AP World History Unit 3 Study Guide PDF

Unit 3: Land-Based Empires C. 1450 - 1750 Topic 3.1 Empires Expand Learning Objective Historical Developments 1.​ Explain how the...

Unit 3: Land-Based Empires C. 1450 - 1750 Topic 3.1 Empires Expand Learning Objective Historical Developments 1.​ Explain how the land-based empires of the 1450-1750 time period Explain how and why Imperial expansion relied on the developed (what allowed them to obtain and maintain power): various land-based increased use of gunpowder, Conquering lands (military force), centralized government, and cultural empires developed and cannons, and armed trade to tolerance at least with the Gunpowder empires, however there was economic expanded from 1450 to establish large empires in both 1750. hemispheres. gain with this tolerance such as the jizya tax. Land empires included the Manchu 2.​ Describe the Qing Dynasty (use InSPECT characteristics): in Central and East Asia; the Mughal in South and Central Asia; the Ming Dynasty (1368), managed to stabilize the east Asian region. Portuguese and other Ottoman in Southern Europe, the Europeans arrived aiming to encroach on the Asian trade network. Expanding China by conquering Middle East, and North Africa; and lands however they didn’t last long. It was restored and expanded to keep out invaders from the the Safavids in the Middle East. north. Manchu (1644) neighboring Manchuria seized power and established the Qing Dynasty Political and religious disputes led to (ruled until 1911). rivalries and conflict between states. State rivalries: 3.​ Describe the Mughal Empire (use InSPECT characteristics): ​ Safavid–Mughal conflict Under Akbar was one of the richest, best governed, and trade flourished. Members of merchant ​ Songhai Empire’s conflict castes participated in banking and the production of many products. Strict social groups which with Morocco divided Hindu people into Brahmin, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and the Shudras. Decline was due to Aurangzeb (1658 - 1707), inherited the weakened empire, and failure to keep up with military innovations. He desired to get rid of hindu influence. 4.​ Describe the Ottoman Empire (use InSPECT characteristics): By the 15th century they already had major power. Was the largest and most enduring of the great islamic empires. Lasted until its defeat in 1918 by the allies in world war 1, controlled for more than 600 years. Mehmed 2nd strengthened forces by triple, waterway, navy, and expanded the state. 5.​ Describe the Safavid Empire (use InSPECT characteristics) Ismail was about 14 to 15 years old when he conquered persia. The empire had two problems: lacked a real navy and natural defenses. Nevertheless they rose to power (1500s) due to a land-based military and strong leadership. Shah Abbas I (1588-1629) used Shi’a Islam as a unifying force. Build a power base that supported his rule and denied legitimacy. Women were still veiled and restricted in their movement as was traditional. Ineffectual leaders who combined lifestyle and military spending with falling revenues, resulting in a weakened economy.  Topic 3.2 Empires: Administration Learning Objective Historical Developments 6.​ Describe how land-based empires utilized military professionals to Explain how rulers used a Recruitment and use of bureaucratic maintain power: variety of methods to elites, as well as the development of With a powerful military, the land-based empires were able to maintain rule legitimize and consolidate military professionals, became more while conquering and expanding their territories. their power in land-based common among rulers who wanted to empires from 1450 to maintain centralized control over their 1750. populations and resources 7.​ Explain how land-based empires utilized religious art and ideas to maintain power: Bureaucratic elites or military professionals: They sought to legitimize the authority of the monarch through the idea of divine right ​ Ottoman devshirme of monarchy. Using ideas, art, and monumental architecture it was a way to legitimize ​ Salaried samurai their rule. Rulers continued to use religious ideas, art, and monumental architecture to legitimize their rule. 8.​ Explain how land-based empires utilized monumental architecture to Religious ideas: maintain power: ​ Mexica practice of human The monumental architecture was used to show off the wealth of the empire and the sacrifice ​ European notions of divine rulers. It reduced the chance of attack because of this amount of wealth presented. right ​ Songhai promotion of Islam Art and monumental architecture: ​ Qing imperial portraits 9.​ How did land-based empires generate revenue to expand and maintain ​ Incan sun temple of Cuzco power? ​ Mughal mausolea and mosques The Ottoman did tax farming, Mughal did the zamindar tax collections and Safavids ​ European palaces, such as did direct tax system for agricultural products. The tribute system was used by Mexica Versailles and Ming who also practiced collecting taxes in hard currency. Rulers used tribute collection, tax farming, and innovative tax-collection systems to generate revenue in order to forward state power and expansion. Tax-collection systems: ​ Mughal zamindar tax collection ​ Ottoman tax farming ​ Mexica tribute lists ​ Ming practice of collecting taxes in hard currency  Topic 3.3 Empires: Belief Systems Learning Objective Historical Developments 10.​Explain the Protestant Reformation: Explain continuity and The Protestant Reformation A religious movement that broke the existing Christian traditions and pulled back the change within the various marked a break with existing Church back to its earliest spirit without the bureaucracy of the Roman Church and belief systems during the Christian traditions and both the their abuse of power with the help of protestant and Catholic reformations. period from 1450 to 1750. Protestant and Catholic reformations contributed to the growth of Christianity. 11.​What changes (political, social, cultural) occurred as a result of the Protestant Reformation? Political rivalries between the Ottoman and Safavid empires Changes occurred in social sciences, freedom of religion, and political democracy. intensified the split within Islam between Sunni and Shi’a. Sikhism developed in South Asia in 12.​How could you connect the events of the Protestant Reformation to later a context of interactions between events such as the Renaissance, Scientific Revolution, and Hinduism and Islam. Enlightenment? The events of the Protestant Reformation influenced events such as the Renaissance, Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment by promoting the bible, pressing the idea of a more critical mindset and the fostering of freedom (human rights). 13.​Explain the Sunni and Shi’a split. After Muhammad died, these two groups formed. The Shi’a believed that the next successor should be a direct descendant while the Sunni believed the individual should be elected by select voters. This disagreement caused the split. 14.​Why did this split intensify during the 1450-1750 time period? The Ottoman were Sunni and Safavid were Shi’a resulting in military rivalry emerging between these two powerful empires. 15.​Explain how Sikhism developed in relation to the Mughal Empire. Sikhism was oppressed by then found some ruler among the Mughal empire who supported the religion. Mainly through a complex relationship with conflict and accommodations. Land-Based Empires of 1450-1750  Image via Freemanpedia. Unit 3: Land-Based Empires (1450-1750) Context Practice Instructions: Write a contextual statement for each of the prompts below. This will not only help you review content from Unit 3 (1450-1750), but also help you practice writing context statements which, if done successfully, can earn you one point on both the DBQ and LEQ essays. To earn this point, the response must relate the topic of the prompt to broader historical events, developments, or processes that occur before, during, or continue after the time frame of the question. This point is not awarded for merely a phrase or reference. The final sentence of your context should narrow down to the topic of the prompt, tying your contextual statement to your thesis statement. Prompt 1: Evaluate the extent to which religious ideals were utilized to legitimize political authority in land-based empires during the 1450-1750 time period. Before 1450, religion was a key aspect to have in an empire for it, for it gave the people a reason to trust their ruler for the whole point of conquering or deciding to do something was because of polytheistic or monotheistic ideas. Religious ideals flourished causing conflicts, resolutions and expanding areas of the world through trade. Using these ideals to legitimize political authority for Land-based empires is the most prominent. Legitimizing political power by claiming divine right or portraying rulers as religious figures was done to reinforce power and control over populations and territories. This act continued after 1750, although that wasn’t the only factor that played a role in the establishment of that land-based empire, religions continued to affect it or make up a large portion of it. Prompt 2: Evaluate the extent to which monumental art and architecture were utilized to legitimize political authority in land-based empires during the 1450 to 1750 time period. With the knowledge of religious significance involving the people, political choices and wealth. Temples, monuments, and palaces were a symbol of the people's devotion to their god or gods. This was also used as a sign to the empire surrounding them the wealth of the ruler and reducing threats.Using these ideals to legitimize political authority for Land-based empires is the most prominent. Legitimizing political power by claiming divine right or portraying rulers as religious figures was done to reinforce power and control over populations and territories. These Monuments emphasize power over the population, wealth and political standing because of the idea that rulers are connected to their god or gods. This went forward as it continued to improve. Prompt 3: Evaluate the extent to which the rulers of land-based empires in the 1450-1750 time period managed diverse populations. Hierarchy was carried from past empires into the Land-based empires in 1450-1750. Managing diversity in a population as large as these empires required structure, using the hierarchical structure these empires made a clear barrier of those who could be involved in government, military and social matters compared to slaves, serfs, and those of other religions who had strict rules based on their location. After 1750 it caused conflict with different empires and resolved some as well.