AP World History Unit 4 Study Guide (1450-1750) PDF

Unit 4: Transoceanic Interconnections Study Guide c. 1450 - 1750 Topic 4.1 Technological Innovations from 1450 - 1750 Learning Objective Historical Deve...

Unit 4: Transoceanic Interconnections Study Guide c. 1450 - 1750 Topic 4.1 Technological Innovations from 1450 - 1750 Learning Objective Historical Developments 1.​ Describe technological diffusions that occurred in the 1450-1750 time Explain how Knowledge, scientific learning, and period. Name the technology, its origins, and where it diffused. cross-cultural technology from the Classical, Islamic, -​ Ships moved adroitly, aided by a new type of rudder (imported from china). interactions resulted in and Asian worlds spread, facilitating the diffusion of European technological developments Improved Muslim navigators in the 12 century, allowed for them to determine technology and and innovation. how far north or south they resigned from the equator. facilitated changes in patterns of trade and The developments included the -​ The compass: primary direction-finding device for navigation. Invented in travel from 1450 to production of new tools, innovations in China and discovered by marites in the 12th century by China and Europe. 1750. ship designs, and an improved understanding of regional wind and -​ The lateen sail or ship sail (triangle shape), used by Arab sailors and in the currents patterns—all of which made Indian ocean, significantly affected medieval navigation and trade. transoceanic travel and trade possible. Innovations in ship design: 2.​ Describe new technologies of the 1450 - 1750 time period and specific ​ Caravel ​ Carrack examples of how they facilitated patterns of trade and travel from 1450 to ​ Fluyt 1750. Navigation (compass, for example) technologies and gunpowder. Navigation European technological developments influenced by cross-cultural techniques spread throughout the 17th century. Russia’s Tsar Peter the Great visited interactions with the Classical, Islamic, western Europe in 1697 to observe military and naval technology. His interest in and Asian worlds: ​ Lateen sail European tech led him to hire technicians from Germany and elsewhere to build ​ Compass Russia’s military and naval power. ​ Astronomical charts The introduction to gunpowder, (another Chinese invention) aided Europeans in conquests, soon enough sea pirates also used such technology, particularly Dutch pirates known as sea beggars. 3.​ What is a lateen sail and why was it significant in the 1450-1750 time period? The lateen sail or ship sail (triangle shape), used by Arab sailors and in the Indian ocean, significantly affected medieval navigation and trade. -​ Allowed sailors to travel successfully into large bodies of water, thus expanding trade routes. 4.​ What is a caravel and why was it significant in the 1450 to 1750 time  period? It was a light sailing ship which allowed for a longer journey in the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries in Europe. Used by the Portuguese to explore the West coast as well as the ship being the best for that kind of sea level. 5.​ Making connections: Give an example of technology in the 1750-1900 time period that facilitated trade and travel during that later time period. Steamships and steam trains, both allowed for longer distance to be traveled, allowing for more trade to occur. Topic 4.2 Exploration: Causes and Events from 1450 to 1750 Learning Objective Historical Developments 6.​ What specific states supported maritime exploration in this time period? Describe the role of New state-supported transoceanic Give specific examples of states and what they did to support exploration. states in the expansion maritime exploration occurred in this Portugal: agricultural production, England: manufactured products, Spain: of maritime exploration period. agricultural production, France: animal products, and the Netherlands: animal from 1450 to 1750. products. Learning Objective Historical Developments 7.​ What were the economic factors that drove maritime exploration by Explain the economic Portuguese development of maritime Europeans? causes and effects of technology and navigational skills led New trade routes, newly discovered lands, resources, and the theory of maritime exploration by to increased travel to and trade with mercantilism. the various European Africa and Asia and resulted in the states. construction of a global trading-post empire. 8.​ What were some of the economic outcomes of European maritime Spanish sponsorship of the voyages of Columbus and subsequent voyages exploration (positive and negative). across the Atlantic and Pacific Positive: new trade routes expanded European markets and aided economic dramatically increased European interest in transoceanic travel and growth. trade Negative: inflation and exploitation of colonies. 9.​ Describe the difference between the trading-post empire established by the Northern Atlantic crossings were undertaken under English, French, and Portuguese in the Indian Ocean and the colonies they established in the Dutch sponsorship, often with the goal New World. of finding alternative sailing routes to The Indian ocean and the colonies in the new world had small outposts, while Asia. Portuguese controlled large territories.  Topic 4.3 Columbian Exchange Learning Objective Historical Developments 10.​Describe the Columbian Exchange. Explain the causes of The new connections between the The process of the spread of disease, people, resources, and different the Columbian Eastern and Western Hemispheres commodities across the Atlantic.Between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres Exchange and its resulted in the exchange of new plants, resulted in new plants and animals as well. effects on the Eastern animals, and diseases, known as the and Western Columbian Exchange. Hemispheres. European colonization of the Americas 11.​What factors caused the Columbian Exchange? led to the unintentional transfer of disease vectors, including mosquitoes Population growth in Europe, economics, and the reunion of oceanshiping. and rats, and the spread of diseases that were endemic in the Eastern Hemisphere, including smallpox, measles, and malaria. Some of these diseases substantially reduced the 12.​Describe the impact of the Columbian Exchange on the Western indigenous populations, with catastrophic effects in many areas. Hemisphere (New World). Include both positive and negative outcomes. Positive: increased trade and food production American foods became staple crops in Negative: disease and slavery various parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Cash crops were grown primarily on plantations with coerced 13.​Describe the impact of the Columbian Exchange on the Eastern Hemisphere labor and were exported mostly to (Old World). Include both positive and negative outcomes. Europe and the Middle East. Positive: promoting economic development, new food and animals as well as the Afro-Eurasian fruit trees, grains, sugar, spread of European empires. and domesticated animals were brought Negative: the fast spread of disease. by Europeans to the Americas, while other foods were brought by African slaves Domesticated animals: ​ Horses ​ Pigs ​ Cattle Foods brought by African slaves: ​ Okra ​ Rice Populations in Afro-Eurasia benefitted nutritionally from the increased diversity  of American food crops. Topic 4.4 Maritime Empires Established Learning Objective Historical Developments 14.​Describe European trading posts in Africa. Explain the process of Europeans established new trading posts The targets of European conquest during the late 15th century were Certain regions state building and in Africa and Asia, which proved of East and West Africa. The Portuguese ruler (prince Henry) was keenly interested expansion among profitable for the rulers and merchants various empires and involved in new global trade networks. in navigational technology. The local rulers traded enslaved people to the European states in the period Some Asian states sought to limit the in exchange for gunpowder, cannons, and giving those Coast governments a from 1450 to 1750. disruptive economic and cultural effects of European-dominated long-distance military advantage when battling neighboring villages. trade by adopting restrictive or isolationist trade policies. -​ African city-states grew more wealthy due to selling enslaved individuals to Europeans Asian states that adopted restrictive or isolationist trade policies: ​ Ming China ​ Tokugawa Japan 15.​Describe the isolationist policies of China and Japan. Why did they enact Driven largely by political, religious, and these policies? What were the long-term outcomes? economic rivalries, European states Both were based to end and control foreign influence over their land hence established new maritime empires, including the Portuguese, Spanish, achieving the system. Over the next 40 years, Japan persecuted christians and Dutch, French, and British. limited foreign influence. In 1630, nearly all foreigners banned most foreign books and prohibited Japanese people from traveling abroad. For more than The expansion of maritime trading networks fostered the growth of states in two centuries, Japan was partially isolated from the rest of the world, only Africa, including the Asante and the allowing Dutch merchants to live on Nagasaki harbor (small island). China Kingdom of the Kongo, whose tried to limit outside influence by restricting trade. Limits on trade were participation in trading networks led to an increase in their influence eventually reversed and China resumed its important role in global trade. 16.​Describe European maritime empires: a.​ Portuguese: established a global trading empire through exploration, trade and colonization in the 15th and 16th centuries. Portugal controlled a coastal trading post in the southwest state of Goa. b.​ Spanish: Spain would get land west of the Mediterranean and the rest of the America’s. Spain would also explore areas of North America & claim a fort in Florida in 1565, this was conducted by explorer Pedro Menedez c.​ Dutch: focused on establishing trading dominance with East indian. Soon using the Dutch East India company. d.​ French: they joined the race in exploration of the new world, resulting in exploitation of the Western Hemisphere’s resources. France controlled Ponicherry, a city in the southwestern state of Tamil Nadu.  During the mid-18th century, France and Great Britain along with respective allies, competed for power on five continents in the Seven Years’ war. Britain’s Victory in 1763 drove the French out of India and the Portuguese remained in India until driven away in the mid-20th century. e.​ f.​ British: the use of trade routes, colonies and naval power to establish their empire as from the late 16th century into the 20th century. The active trading port throughout the globe. The British East india Company began a commercial relationship with the Mughal Empire in the 17th century 17.​How did the Asante benefit from participation in trading networks in this time period? African states such as the Asante Empire and the Kingdom of the Kongo. Their trade with Europe led to an increase in their influence. Learning Objective Historical Developments 18.​What continuities in economic and labor systems existed in the 1450 to Explain the continuities Despite some disruption and 1750 time period? and changes in restructuring due to the arrival of Some of the economic and labor continuities were the effort to maintain feudal economic systems and Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch labor laws, rise of the plantation system and persistence of family farming in labor systems from merchants, existing trade networks in the 1450 to 1750. Indian Ocean continued to flourish and America. included intra-Asian trade and Asian merchants. 19.​What changes in economic and labor systems existed in the 1450 to 1750 Indian Ocean Asian merchants: time period? Expansion of global trade, beginning of diverse economic ​ Swahili Arabs activities, and the advent of mercantilism. ​ Omanis ​ Gujaratis ​ Javanese 20.​Describe colonial economies in this time period. Newly developed colonial economies in the Americas largely depended on Colonies largely depended on agriculture, existing labor laws, and depending on agriculture, utilized existing labor trade, shipbuilding etc. systems, including the Incan mit’a, and introduced new labor systems including chattel slavery, indentured servitude, 21.​What is the mit’a system and how was it exploited by the Spanish empire? and encomienda and hacienda This system forced natives to work on state projects in return for a small amount systems. of money used by Spanish in Peru, used by the incas before them. It exploited the indigenous people for mining and agricultural use without providing support  in return. 22.​What factors drove the demand for chattel slavery? The rise of cotton, sugars and tobacco plantations. 23.​Describe indentured servitude. Who were typically indentured servants in this time period and how would that change in the 1750-1900 time period? Indentured servitude is someone working for a fixed period mainly to pay off debt or in exchange for passage to a new area. Europeans tended to be indentured servants. They declined due to the growth of slavery, increased immigration and changes involving the economy. 24.​What is the encomienda? a means to gain access to resources such as gold, that was established by Spain in the Americas in the early 15th century 25.​What is a hacienda? They grow agricultural products of said land, tended through coerced labor Learning Objective Historical Developments 26.​What were the impacts the trans-Atlantic slave trade on West Africa? Explain changes and Slavery in Africa continued in its Areas like the Asante Empire and the Kingdom of the Kongo grew more continuities in systems traditional forms, including incorporation powerful through trade. Gaining new technology that wasn't there before. of slavery in the period of slaves into households and the export from 1450 to 1750. of slaves to the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean regions. 27.​What were the impacts of the trans-Atlantic slave trade on the Americas? It supplied many plantations in the Americas resulting in growth there as well. The growth of the plantation economy increased the demand for slaves in the Americas, leading to significant 28.​How was the use of slavery in this time period different from slavery in demographic, social, and cultural previous periods of history? changes. Slavery grew and expanded. In the past indigenous people were used, in this time it became a more surrounding race. Topic 4.5 Maritime Empires Maintained and Developed Learning Objective Historical Developments 29.​Describe mercantilism. Explain how rulers Mercantilist policies and practices were The idea of buying as little from other states as possible to maximize profits from trade employed economic used by European rulers to expand and however it requires heavy government involvement strategies to control their economies and claim consolidate and overseas territories. Joint-stock maintain power companies, influenced by these throughout the period mercantilist principles, were used by 30.​How did joint-stock companies allow European states to consolidate and from 1450 to 1750. rulers and merchants to finance maintain power in their colonies? exploration and were used by rulers to compete against one another in global Owned by investors who bought stock or charred them, resulted in extending aid in the global trade. economy. Limited liability: the principle that an investor isn’t responsible for a company’s debts or other liabilities beyond that amount of investment, making investing safer. Economic disputes led to rivalries and conflict between states. 31.​Describe the Moroccan conflict with the Songhai Empire. Competition over trade routes: ​ Muslim–European rivalry in the Morocco looked inland to capture the riches of the Songhai kingdom despite the prohibition of Indian Ocean waging wars on another Muslim state. Attacking with thousands of soldiers, camels and horses ​ Moroccan conflict with the as well as 8 cannons and other firearms which forces traveled months to reach Songhai. 1590, Songhai Empire near Gao, the Songhai (despite the great numbers of fighters) were overpowered by the firearms. As A Result, the Spanish and Portuguese soon overtook much of this territory. Learning Objective Historical Developments 32.​Explain the first global economy embodied by the trade in silver. Explain the continuities The Atlantic trading system involved the It led partly by the increased amount of gold and silver that was mined and put in and changes in movement of goods, wealth, and labor, circulation. Actual wealth increased with gold and silver production in the Western networks of exchange including slaves. Hemisphere. from 1450 to 1750. The new global circulation of goods was facilitated by chartered European monopoly companies and the global 33.​Explain the role that chartered European monopoly companies (such as flow of silver, especially from Spanish colonies in the Americas, which was used the British East India Company) in facilitating the global circulation of to purchase Asian goods for the Atlantic goods. markets and satisfy Chinese demand for The Dutch, England and French developed joint stock companies in the 17th century, silver. Regional markets continued to flourish in Afro-Eurasia by using including the East India Company in 1600 and the Dutch East India Company in 1602. established commercial practices and Dutch East India Company made profits in the Spice Islands and Southeast Asia the new transoceanic and regional shipping most. Establishing trade networks and colonies while monopolizing trade in certain services developed by European merchants. regions. Peasant and artisan labor continued and intensified in many regions as the demand for food and consumer goods increased. 34.​What continuities in networks of exchange existed in relation to the 1200 Increased peasant and artisan labor: to 14 50 time period? ​ Western Europe— wool and The expansion of trade routes and networks, growth of long-distance trade linen along with new technologies, ideas, cultural aspects. ​ India—cotton ​ China—silk 35.​What changes in networks of exchange existed in relation to the 1200 to 1450 time period?  Rise of the Mongol empire, trade expansion, and types of labor around the world. Historical Developments Learning Objective Some notable gender and family Explain how political, restructuring occurred, including 36.​Describe the casta system that was a result of the Atlantic trading system. economic, and cultural demographic changes in Africa that factors affected society resulted from the slave trades. Greatly weakened African kingdoms such as Kongo. Loss in people slowed population growth. from 1450 to 1750. Trade competition led to violence among their societies but also made African slave-raiding The Atlantic trading system involved the kingdoms economically dependent on goods from Europe. Some of these areas were such as movement of labor—including slaves—and the mixing of African, Dahomey and Oyo. This dependent behavior led to European conquest and imperialism as of American, and European cultures and the late 19th century. The Spanish and Portuguese empires managed to erase the basic social peoples, with all parties contributing to this cultural synthesis. structures and many of the cultural traditions of the indigenous Americans within a century of the European’s arrival. Which resulted in nearly depopulating the Americas. Learning Objective Historical Developments 37.​Describe cultural syncretism that occurred as a result of the Atlantic Explain the similarities In some cases, the increase and trading system. and differences in how intensification of interactions between 1 in 10 enslaved Africans practiced Islam which some men who sailed with Columbus may various belief systems newly connected hemispheres expanded have been Muslims. Enslaved Africans in the United Stated laid the roots for the African affected societies from the reach and furthered development of 1450 to 1750. existing religions, and contributed to American Church, a hybrid of Christianity and African spiritual traditions. religious conflicts and the development of syncretic belief systems and practices. Topic 4.6 International and External Challenges to State Power from 1450 to 1750 Learning Objective Historical Developments 38.​Give examples of how state expansion and centralization led to resistance Explain the effects of State expansion and centralization led to from groups on a local level. the development of resistance from an array of social, political, The Portuguese looked into Africa for the purpose of building a colony, which resulted in Africa state power from 1450 and economic groups on a local level. to be attacked (not only by the African people). In 1624, Ana Nzinga became the ruler of to 1750 Local resistance: Ndongo in south-central Africa. In exchange for protection from neighboring powers and an ​ Pueblo Revolts end to Portugal raids, soon Nzinga became an ally of Portugal. Nzinga was baptized as ​ Fronde ​ Cossack revolts Christian, with the governor of the Portuguese colony as her godfather. The alliance broke ​ Maratha conflict with Mughals down, leaving Nzinga and her people to flee to the west, taking over Matamba. ​ Ana Nzinga’s resistance (as ruler of Ndongo and Matamba) ​ Metacom’s War (King Philip’s War) Slave resistance challenged existing  authorities in the Americas. Slave resistance: ​ The establishment of Maroon societies in the Caribbean and Brazil ​ North American slave resistance Topic 4.7 Changing Social Hierarchies from 1450 to 1750 Learning Objective Historical Developments 39.​How did the Ottoman and Mughal Empires attempt to accommodate the Explain how social Many states, such as the Mughal and ethnic and religious diversity of their empires? categories, roles, and Ottoman empires, adopted practices to The Ottoman: Religious tolerance towards Jews and Christian were one of the practices have been accommodate the ethnic and religious reasons the Ottoman empire was successful, after the Spanish monarch exiled Jew maintained or have diversity of their subjects or to utilize the changed over time. economic, political, and military from the kingdom in 1492. Sultan Mehmed 2 invited Jews to settle in Istanbul resulting contributions of different ethnic or religious in some Jews becoming court physicians and diplomats. While others literally groups. In other cases, states suppressed contributed to the literary community and printing press to the Ottoman Empire. diversity or limited certain groups’ roles in society, politics, or the economy. Mughal: Akbar the Great (ruled 1556-1605), remembered for his military successes and his administrative achievements. He was tolerant of other religions, ended the Differential treatment of groups in society, Jizya tax, and he gave grants of land and money to Hindus and Muslims as well as politics, and the economy: providing funds to build a Catholic Church, and supported Sikhism. ​ Expulsion of Jews from Spain and Portugal; the acceptance of Jews in the Ottoman Empire 40.​Give an example of a society that gave differential treatment to a group or ​ Restrictive policies against Han groups within their empire. Chinese in Qing China ​ Varying status of different classes of women within the Ottoman The british empire in india, who engaged in indirect and cooperation with indian Empire elites allowing them to exercise some authority. Imperial conquests and widening global economic opportunities contributed to the formation of new political and economic elites, including in China with the transition to the Qing Dynasty and in the Americas with the rise of the Casta system. The power of existing political and economic elites fluctuated as the elites confronted new challenges to their ability to affect the policies of the increasingly powerful monarchs and leaders. Existing elites: ​ Ottoman timars ​ Russian boyars ​ European nobility  Topic 4.8 Continuity and Change from 1450 to 1750 Learning Objective Review: Unit 4 Key Concepts ​ The interconnection of the Eastern and Western Hemispheres, made possible by transoceanic voyaging, transformed trade and had a significant social Explain how economic impact on the world. developments from ○​ Knowledge, scientific learning, and technology from the Classical, Islamic, and Asian worlds spread, facilitating European technological 1450 to 1750 affected developments and innovation. social structures over ○​ The developments included the production of new tools, innovations in ship designs, and an improved understanding of regional wind and time. currents patterns—all of which made transoceanic travel and trade possible. ​ Although the world’s productive systems continued to be heavily centered on agriculture, major changes occurred in agricultural labor, the systems and locations of manufacturing, gender and social structures, and environmental processes. ○​ The demand for labor intensified as a result of the growing global demand for raw materials and finished products. Traditional peasant agriculture increased and changed in nature, plantations expanded, and the Atlantic slave trade developed and intensified ​ Empires achieved increased scope and influence around the world, shaping and being shaped by the diverse populations they incorporated. ○​ Economic disputes led to rivalries and conflict between states. Maritime Empires & Influences, 1450 - 1750 Image via Freemanpedia Unit 4  Unit 4: Transoceanic Interconnections (1450-1750) Context Practice Instructions: Write a contextual statement for each of the prompts below. This will not only help you review content from Unit 4 (1450-1750), but also help you practice writing context statements which, if done successfully, can earn you one point on both the DBQ and LEQ essays. To earn this point, the response must relate the topic of the prompt to broader historical events, developments, or processes that occur before, during, or continue after the time frame of the question. This point is not awarded for merely a phrase or reference. The final sentence of your context should narrow down to the topic of the prompt, tying your contextual statement to your thesis statement. Prompt 1: Evaluate the extent to which technology facilitated changes in patterns of trade and travel in the 1450 to 1750 time period. Technology advanced far more than people can comprehend, since the beginning of trade routes such as the Silk road, trans-Saharan Desert and the Indian Ocean flourished and expanded. With Maritime technology, the printing press, gunpowder, and transportation technology. Considering that each of the items and technological advancements presented were original from different parts of the World. Resulting in increasing the use of trade, exploitation, improving the trade routes or creating new ones and new relationships formed because of trade. This moves forward into the present day, for we still use some kind of economics, trade of resources with different parts of the world, and travel which has advanced far more than expected. Prompt 2: Evaluate the extent to which state expansion supported maritime exploration in the 1450 to 1750 time period. State expansion starred in maritime exploration, For example Europeans sought new trade routes, and state support allowed necessary resources, funding, ships, etc. Fronde Civil disturbances in France between 1648 and 1653 attempted to curb growing royal power. Metacom’s war (1675-1678) also referred to as King Philip’s War. which was part of the result of English colonists using underhanded tactics in their continuing pressure to control the Native American lands. Each one of those were internal or external use of state power applied to take control rather than assist. State expansion did provide resources to Europe exploration, however if overused or mistreated rebellion will take place. Prompt 4: Evaluate the extent to which the Columbian Exchange impacted societies of the Western Hemisphere during the 1450 to 1750 time period. The process of the spread of disease, people, resources, and different commodities across the Atlantic. Between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres resulted in new plants and animals as well. With both positive and negative results such as Positive: increased trade and food production Negative: disease and slavery. The impact of the Columbian Exchange on the Eastern Hemisphere (Old World). Include both positive and negative outcomes. Positive: promoting economic development, new food and animals as well as the spread of European empires. Negative: the fast spread of disease. Prompt 5: Evaluate the extent to which labor systems changed in the 1450 to 1750 time period. Prior to the Altantic slave trade, slavery was a widespread in African. greatly weakened African kingdoms such as Kongo and Loss in people slowed population growth. Trade competition led to violence among their societies but also made African slave-raiding kingdoms economically dependent on goods from Europe. Some of these areas were such as Dahomey and Oyo. This dependent behavior led to European conquest and imperialism as of the late 19th century. Dahomey and Oyo became rich by selling their captives to Europeans. Political effects: society that exchanged enslaved people for guns, its raiders easily took advantage of rivals with zero gunpowder weapons. Raiders soon gained riches and became more fortified with firearms. Intergroup warfare thus became more common and bloodier as a result. Labor systems became plantations and indentured servitude declined. Prompt 6: Evaluate the extent to which economic developments from 1450 to 1750 affected social structures over time. Feudal systems influenced hierarchy, in which those of higher standing tended to possess more wealth rather than those of lower classes. Economic developments changed social structures because of triangle trade, fostering Urbanisms, rising middle class, and the decline of nobility. Triangle trade: Enslaved Africans became part of a complex Atlantic trading system due to the Europeans desire for those individuals in the Americas coupled with Portugal’s discoveries. A ship carried European manufactured goods such as firearms to West Africa and from there received enslaved Africans to the Americas. Which then would be filled with Sugar, tobacco to take to Europe. Sugar was the most profitable commodity from the Americas, by 1700 Caribbean Sugar production and rum were financing fortunes in Britain and to a lesser extent in France and the Netherlands.