Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration Notes (PDF)

Where do we get energy? Autotrophs are organisms that produce their own food that they convert into energy. ○ Also called producers Where do we get energy? Heterotrophs are organisms that must eat other things for food to get energy ○ Also called consumers Why is this important?...

Where do we get energy? Autotrophs are organisms that produce their own food that they convert into energy. ○ Also called producers Where do we get energy? Heterotrophs are organisms that must eat other things for food to get energy ○ Also called consumers Why is this important? We depend on plants. Without photosynthesis, life wouldn’t be possible! Photosynthesis The processes that most autotrophs (including plants) use to absorb energy from the sun to create sugar. 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP → C6H12O6+ 6 O2 Photosynthesis The processes that most autotrophs (including plants) use to absorb energy from the sun to create sugar. Reactants -->Products 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP → 6 O2 + C6H12O6 Photosynthesis The processes that most autotrophs (including plants) use to absorb energy from the sun to create sugar. Reactants -->Products 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP → 6 O2 + C6H12O6 Carbon dioxide + water + energy → oxygen + sugar Photosynthesis Autotrophs have chlorophyll in their cells that absorb light at specific wavelengths Chlorophyll absorbs all light except for green Photosynthesis Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplast Photosynthesis Thylakoids are membrane sacs inside the chloroplast that contain chlorophyll. Stacks of thylakoids are called grana. The stroma is the fluid filled area around the grana Step 1: Light Reactions (occurs in the LIGHT) Reactants Products 1. Water 1. Hydrogen 2. Sunlight 2. Oxygen 3. ADP 3. ATP 4. NADP+ 4. NADPH Occurs in the thylakoid membrane Step 2: Calvin Cycle Reactants Products 1. CO2 1. Glucose 2. ATP 2. ADP 3. NADPH 3. NADP+ Step 2: Calvin Cycle (Dark reactions/Light independent reactions) Occurs in the stroma  Step 2: Calvin Cycle Reactants Products 1. CO2 1. Glucose 2. ATP 2. ADP 3. NADPH 3. NADP+ Reactants come from the light reactions, CO2 through gas exchange in the stomata Products get used, reused, or stored **You do not need to memorize this - it’s just for you to see exactly what happens during the Calvin Cycle.** Step 2: Calvin Cycle Photosynthesis can go at different rates. This can be affected by water, temperature, and light. Where do we get energy? **Ultimate source of Heterotroph Autotroph energy for all life on Earth!** What are energy molecules? ATP, a.k.a adenosine triphosphate: a mobile unit of energy responsible for storing and releasing energy in all organisms What are energy molecules? What are energy molecules? What are energy molecules? Adenosine: a type of nitrogen base! What are energy molecules? What are energy molecules? Sugar: a type of carbohydrate! What are energy molecules? What are energy molecules? 3 phosphates What type of molecule does this make ATP? (Hint: a molecule with a monomer of sugar + phosphate + nitrogen base.) Nucleic Acid What are energy molecules? ADP (adenosine diphosphate): produced when ATP is used in a reaction HO Energy is being released! ATP is created! What are energy molecules? Energy is in the form of a chemical bond that is released when the 3rd phosphate group is removed by hydrolysis. What are energy molecules? NAD+/NADH and NADP+/NADPH are other electron carriers. ADP (+ NAD/NADH) are low energy molecules ATP (+ NADP/NADPH) are high energy molecules What are energy molecules? Energy molecules are used for lots of cellular processes: movement, transport, digestion, repair... Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Chemical Energy Cellular respiration is how your body turns the food you eat into energy for your cells Chemical Energy Cells can make energy two ways depending on if there is oxygen: ○ Cellular respiration: aerobic, with oxygen ○ Fermentation: anaerobic, without oxygen Both of them start by splitting glucose in a processes called glycolysis Chemical Energy Cell Respiration Formula: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP Chemical Energy Reactants → Products C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP Chemical Energy Reactants → Products O2 + C6H12O6 → CO2 + H2O + ATP oxygen + glucose → carbon dioxide + water + energy Stages of Respiration 1. Glycolysis: anaerobic process that splits glucose 2. Krebs Cycle, aka Citric Acid Cycle: aerobic process that breaks down glucose into smaller carbon molecules 3. Electron Transport Chain: aerobic process that creates ATP Where does aerobic cell respiration occur? Mitochondria!!! Both autotrophs and heterotrophs have mitochondria in their cells. Cristae are the folds of membranes inside the mitochondria Matrix is a fluid filled area inside the mitochondria  Locations Matrix Cytoplasm Cristae Membrane Glycolysis (Cytoplasm) 1 glucose 2 ATP, electron carriers, 2 pyruvate In the cytoplasm Glycolysis Glycolysis Video/Animation Glycolysis Rap: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EfGlznwfu9U Glycolysis overview: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Kn6BVGqKd8 Krebs Cycle aka Citric Acid Cycle (Mitochondria) 2 pyruvate 6 CO2, 2 ATP, and electron carriers In the mitochondrial matrix Citric Acid Cycle Citric Acid Video/Animation Citric acid song: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qKoA7FxMyUA Electron Transport Chain (Inner membrane of mitochondria) Electrons + oxygen 34 ATP and water In the inner mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase Currency exchange! Electron energy for phosphate energy ATP synthase Electron energy makes a concentration gradient of hydrogen Hydrogen ions use facilitated diffusion to come back to the other side of the membrane and they turn a physical motor → ATP synthase! Electron Transport Chain H+ H+ H+ H2O Electron Transport Chain H+ H+ H+ ADP ATP Electron Transport Chain Video/Animation ATP synthase structure and function: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b_cp8MsnZFA Glycolysis 1 glucose 2 ATP from glycolysis (but also -2 here) 2 ATP from Citric Acid cycle 34 ATP from ETC  Today is… November 8, 2024 Warm Up Task The mitochondria has a selectively permeable membrane. During respiration, Objective what does it need to be - design an experiment selectively permeable to? and identify variables Why is this important? We use fermentation to make really good food! This is an important part of how our body works when we are exercising. Fermentation Occurs when there is no oxygen present Produces less ATP than cellular respiration Alcoholic Fermentation Occurs in the cytoplasm of bacteria and yeast Alcoholic Fermentation Starts with pyruvate from glycolysis Produces ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide Alcoholic Fermentation Used to make alcohol and bread Lactic Acid Fermentation Occurs in the cytoplasm of muscle cells and bacteria Lactic Acid Fermentation Starts with pyruvate from glycolysis Produces lactic acid Lactic Acid Fermentation Causes burning sensation after vigorous exercise Used to make sauerkraut and yogurt Energy in Humans LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION VS. CELLULAR RESPIRATION