Referencing Style and Practices (PDF)

# Overview of the Referencing Style and Practices ## Citation - Broadly, a citation is a reference to a published or unpublished source (not always the original source). - More precisely, a citation is an abbreviated alphanumeric expression embedded in the body of an intellectual work that denotes...

# Overview of the Referencing Style and Practices ## Citation - Broadly, a citation is a reference to a published or unpublished source (not always the original source). - More precisely, a citation is an abbreviated alphanumeric expression embedded in the body of an intellectual work that denotes an entry in the bibliographic references section of the work for the purpose of acknowledging the relevance of the works of others to the topic of discussion at the spot where the citation appears. - Generally the combination of both the in-body citation and the bibliographic entry constitutes what is commonly thought of as a citation (whereas bibliographic entries by themselves are not). References to single, machine-readable assertions in electronic scientific articles are known as nano-publications, a form of micro-attribution. Citation has several important purposes: - To uphold intellectual honesty (or avoiding plagiarism) [1] - To attribute prior or unoriginal work and ideas to the correct sources - To allow the reader to determine independently whether the referenced material supports the author's argument in the claimed way - To help the reader gauge the strength and validity of the material the author has used. [2] 1. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "What Does it Mean to Cite?" MIT Academic integrity. *http://web.mit.edu/academicintegrity/citing/whatandwhy.html*. 2. Association of Legal Writing Directors & Darby Dickerson. *ALWD Citation Manual: A Professional System of Citation*, 4th ed. (New York: Aspen, 2010) ## Which referencing style is the right one? There are literally hundreds of different referencing styles from which to choose when you are citing the sources of your research material. Different academic disciplines have differing priorities of what is important to the subsequent reader of an academic paper, and different publishing houses have differing rules about the citation of sources. ## Some styles in Practice | FACULTY | RECOMMENDED REFERENCING STYLES | | :---------------------- | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | | Arts | Harvard, Chicago, MLA, APA, University of Auckland Style | | Business and Economics | APA <br> The Business of Writing: Written Communication Skills for Business Students | | Creative Arts and Industries | APA, Chicago, Harvard, MLA | | Education | APA | | Engineering | Harvard, Chicago, UoA Engineering Numbered Style | | Law | New Zealand Law Style Guide | | Medical and Health Sciences | Vancouver, APA | | Science | Referencing styles recommended by Science Departments <br> Scientific style and format: the CBE manual for authors, editors, and publishers | | Theology | Chicago | ## A few of the common referencing styles and their origins 1. **APA** stands for "American Psychological Association" and comes from the association of the same name. - Although originally drawn up for use in psychological journals, the APA style is now widely used in the social sciences, in education, in business, and numerous other disciplines. 2. **MLA** comes from the "Modern Language Association of America" and is used mainly in English and the Humanities. ## Styles and their origins **cont** 3. **Chicago** is sometimes referred to as Turabian or Chicago/Turabian. - It comes from the "Chicago Manual of Style" and the simplified version of it, "A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations", that Kate Turabian wrote [Source: The Writing Center at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.] - Chicago is used mainly in the social sciences, including history, political studies, and theology. 4. **Vancouver** originally came from The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors which produced the "Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals" following a meeting that was held in Vancouver in 1978 [Source: Jönköping University Library]. - The Vancouver style is used mainly in the medical sciences. 5. **Harvard** came originally from "The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation" published by the Harvard Law Review Association. - The Harvard style and its many variations are used in law, natural sciences, social and behavioural sciences, and medicine. If you are unsure which referencing system to use, consult your course guide or ask your lecturer or tutor. Thankfully, there are some referencing styles used by the majority of disciplines! ## A brief outlines and difference of the APA system, the MLA system and the Chicago notes ### APA APA is an author/date referencing system common in the social sciences; it uses parenthetical in-text citations to refer readers to the list of references at the end of the paper. Numbered notes or footnotes are reserved for extra explanatory information that would disrupt the continuity of the text. The date of the research is important in scientific disciplines, since it conveys how recent or indeed historical the material is, thus the author/'s last name and the year of publication appear within the text. Page numbers are used in the text only in the case of direct quotations, not for paraphrased material. **Example:** Pinker (1999) notes that memory loss, including memory for words, is an obvious and early symptom of Alzheimer's disease. The alphabetical Reference List at the end of the paper provides the necessary information for readers to locate and retrieve any source cited in the body of the text. It lists alphabetically in this order: the last name of the author followed by the initials and the year of publication in brackets. In the case of a book with one author, the title of the book comes next, in italics, with just the initial letter of the first words of the title and subtitle capitalized. This is followed by the place of publication, and the name of the publisher. The information in the List of References must be detailed enough to enable the reader to easily locate the edition or volume or issue number, in the case of journals, or web page etc. **Example:** Pinker, S. (1999). *Words and rules: The ingredients of language*. London: Phoenix. ### The MLA system The MLA system, common in the arts and humanities, is similar to APA in that it uses parenthetical in-text citations keyed to a List of Works cited at the end of the paper. The author's last name appears in the text close to the borrowed material along with a page number rather than the year. Literature and language rely more on exactly where in the text the quoted material can be found, either directly quoted or paraphrased, rather than the year. Numbered notes or footnotes are only for extra information that would disrupt the continuity of the text. MLA is generally simpler and more economical than other styles; interruptions are kept to a minimum, usually citing just the last name of the author and the relevant page number within the text. Some scholars in the fields of art, dance, history, music, religion, theatre and theology use Documentation Notes (endnotes or footnotes) to document sources. In this case, a list of works cited or a bibliography may be unnecessary. **Example:** Pinker notes that memory loss, including memory for words, is an obvious and early symptom of Alzheimer's disease (281). ## In this presentation, We will cover - How and when to cite within text according to APA style - How to create a References list, citing a variety of sources: - Print sources - Electronic sources - Media sources - Personal communication - Materials in Websites - Unpublished sources - What to do if we come across something unusual not covered ## Why Should be Cited? 1. Citing identifies sources used in a research project 2. It gives credit to those researchers, authors, and writers whose words or ideas you borrow, acknowledging their role in shaping your research. 3. It allows others to follow-up on or retrieve this material 4. To avoid charges of plagiarism ## What is Plagiarism? Plagiarism is: - The unacknowledged use or appropriation of another person's words or ideas - A form of cheating or stealing - A serious academic offense When we borrow words or ideas from sources to support our argument or research we must give proper credit. By crediting our sources, we avoid plagiarism. If we do not cite a source--intentionally or unintentionally--we are guilty of plagiarism. ## When Should be Cited? When in doubt, give credit to source! Many students plagiarize unintentionally. Remember, whenever we summarize, paraphrase or quote another author's material we must properly credit our source. If we are using another person's idea, we must also cite our source! ## Summary, Paraphrase, Quote In any of these cases, must credit to source - A summary (aka 'abstract') briefly captures the main ideas of your source - A paraphrase is a restatement of the text of your source in your own words - Quotations can be direct (using quotation marks) or indirect (no quotation marks and often introduced by 'that') - A noted psychologist states, "As recently as 20 years ago, a bed-wetter was psychologically castigated for what could have been a physiological problem" (Tikling, 2009). - A noted psychologist observes that just two decades ago bed-wetters suffered psychologically for a medical problem that may have had a physiological source (Tikling, 2009). ## How to Cite? There are two parts to citing according to APA style: 1. Brief In-text citations (often in parentheses) within the body of your essay or paper 2. List of full citations in the References page at the end of your paper **Note:** - Sources cited in the text must appear in the References page. - Conversely, each entry in the References page must be cited in the text. ## What is APA? - APA = American Psychological Association - Promulgates guidelines for preparing research papers and projects and scholarly manuscripts in the social science - "APA style" refers to a system of citing research sources - For all papers in APA style, use 12-pt, Times New Roman font ## Purpose of APA-style references in the body of a paper? The references in the body of the paper gives appropriate credit to the person or persons whose words or ideas we are using to **support** what we have written in our paper. If we do not give credit to those whose work we use, we are guilty of **plagiarism**, which is a **VERY** serious violation of **academic integrity**. ## APA provides guidelines for citations ### In-text citations: "References ... are cited in text with an author-date... and are listed alphabetically in the reference list cited" (Publication Manual, 2010). ### Reference list citations: "Choose references judiciously... [and] reference data must be correct and complete" (Publication Manual, 2009). ## If we use a direct quotation from an original source, we give the author(s) credit for her/his/their words as follows. Where we must include the page number(s) of the quotation to enable the readers to find it. "Cognitive therapy is more effective than psychoanalysis in the treatments of phobias" (Jones & Smith, 2002, p. 44). ## If we paraphrase from a source (i.e., translate it into our own words), we should give the author(s) credit for their ideas as follows. According to Jones and Smith (2002), phobias can be treated more successfully by cognitive therapy than psychoanalysis. ## If we refer to a primary source (e.g., a journal article by Jones) we read about in a secondary source (e.g., a textbook by Smith), we must create the following type of citation. According to Jones (as cited in Smith, 2003), phobias can be treated more successfully by cognitive therapy than psychoanalysis. ## If we refer to a personal communication (e.g., an e-mail message or conversation) that is not available to the readers, we must include it in the body of our paper in the following way. According to P. J. Jones, Director of the Counseling Center (personal communication, May 1, 2002), phobias can be treated more successfully by cognitive therapy than psychoanalysis. ## If we refer to an online source (e.g., the website of the British Psychological Association), we must include it in the body of our paper in the following way. Phobias can be treated more successfully by cognitive therapy than psychoanalysis (British Psychological Association, n.d.). ## Important details to remember... - Use an ampersand (&) between authors when their names are within parentheses. ... is the most effective treatment (Smith & Jones, 1999) - Use a regular "and" between authors when their names are not within parentheses. ... is the most effective treatment according to Smith and Jones (1999). - If our source does not have a date, replace the date in the citation with n.d., which is the abbreviation for "no date." British Psychological Association (n.d.). ## APA-Style References in the Body of the Paper ## In-Text Citations We must provide information that will allow the reader to locate exactly where we found information in our source. Usually this is the author's last name and the year of publication, for example: (Wasser, 2009) Place the parenthetical reference at the end of the sentence before the punctuation mark. - Bedwetting emissions have been determined to consist mostly of two parts hydrogen to one part oxygen, plus assorted diurnal chemicals (Wasser, 2009). ## In-Text Citations, Cont'd When the author's name appears as part of sentence (known as a "signal phrase"), do not use it again in the parenthetical citation. Just give the year of publication: - Wasser (2009) argues that bedwetting is ultimately a genetically predisposed behavior. When there are two authors, name both authors every time their work is referenced in your paper: - Among epidemiological samples, Selbst and Tikling (2008) found that early onset social anxiety disorder results from adverse parental responses to bedwetting. - The study also showed that there was a high rate of alcohol and drug abuse associated with unresolved bedwetting issues (Selbst and Tikling, 2008). ## Other Citation Possibilities When there are between 3 and 5 authors, name all at their first citing, including the year of publication. At subsequent citing in your paper, retain only the first author and replace the others with "et al.": - Selbst, Tikling, Wang, Getz, and Wasser (2009) believe that bedwetters have a genetic predisposition for their behaviors. - In work with the Human Genome Project, Selbst et al. (2009) have identified the unique gene that contributes to bedwetting propensity. When there are 6 or more authors, use first author's surname and "et al." for the others as in second example above in all citing instances. If the author is a group (e.g., corporation, association, government agency), use the entire name in your in-text cite, though some groups' names can be abbreviated after the first instance: - According to government figures, boys are 35% more likely across the socio-economic spectrum than girls to wet their beds (National Institute of Mental Health, 2000). Next instance: (NIMH, 2000) When a work has no identified author, cite in text the first few words of the reference list entry; if article, chapter or web page, use quotation marks, if periodical, book, report, use italics: - Bedwetters also wet couches ("IKEA Report," 2005) - A popular college prep handbook, *College Bound Seniors* (2008), recommends use of the upper bunk if your roommate is a bed-wetter. Sometimes you may want to refer to more than one source in your in-text citation. In that case, you should place them alphabetically, separated by a semicolon: - Primary enuresis in young children is the expression of auto-erotic pleasure (Freud 1901; Jung 1905). To cite a specific part of a source, indicate the page, especially if a direct quotation; chapter; figure; table; or equation at the appropriate point in the your text: - In a letter to Freud, Ferenczi wrote, "I believe that syphilis leads to erythrophobia only in those people who in their childhood had to energetically suppress their rage toward their parents because of unjust punishment [especially because of punishment for enuresis)" (Brabant, Falzeder, and Giampieri-Deutsch, 1992, p. 271). - Jung establishes the significance of the father in the development of enuresis in young children (1916, chapter 3). ## In-text Citing of Electronic Sources Treat electronic sources the same as print sources. Direct quotations from e-sources which don't have page numbers are referenced by paragraph or heading and paragraph number, if available: - Eiberg, Berendt, and Mohr (1995) concluded in a Danish study that "nocturnal enuresis, or nightly bedwetting in children more than seven years of age affects about 10% of seven-year-old children, with a wide range of frequencies between populations" (para. 4). - A recent Italian study found that "the prevalence of enuresis was higher when the child was from a family of low socio-economic status despite the child's age group" (Chiozza et al., 2002, "Results," para 3). [This source has > 6 authors (in fact, 8), so 'et al.' is used for all authors after the first named author.] ## APA-Style References in the Reference Section ## References List - The References list appears at the end of your paper on its own page. - Everything you referenced in your text must be listed in your References list. - Conversely, everything you list in the References list must be cited in your essay. - The References list provides the information needed for a reader to find and retrieve any source used in your paper. ## Sample References Page *Sources are listed alphabetically* Title "References" is centered at the top of the page - Be sure to include the digital object identifier (doi), if the source has one - All citations end in a period (.), except those with a doi or URL *The entire References page is double-spaced* *All papers in APA style must be in 12-pt., Times New Roman font* ## Most Periodical Citations Will Include: - Author - Date - Title - Source information - DOI (Digital Object Identifier) All words in title are lower case--except for first word, first word after a colon, and proper nouns Last Name, Abbreviated First Year, Month (in parentheses) Bennett, H. J. (2004, December). *Bedwetting: An overview of treatment options*. *Nutrition Health Review*, 90, 5-7. doi: 10.9911.1137/1 "digital object identifier" Commas Source in italics Page numbers Volume # in italics ## Digital Object Identifier (doi) - A unique alphanumeric sequence, starting with "10," **used to identify and to locate an item on the Internet** - Example: doi: 10.1000/186.ken888.888lee (no period at the end) - Also assigned to print sources - In a database, the doi is sometimes hidden behind a button with the name of the database on it (e.g., PsychINFO) or the word "Article." - When a doi is present, the URL is not necessary ## General Tips: Print Resources Author's last name first, then his **first (and middle) name(s) abbreviated**. Lee, K. If **more than one author**, but no more than six, list all authors, **separated by a comma, and connecting the last with an ampersand**: Schulman, S. L., Colish, Y., von Zuben, F. C., & Kodman-Jones, C. Titles of books and periodicals are italicized and only the first word in title and after a colon and proper nouns are capitalized: *Water world: Enuresis, the wet and dry of it*. *Clinical Pediatrics* Article and chapter titles appear in regular font with same rules for capitalization: To treat bed-wetting, healthy doses of patience.