Lebanese International University PHAR200 – Introduction to Drug Information PDF

Lebanese International University School of Pharmacy Pharmacy Practice Department PHAR200 – Introduction to Drug Information Spring Semester, 2023 - 2024 Chapters: 1. Medical Terminologies 2. Drug Evaluation Monograph 3. Pharmacist Patient Care Process (PPCP) 4. Drug Infor...

Lebanese International University School of Pharmacy Pharmacy Practice Department PHAR200 – Introduction to Drug Information Spring Semester, 2023 - 2024 Chapters: 1. Medical Terminologies 2. Drug Evaluation Monograph 3. Pharmacist Patient Care Process (PPCP) 4. Drug Information Resources 5. Drug Consult 6. Referencing 7. Drug Information Center (DIC) 8. Introduction to Biostatistics 9. Evaluation of Literature 10. Evaluation of Journal Club 11. Evidence-based Clinical Practice Guidelines 2  School of Pharmacy Lebanese International University PHAR200 – Introduction to Drug Information Chapter 6: Referencing 3  References & Citations Referencing is the process of acknowledging other people’s work when you have used it in your assignment or research There are two elements used in academic referencing: 1. Citation or in-text citations o Citation (Narrative citation): Author last name/s are included in the text as part of the sentence Example of 1 Author: Walters (2003) wrote that most people tend to follow the path of least resistance Example of 2 Authors: Smith and Jones (2017) found that establishing regular routines, such as exercise, can help survivors of disasters recover from trauma Example of more than 2 Authors: Derwing et al. (2002) conducted their training with students preparing to be social workers, but note that other professionals who work with non-native speakers could benefit from a similar program 4  References & Citations 1. Citation or in-text citations o In-text citations (Parenthetical citation): Author last name/s and publication year and page number (if applicable) appear in parentheses. It can appear within or at the end of a sentence Example of 1 Author: Heavy social media use can be linked to depression and other mental disorders in adolescents (Taylor, 2016, p. 43) Example of 2 Authors: One study found that establishing regular routines, such as exercise, can help survivors of disasters recover from trauma (Smith & Jones, 2017, p. 65) Example of more than 2 Authors: The majority of school psychologists interviewed "do not promote or condone the administering of psychological tests by individuals who are not qualified to use them" (Martin et al., 2020) 5 References & Citations 6  References & Citations 2. Reference list or end-text citations: o A list of all the publication information for the sources used and cited in a text o The reference list should be at the end of the text, on a separate page o The heading should be: References o The list of references should be arranged alphabetically by author’s surname or by order of presence in the article o The main purpose of the reference list is to give the readers all the information they need to find those sources 7  Importance of References & Citations Shows that your writing is not based entirely on your own ideas but instead is based on the ideas, information, and evidence of others Allows readers to check the original source of information Demonstrates that the information presented is based on solid evidence Avoids accusations of plagiarism 8  Academic Referencing Styles Academic referencing requires a formal system Authors must follow the rules and standards when formatting citations and references Different colleges, journals, and institutions may require distinct styles: o APA style (American Psychological Association) o Harvard style o MLA (Modern Language Association) o Oxford style 9  Academic Referencing Styles: APA Style It is one of the widely used academic referencing styles in the sciences and social sciences APA adopts the author–date system o In-text citations consist mainly of the author’s last name and the year of publication placed within the text, e.g: Lion, M. (2008)…. o The reference list should be ordered alphabetically by the last name of the first author of each publication o References without author names are ordered in the reference list alphabetically by the first significant word of the title 10  How to Reference a Textbook? A basic reference list entry for a book in APA must include: o Authors Last name, First Initial. Middle Initial. o Year of publication of the book (in round brackets). o Book title (in italics). o Edition (in round brackets), if other than first. o Publisher  1 Author: Author's last name, A.A. (Publication Year). Title of book (Edition). Publisher.  2 Authors: Author's last name, A.A., & Author’s last name, B.B. (Publication Year). Title of book (Edition). Publisher.  >2 Authors: Author's last name, A.A., Author’s last name, B.B., & Author’s last name, C.C. (Publication Year). Title of book (Edition). Publisher. 11  How to Reference a Textbook? o Example of a print book with 1 author:  Author's last name, A.A. (Publication Year). Title of book (Edition). Publisher. Hasler, E. (2018). The built environment. Liverpool University Press. 12  How to Reference a Textbook? o Example of a print book with 2 authors:  Author's, A.A., & Author’s, B.B. (Publication Year). Title of book (Edition). Publisher. Burley, J., & Harris, J. (2002). A companion to Genetics. Blackwell Publishing. 13  How to Reference a Textbook? o Example of a print book with > 2 authors:  Author's, A.A., Author’s, B.B., & Author’s, C.C. (Publication Year). Title of book (Edition). Publisher. Whitney, E., Rofles, S.R., Crowe, T., Cameron-Smith, D., & Walsh, A.(2014). Understanding Nutrition (2nd ed). Cengage Learning. 14  How to Reference a Journal Article? A basic reference list entry for a journal article in APA must include: o Author or Authors Last name, First Initial. Middle Initial. o Year of publication of the article (in round brackets). o Article title. o Journal title (in italics). o Volume number (issue number). o Page number. 15  How to Reference a Journal Article?  1 Author: Author's, A.A. (Publication Year). Article title: Subtitle. Journal Title, Volume(issue), page range.  2 Authors: Author's, A.A., & Author’s, B.B. (Publication Year). Article title: Subtitle. Journal Title, Volume(issue), page range.  >2 Authors: Author's, A.A., Author’s, B.B., & Author’s, C.C. (Publication Year). Article title: Subtitle. Journal Title, Volume(issue), page range. 16  How to Reference a Journal Article? o Example of a journal article with 1 author:  Author's, A.A. (Publication Year). Article title: Subtitle. Journal Title, Volume(issue), page range. Pettigrew, T. F. (2009). Secondary transfer effect of contact: Do intergroup contact effects spread to noncontacted outgroups? Social Psychology, 40(2), 55-65. 17  How to Reference a Journal Article? o Example of a journal article with 2 authors:  Author's, A.A., & Author’s, B.B. (Publication Year). Article title: Subtitle. Journal Title, Volume(issue), page range. Sillick, T. J., & Schutte, N. S. (2006). Emotional intelligence and self-esteem mediate between perceived early parental love and adult happiness. E-Journal of Applied Psychology, 2(2), 38-48 18  How to Reference a Journal Article? o Example of a journal article with >2 authors:  Author's, A.A., Author’s, B.B., & Author’s, C.C. (Publication Year). Article title: Subtitle. Journal Title, Volume(issue), page range. Dietz, P. M., Williams, S. B., Callaghan, W. M., Bachman, D. J., Whitlock, E. P., & Hornbrook, M. C. (2007). Clinically identified maternal depression before, during, and after pregnancies ending in live births. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164(10), 1515-1520. 19  How to Reference a Database? When citing sources found from a Point-of-Care Database (e.g. Pubmed, UptoDate) treat the record as if it was from an e-book entry A retrieval date might be included if the information viewed is likely to change over time o Authors: If the entry does not list author(s) names, you should use the corporate author (i.e. Epocrates). o Dates: Look for the last updated or last revised date usually posted at the top or bottom of the record o Retrieved: Include the date the information was accessed  Personal or Corporate Author. (Last update if not known, put n.d.). Title of a specific document. Publisher. Retrieved date from URL database homepage 20  How to Reference a Database?  Author’s. (Publication date). Title of a specific document. Publisher. Retrieved date from URL database homepage Forchette, L., Sebastian, W. & Liu, T. (2021). A Comprehensive Review of COVID-19 Virology, Vaccines, Variants, and Therapeutics. Retrieved September 15, 2023 from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34241776/. 21  How to Reference Internet Sources? When citing sources found on the Internet, a retrieval date might be included if the information viewed is likely to change over time o If the reference is an article from a news source (e.g., CNN, NBC, Washington Post) or a site that may experience continuous updates, a retrieval date must be included The site name must also be added, unless the site name is the same as the corporate author  Author's, A.A. (Year, Month Day). Title of webpage, Website name. URL. Publisher. 22  How to Reference Internet Sources?  Author's, A.A. (Year, Month Day). Title of webpage, Website name. URL. Publisher. Ahmadi, S. (2018). Lesson plan: Filter bubbles. Digital Writing & Research Lab. https ://www.dwrl.utexas.edu/2018/01/02/lesson-plan-filter-bubbles/ Webs ite 23