to clean drinking - Access to clean drinking water; water - Access to good food - Lack of access to food - Lack of warfare - Warfare - Lack of disease - Disease Why are some shapes ‘different’? Why are some shapes ‘different’? - Trace the history - what happened 40, 50, 60 years ago? - ‘Baby Boom’ in USA and Canada (more babies after WWII/1945) - Warfare = less males, drop in births, low life expectancy - Disease = dip in (usually) male and female populations at a certain time - Government baby policies = less pop (China w/ females) or more - Government contraceptive policies = less babies/pop - Higher GNI (Gross National Income) = drop in births, increase in life expectancy - Government instability = people leaving - Famine/Drought = less births, people leaving, more deaths - Natural disasters = drop in population at a certain time - Large-scale development projects = typically more males Foreign Aid  What is it? expertise, money and products given by rich countries to poorer countries  Foreign Aid helps citizens in developing countries: – Improve incomes – Increase food supply – Increase literacy level – Improve health care – Increase life expectancy – Sustain a “normal” life  How can foreign aid be provided? Governments Private donations Organizations Volunteering Fundraising  Does Canada give Foreign Aid? YES! United Nations (UN) suggests that all wealthy (developed) nations give at least 0.7% of its GNP to foreign aid Few countries meet this target Canada ? 0.31% 😳 Where does the Aid go? Click here for the Map  Global Affairs Canada Most of Canada’s international development assistance programs are managed by Global Affairs Canada (formerly CIDA) CIDA’s Four Principles (formerly): – Deal with poverty first – Help people help themselves – Promote development – Build partnerships  What Went Wrong? BY THE MID 1900’S, LIFE FOR CANADA’S NATIVE PEOPLE WAS VERY DIFFICULT. THIS WAS A RESULT OF FOUR MAIN ISSUES.  Loss of Land ❖Reserves represented less than 0.3% of Canada’s total area ❖Native groups did not have enough land to continue traditional lifestyles  Lack of an Economy ❖Reserves possessed very limited natural resources (land, minerals, forests, etc.) ❖Limited economy meant high unemployment, social problems, dependency on government assistance  No Self Government ❖Few Native Groups had control over their own future ❖Decisions are made in Ottawa  Attack on Culture ❖Government policy of assimilation (turning Natives into “Canadians”) ❖Residential schools ◦ Created in late 1800’s early 1900’s to end “Indian Problem” ◦ Prepare them for life in white society ◦ Created horrible situations for Native Youth  Problems continue for many Young Native People ❖Continued lack of jobs and opportunities ❖Considered traitors if they leave for education in the south ❖Some community members refer to these students as apples ◦ Red on the outside but white on the inside ❖Many elders equate education with a loss of culture ◦ Discourages young people from pursuing education ❖Youth who feel far from their ancestral roots struggle to fit into a colonial definition of success