Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of autotrophs?
What is the primary function of autotrophs?
- To produce their own food for energy (correct)
- To convert inorganic materials into glucose
- To consume other organisms for energy
- To depend entirely on heterotrophs for survival
What are the products of the light reactions in photosynthesis?
What are the products of the light reactions in photosynthesis?
- Oxygen and NADPH (correct)
- Hydrogen and glucose
- ATP and NADP+
- Glucose and oxygen
Where does the Calvin Cycle take place?
Where does the Calvin Cycle take place?
- In the thylakoid membrane
- In the cytoplasm
- In the chloroplast stroma (correct)
- In the matrix of the mitochondria
Which molecule is utilized in the Calvin Cycle to produce glucose?
Which molecule is utilized in the Calvin Cycle to produce glucose?
What effect does temperature have on photosynthesis?
What effect does temperature have on photosynthesis?
What role does chlorophyll play in photosynthesis?
What role does chlorophyll play in photosynthesis?
What is the correct order of the following events during photosynthesis?
What is the correct order of the following events during photosynthesis?
What is the main reactant absorbed from the atmosphere for the Calvin Cycle?
What is the main reactant absorbed from the atmosphere for the Calvin Cycle?
What is the primary function of cristae in the mitochondria?
What is the primary function of cristae in the mitochondria?
During glycolysis, what is produced from one molecule of glucose?
During glycolysis, what is produced from one molecule of glucose?
What is produced during the Krebs Cycle?
What is produced during the Krebs Cycle?
Where does the Electron Transport Chain take place within the mitochondria?
Where does the Electron Transport Chain take place within the mitochondria?
What is the ultimate source of energy for all life on Earth?
What is the ultimate source of energy for all life on Earth?
What is the final output of the Electron Transport Chain?
What is the final output of the Electron Transport Chain?
Which of the following accurately describes ATP?
Which of the following accurately describes ATP?
What is produced when ATP is used in a reaction?
What is produced when ATP is used in a reaction?
What role do hydrogen ions (H+) play in the process of ATP synthesis?
What role do hydrogen ions (H+) play in the process of ATP synthesis?
What is the main purpose of ATP synthase?
What is the main purpose of ATP synthase?
Which of the following processes is anaerobic?
Which of the following processes is anaerobic?
What happens during fermentation in the absence of oxygen?
What happens during fermentation in the absence of oxygen?
Where does aerobic cellular respiration primarily take place?
Where does aerobic cellular respiration primarily take place?
Which of the following compounds is NOT considered a high-energy molecule?
Which of the following compounds is NOT considered a high-energy molecule?
What is the correct formula for cellular respiration?
What is the correct formula for cellular respiration?
Which stages of cellular respiration occurs after glycolysis?
Which stages of cellular respiration occurs after glycolysis?
Flashcards
Autotrophs
Autotrophs
Organisms that produce their own food for energy.
Heterotrophs
Heterotrophs
Organisms that eat other organisms for energy.
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis
The process plants use to convert sunlight into sugar.
Chlorophyll
Chlorophyll
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Chloroplast
Chloroplast
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Light Reactions
Light Reactions
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Calvin Cycle
Calvin Cycle
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Reactants
Reactants
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Ultimate Energy Source
Ultimate Energy Source
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ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
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Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration
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Aerobic
Aerobic
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Fermentation
Fermentation
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Mitochondria
Mitochondria
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Glycolysis
Glycolysis
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Energy Molecules
Energy Molecules
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Mitochondria Cristae
Mitochondria Cristae
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Mitochondrial Matrix
Mitochondrial Matrix
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Glycolysis Location
Glycolysis Location
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Krebs Cycle Location
Krebs Cycle Location
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Electron Transport Chain Location
Electron Transport Chain Location
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ATP Synthase Function
ATP Synthase Function
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Glycolysis Input
Glycolysis Input
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ATP Synthase Mechanism
ATP Synthase Mechanism
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Study Notes
Autotrophs
- Autotrophs are organisms that make their own food, converting it into energy.
- They are also called producers.
- Examples include plants and algae.
Heterotrophs
- Heterotrophs are organisms that must consume other organisms for food and energy.
- They are also called consumers.
- Examples include animals and fungi.
Photosynthesis
- Photosynthesis is the process where autotrophs absorb energy from the sun to produce sugar.
- The chemical equation for photosynthesis is: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
- Autotrophs contain chlorophyll, which absorbs all light except for green light.
- Chlorophyll is located in the chloroplasts of cells.
- Chloroplasts contain sacs called thylakoids, stacked into structures known as grana.
- The fluid-filled area around the grana is called the stroma.
- Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts.
- Light reactions occur in the thylakoid membrane.
- Light reactions convert water, sunlight, ADP, and NADP⁺ into hydrogen, oxygen, ATP, and NADPH.
- The Calvin cycle (dark reactions/light-independent reactions) occurs in the stroma.
- The Calvin cycle converts CO₂, ATP, and NADPH into glucose, ADP, and NADP⁺.
- Environmental factors like water, temperature, and light can impact photosynthesis rates.
Energy Molecules
- ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is a mobile energy unit used to store and release energy in all living organisms.
- ADP (adenosine diphosphate) is produced when ATP is used in a reaction.
- Adenosine is a nitrogen base.
- ATP produces energy when a phosphate group is released via hydrolysis.
- NAD⁺/NADH and NADP⁺/NADPH are other electron carriers.
- ADP and NAD/NADH represent low energy molecules.
- ATP and NADP/NADPH represent high energy molecules.
- Energy molecules are used in cellular processes like movement, transport, digestion, and repair.
Cellular Respiration
- Cellular respiration is the process where the body converts food into energy for cells.
- It can occur either aerobically (with oxygen) or anaerobically (without oxygen).
- The chemical equation for cellular respiration is: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP
- The process starts with glycolysis (anaerobic process that splits glucose).
- Then the Krebs Cycle (aerobic process that breaks down glucose into smaller carbon molecules)
- Finally, the Electron Transport Chain (aerobic process that creates ATP)
- Aerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondria, with the cristae being the folds of the membrane and the matrix a fluid filled area.
Fermentation
- Fermentation occurs when oxygen is not available.
- Fermentation produces less ATP than cellular respiration.
- Types include alcoholic fermentation (in bacteria and yeast; produces ethyl alcohol + carbon dioxide; used in alcohol and bread production) and lactic acid fermentation (in muscle cells and bacteria; produces lactic acid; causes burning sensation after exercise; used in sauerkraut and yogurt production).
Summary of ATP production
- Glycolysis generates 2 ATP.
- Krebs cycle produces 2 ATP.
- The electron transport chain creates 34 ATP.
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Description
Test your knowledge on autotrophs and heterotrophs with this quiz, which covers their definitions, examples, and the process of photosynthesis. Understand how plants and other producers convert sunlight into energy, along with the structure and function of chloroplasts.
