Copy of FINALS: Developmental Psychology.docx

**DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY** 3RD SEMESTER: FINALS **CHAPTER 5: Early Childhood** **Early Childhood** - - - - **→ Physical Development** Growth in Early Childhood - - - - - Nutrition - - Brain Maturation - Motor Skill Development - - Toilet Training -...

**DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY** 3RD SEMESTER: FINALS **CHAPTER 5: Early Childhood** **Early Childhood** - - - - **→ Physical Development** Growth in Early Childhood - - - - - Nutrition - - Brain Maturation - Motor Skill Development - - Toilet Training - - - Sexual Development \- Preschool Children (less than 4 years old): - - - - - - - - \- Young Children (Approximately 4-6 years old) - - - - - As future parents... - - - - **→ Cognitive Development** **Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development** 1. - 2. - 3. - 4. - → Piaget's Preoperational Stage (2-7) - - - a. b. c. d. Cartoons frequently show objects that appear alive and take on lifelike qualities. Young children do seem to think that objects that move may be alive but after age 3, they seldom refer to objects as being alive. -- Berk, 2007 → Zone of Proximal Development and Scaffolding - - - **→ Sociocognitive Development** Self-Concept - - Self-Esteem - Symbolic Interactionism (George Mead) - - - Self-Control - - a. b. c. - → Psychosocial Stage or Play Age (Erik Erikson) - a. - - b. - - c. - - d. - e. → PLAY - Imaginary Companions - - → Family Life (The Four Parenting Styles) - +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Permissive** | **Authoritative** | | | | | - - - | - - - | +===================================+===================================+ | **Neglectful** | **Authoritarian** | | | | | - - - | - - - | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ → Family Life (Adler's Birth Order) 1. - - 2. - - - 3. - - - 4. - - - **CHAPTER 6: Middle and Late Childhood** **→ Physical Growth** - - - - - **→ Brain Growth** - - Physical Activity in Children - - Childhood Obesity: Physical Aspects - - Childhood Obesity: Cognitive Aspects - - Childhood Obesity: Psychosocial Aspects - - - Childhood Obesity: Intervention and Treatment - - **→ Piaget's Concrete Operational Stage** - - - - → Elements of Concrete Operational Thought a. b. c. d. e. f. **→ Information Processing** Middle Childhood shows improvements in: - - - - - **→ Language Development in Middle/Late Childhood** - - - → Bilingualism - - → Communication Disorders Fluency disorders affect the rate of speech - Articulation Disorder - Voice Disorders - **→ Theories of Intelligence: General VS Specific** General Intelligence Factor - - - Specific Intelligence - **→ Theories of Intelligence: Sternberg's Triarchic Theory** 1. - 2. - 3. True Intelligence: Balance of all three **→ Theories of Intelligence: Gardner's Multiple Intelligences** - - - **Intelligence** **Description** ---------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Linguistic Ability to speak and write well Logical-Mathematical Ability to use logic and mathematical skills to solve problems Spatial Ability to think and reason about objects in three dimensions Musical Ability to perform and enjoy music Kinesthetic (Body) Ability to move body in sports, dance, and other physical activities Interpersonal Ability to understand and interact effectively with others Intrapersonal Ability to have insight into the self Naturalistic Ability to recognize, identify, and understand animals, plants, and other living things → Measuring Intelligence - - - - → Intelligence Quotient (IQ) - - → Extremes of Intelligence Intellectual Disability - - - Giftedness - - **→ Children with Disabilities** Learning Disability - - - - Types of Learning Disabilities: a. - b. - c. - Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: - - - - **→ Socioemotional Development in Middle and Late Childhood** → Industry VS Inferiority (Erik Erikson) - - - → Self-Understanding a. - - b. c. → Friends and Peers - - → Conceptualization of Friendship (Bigelow and La Gaipa, 1975) a. - b. - c. - → Conceptualization of Friendship (Selman, 1980) Stage 0: Memory Physical Interaction - Stage 1: One-Way Assistance - Stage 2: Fairweather Cooperation - Stage 3: Intimate and Mutual Sharing - Stage 4: Autonomous Interdependence - → Bullying - - - - - - **→ Family Life** Beger's Family Tasks - - - - - → Family Life: Lesbian and Gay Parents - - → Family Life: Divorce Associated with increased risk of: - - Most children of divorced parents do okay: - - - → Family Life: Cohabitating and Blended Families - - - - **CHAPTER 7: Adolescence** **Adolescence** - - - - 1. 2. 3. "Adolescence is a period of storm and stress" Stanley Hall (1904) Adolescence is a period of inevitable turmoil that takes place during the transition from childhood to adulthood. - - **→ Growth in Adolescence** 1. 2. 3. → Hormones - - **→ Physical Development** - - - **→ Sexual Development** - - +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Primary Sexual | **Secondary Sexual | | Characteristics** | Characteristics** | +===================================+===================================+ | Changes in reproductive organs | Females: Breast development, hips | | | broaden | | Females: Uterus Growth, Menarche | | | (first menstrual period) | Males: Broader shoulders, lower | | | voice, coarser and darker hair, | | Males: Growth of testes, penis, | hair growth in the pubic area, | | scrotum, and sperm | underarms, and face | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ → Female Gametes - - - → Acne: Part of Growth - - - **→ Cognitive Development** Adolescent Brain - - - - a. b. - c. d. → Adolescent Brain: Piaget's Formal Operational Stage of Cognitive Development - a. b. c. d. → Adolescent Brain: Egocentrism + Imaginary Audience - - a. b. c. Imaginary Audience - **→ Psychosocial Development** Adolescent Influencers: 1. 2. 3. 4. → Parents - - +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Consider:** | **To avoid Problematic | | | Adjustment** | +===================================+===================================+ | Adolescents willingness to | \- Psychological Control | | disclose information to their | | | parents | \- Manipulation & Intrusion into | | | Adolescent's world | | | | | | \- Invalidating adolescent's | | | feelings | | | | | | \- Pressuring them to think in | | | particular ways | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ → Peers - - +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Homophily** | **Deviant Peer Contagion** | | | | | Describes the tendency of | Peers reinforce problem behavior | | individuals to bond with similar | by laughing or showing other | | others | signs of approval which increase | | | likelihood of future problem | | Adolescents who spend time | behavior | | together, shape each other's | | | behavior and attitudes | (Dishion & Tipsord, 2011) | +===================================+===================================+ | **Negative Peer Pressure** | **Source of Social Support & | | | Companionship** | | Lead to riskier decisions or | | | engage in more problematic | Adolescents with positive peer | | behavior | relationships are happier and | | | better adjusted than those who | | | are socially isolated or have | | | conflictual peer relationships | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ Adolescence - → Romantic Relationships - - - - → Social Media Positive Influence - - - - - - - Negative Influence - - - - - - - - - - → Behavioral and Psychological Adjustment: Self-Concept and Self-Esteem Self-Concept - - - Self-Esteem - - - **→ Psychosocial Stage: Adolescence (Erik Erikson)** - - - - a. - b. - - c. - d. - - e. **→ Psychological Problems in Adolescence** a. - - b. - - - c. - +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **DSM-5 Eating Disorders** | **Description** | +===================================+===================================+ | Anorexia Nervosa | \- Restriction of energy intake | | | leading to a significantly low | | | body weight | | | | | | \- Intense fear of gaining weight | | | | | | \- Disturbance in one's | | | self-evaluation regarding body | | | weight | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Bulimia Nervosa | \- Recurrent episodes of binge | | | eating | | | | | | \- Recurrent inappropriate | | | compensatory behaviors to prevent | | | weight gain, including purging, | | | laxatives, fasting, or excessive | | | exercise | | | | | | \- Self-evaluation is unduly | | | affected by body shape and weight | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Binge-Eating Disorder | \- Recurrent episodes of binge | | | eating | | | | | | \- Marked distress regarding | | | binge eating | | | | | | \- Not associated with recurrent | | | use of inappropriate compensatory | | | behavior | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ "Adolescence is a new birth, for the higher and more completely human traits are now born." G. Stanley Hall **CHAPTER 8: Adulthood and Old Age** **Adulthood** - - - - - → Adults - → Subdivisions of Adulthood 1. - - - - - - - - 2. - - - - - - - - 3. - - - - - - → Characteristics of Adulthood - - - **→ Physical Changes** - - - - - - - → Health Problems (Old Age) - - - - **→ Theories of Development** → Levinson's Theory of Seasons of Life - 1. - - 2. - - 3. - - 4. - - - 5. - - - - 6. - → Erikson's Psychosocial Stage: Young Adulthood - - a. - b. - - c. - d. - - e. → Erikson's Psychosocial Stage: Adulthood - - - a. - b. - - c. - d. - - e. → Erikson's Psychosocial Stage: Old Age - - a. - - b. - - c. - - d. - - e. **→ Attitude towards Aging** → Empty Nest Syndrome - - - - - → Fear of Growing Old - - - → Ageism - - - - → Changes in Life Situations - - → Changes in Sexual Activity - - - **→ Changes in Mental Functioning** - a. - b. - → Senile Dementia (Alzheimer's Disease) - - **→ Death and Dying** → Thanatology - → 5 Stages of Psychological Adjustment to Death - 1. - 2. - 3. - 4. - 5. -