ENG III Fall Final Study Guide PDF

The Crucible Hysteria ○ Main thing that caused the events in The Crucible, a time of emotional excess and distress in which people blame each other for doing heinous actions as described in McCarthyism and The Crucible. 3 reasons for the ac...

The Crucible Hysteria ○ Main thing that caused the events in The Crucible, a time of emotional excess and distress in which people blame each other for doing heinous actions as described in McCarthyism and The Crucible. 3 reasons for the accusations of witchcraft and their propagation ○ Explain how the Rhetorical Triangle helps characters and harms characters throughout the play ○ Pathos is used rigorously by Abigail and certain characters to sway public opinion into believing that the characters were sending demons upon her and hurting her spiritually. ○ Ethos is used by the judges in a way to support their opinion due to the fact that they are considered credible. ○ Logos is barely used. Red Scare/ McCarthyism - Miller’s background ○ The Red Scare is a time where the US government was blaming each other of being a communist and Robert McCarth was blaming people of being communists and basically causing hysteria just like in the Crucible. 3 types of irony and definition ○ Verbal When someone says something but means the opposite. ○ Situational When the opposite of what happens, happens. ○ Dramatic When the audience knows something that the characters do not. Just Mercy Definition of Just Mercy ○ A plea to attain at least some level of mercy. Prison-industrial complex ○ A trend that has developed over the past couple of decades where the state and federal governments have turned over the  management of prisoners to private corporations to return profits. Rhetoric Rhetorical Appeals ○ Ethos Appeal to credibility ○ Pathos Appeal to emotions ○ Logos Appeal to facts/statistics Persuasive Techniques ○ Facts and Stats Provide a logical statement (Logos) ○ Expert Testimonial An expert endorses a product (Ethos) ○ Celebrity Testimonial Famous people endorsement (Ethos) ○ Loaded Words Use dictation to create an emotional response (Pathos) ○ Glittering Generalities Using persuasion words/images to make people happy (Pathos) ○ Fear Mongering Making someone scared (Pathos) ○ Repetition Repeating words and phrases (Pathos) ○ Bandwagon Approach Don’t be left out (Pathos) Media Literacy C.R.E.E.P.S 16 Media Biases ○ Spin Vague, dramatic or sensational language. ○ Unsubstantiated Claims  Statements that appear to be a fact but have no evidence. ○ Opinion Statements Presented as Fact Presenting an opinion as a fact. ○ Sensationalism Information that is presented in a way that gives shock. ○ Ad Hominem A personal attack w/o the use of logic. (Mudslinging) ○ Mind Reading Writer assumes they know what the reader is thinking. ○ Slant Bending of a truth to put our bias into practice. ○ Flawed Logic Way to misinterpret people’s opinions or to arrive at conclusions not justified by evidence. ○ Bias by Omission Cutting out part of the narrative to appear more reliable. ○ Omission of Source Attribution Writer doesn’t back up with evidence. ○ Bias by Choice and Placement Story choice Story placement Viewpoint placement ○ Subjective Qualifying Adjectives Writer uses qualifying adjectives to sway the reader and make it worse. ○ Word Choice Changing words makes something worse than it is. ○ Photo Bias Using better or worse photos for supporting or against articles. ○ Negativity Bias Writer emphasizes bad and negativity. ○ Elite v Populist Bias Elite Bias Populist Bias Logical Fallacies Definition ○ Flawed, deceptive, or false arguments that can be proven wrong with reasoning. Formal fallacy ○ An argument with a premise and conclusion that doesn’t hold up to scrutiny. Informal fallacy ○ An error in the form, content, or context of the information. Ad Hominem ○ A personal attack without the use of logic. Akin to mudslinging. Straw Man ○ When an argument attacks a different subject rather than the topic within discussion. Appeal to Ignorance ○ Argues that a topic is true because no-one has disproven it. False Dichotomy ○ Presents limited options, typically by focusing on two extremes. Slippery Slope ○ Argument assumes that a certain course of action will necessarily lead to a chain of future events. Circular Argument ○ Occurs when a person’s argument repeats what they already assumed. Hasty Generalization ○ A claim based on a few examples rather than substantial proof. Red Herring ○ An argument that uses confusion or distraction to shift attention from a topic to a false conclusion. Appeal to Hypocrisy ○ Fouces on the hypocrisy of the opponent. Casual Fallacy  ○ Informal fallacies that occur when an argument incorrectly concludes that a cause is related to an effect. Sunk Cost ○ When someone continues doing something because of the effort they already put into it. Appeal to Authority ○ The misuse of an authority’s opinion to support an argument. Equivocation ○ When a word, phrase, or sentence is used deliberately to confuse, deceive, or mislead. Appeal to Pity ○ Relies on provoking your emotions to win an argument rather than factual evidence. Bandwagon Fallacy ○ Assumes something is true because others agree with it. NoRedInk Parallel Structure ○ Using the same form of past/present throughout the whole sentence. Wrong Ex: Clara not only wants money but also fame. Correct Ex: Clara wants not only money but also fame. Correct Ex: Clara not only wants money but also wants fame. Complete Sentences/Fragments ○ SWABI Since When After Because If Appositive Phrases ○ An extra phrase that adds more information to a sentence. Necessary (No commas) Unnecessary (Commas) Ex: My teacher Mr. Jones is the best English teacher. My teacher has no comma so it is necessary. Active and Passive Voice ○ Active Voice The subject comes before the verb. Ex: I was taking out the trash. ○ Passive Voice The subject comes after the verb. Ex: The trash was taken out by me. Characterized by words like by, be, etc.