AP Notes on Conflict PDF

AP NOTES Alexis Go 9-Purity CONFLICT A. Conflict Peace (absence of conflict) - respect and embrace differences among people (race, religion, opinion, ethnicity) Conflict (“struggle, fight, battle”) - a struggle over values and claims to scarce status, power, and resources to neutralize, injure, or...

AP NOTES Alexis Go 9-Purity CONFLICT A. Conflict Peace (absence of conflict) - respect and embrace differences among people (race, religion, opinion, ethnicity) Conflict (“struggle, fight, battle”) - a struggle over values and claims to scarce status, power, and resources to neutralize, injure, or eliminate their rivals. ​ FACTORS THAT MIGHT ESCALATE A CONFLICT 1.​⛵ Natural Resource Scarcity -​ Disagreements and disputes over access to, and control and use of natural resources -​ The party that controls scarce resources will gain money and power while others lose out 2.​ 👩🏻‍⚖️ Ineffective Governance -​ May lead to: ○​ Insufficient illegitimate authority ○​ Lack of access to services ○​ High unemployment rate ○​ Restricted civil rights -​ Disagreements arise when these interests and needs are incompatible, or when the priorities of some user groups are not considered in policies, programs, or projects 3.​ 💹 Limited Opportunities for Development -​ If there is bad governance, then a country will find it more difficult to develop as the majority of the population’s voices are not being heard and their needs not being catered for -​ Economic inequality creates social discontent that may lead to conflict Synthesis EU: ★​ Conflict exists in all countries and in every level of society as a natural expression of social difference and of humanity’s struggle for justice and self-determination. ★​ Peace exists when there is absence of conflict and presence of justice. ★​ Conflict is not always viewed as a negative thing as it reflects differences that exist among people and the processes which they negotiate B. Nature of Conflict ​ Not all conflict results in violence and denial of basic human rights- Conflict is not viewed as a negative thing ​ Conflict reflects differences that exist among people and the processes by which individuals negotiate. ​ Conflict becomes a problem when the management mechanisms fail, resulting in violence. 1.​ Governance and Authority Conflict 🏛️ -​ Governance and authority conflicts involve the use of power and authority. -​ With the decision-making power comes the ability to make economic decisions, control territory and resources, and favor or punish groups based on their identity or race. 2.​ Economic Conflict 📈 -​ Economic conflict also involves questions of authority. -​ Conflicts for market share, terms of trade, and competition for the means of production and distribution can contribute to exacerbating tensions. -​ Ex: in southeast asia, we have the highest tax THE US-CHINA 3.​ Ideological Conflict 💡 -​ Ideology: "world view"; it is the lens through which all the other things are perceived -​ a clash of basic values related to the role of government in society, how economic resources should be produced and shared , who should make decisions for the people and how should they be made , and who gets the incentives, rewards, and punishments in the society COLD WAR: US and RUSSIA ​ A competition between the US (democracy and capitalism ) and the Soviet Union (communism and dictatorship ) ​ it can now be viewed as an ideological conflict wherein each side was trying to promote their own ideology while trying to limit the other Communist Party of the Philippines- New People's Army ​ The Communist Party of the Philippines–New People’s Army (CPP-NPA) seeks to overthrow the Philippine government in favor of a new state led by the working class and to expel U.S. influence from the Philippines.  4.​ Racial Conflict 👦🏿 -​ the issue of one's skin or the origin group from which one comes -​ people are considered inferior or superior because of superficial differences in appearance -​ White privilege (White Supremacy) -​ Not as extreme as before but it still occurs -​ Apartheid: racial segregation, legal, enforceable by law HOLOCAUST - jews were an inferior race to Germans ROHINGYA MUSLIMS ASIAN HATE CRIMES 5.​ Territorial Conflict 🏢 -​ Refer to disputes over the division of land or water bodies among two or more independent countries -​ May evolve from historical and/or cultural claims or may be brought on by competition for resource exploitation -​ Issues pertaining to the territorial control of seawaters have long been the subject of international law ISRAEL AND PALESTINE, SOUTH CHINA SEA 6.​ Environmental Conflict 🌱 -​ Conflicting interest and needs among diverse group of people related to natural resources -​ Competition over natural resources can lead to conflict -​ Natural resources: “materials that occur in nature and are essential or useful to humans, such as water, air, land, forests, fish and wildlife, topsoil, and minerals.” C. Types of Conflict Martial Law ↳ Rule of the military Consequences: 1.​ Legislators have no rule-making powers 2.​ Censorship of media and no political activities 3.​ Warrantless arrests In a democratic society, civilian power is supreme to the military. The opposite of this is martial law.  1.​ Interstate Conflict🌎 -​ A disagreement/dispute between two or more sovereign states -​ This conflict can range from diplomatic tensions and economic sanctions to outright military action -​ It often arises due to factors like territorial disputes, ideological differences, or competition for resources Ex: PH vs China, Israel and Palestine, Ukraine and Russia (territory) Why are interstate wars on decline today? -​ Nuclear deterrent (nuclear weapons are illegal; violation of international law; nuclear energy is ok but nuclear weapons are not) -​ Economic interdependence -​ International organizations -​ Democratic peace theory -​ Decline of colonialism 2.​ Cyberattacks 🖥️ -​ While traditional interstate conflicts involved physical force, cyberattacks represent a modern form of warfare that leverages digital technology. In this context, nations can engage in hostilities without firing a single shot -​ Ex: drones, hacking 3.​ Intrastate Conflict ⚔️ -​ A violent conflict confined within the borders of a single state. It involves armed fighting between the state and one or more non-state groups, or between different groups within the state -​ Ex: north korea and south korea 🪖 WAR OF SECESSION - a military conflict that arises when a region/group within a country attempts to break away and form an independent state 👑 WAR OF SUCCESSION - a conflict that arises from a dispute over the rightful heir to a throne or leadership position; often occurs in monarchies or other systems of hereditary succession 4.​ Genocide 💣 (“genos-race/tribe, “cide”-killing) -​ Intentional killing of a large group of people especially those part of a particular ethnic group/nation -​ Violence against members of a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group with the intent to destroy the entire group THE HOLOCAUST -​ Genocide committed by Nazi regime during WWII  -​ Involved the systematic persecution and murder of approx. 6M Jewing people + more including Roma, LGBTQ+, ppl with disabilities, and political opponents -​ Nazis stripped Jews of their rights, forced them into ghettos and concentration camps, and ultimately murdered them in gas chambers -​ “Systematic Persecution”: a system involved (useless people like pregnant women 📍 etc. were prioritized into gas chambers while able people became slaves) The conflict between Israel and Palestine is considered genocide. 5.​ Terrorism 😱 -​ The intentional use of violence against civilians in pursuit of political/ideological objectives -​ Examples: ↳ 9/11 - a group of terrorists hijacked 4 planes to attack important places in the US ↳ Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) - terrorist group that follows a radical interpretation of Islam -​ They believe in creating a strict islamic state and have used violence and terror to achieve their goals -​ Muslim extremist (conservative) VS Democracy (liberal; freedom) -​ Jihad: “holy war” ↳ Marawi Terror Attack (PH) - In 2017, a group of terrorists attacked the city of Marawi in the Philippines and took over parts of the city and fought against the Philippine government for several months. D. APPROACHES TO CONFLICT 📍 How can peace be achieved by countries in conflict? 1.​ Military Approach 🪖 The use of military force in the management and resolution of conflicts Military force can accomplish five strategic functions: to destroy, coerce, deter, contain or improve (Smith, 2008:370). A.​ Demilitarized Zones -​ An area in which treaties or agreements between nations, military powers or contending groups forbid military activities or personnel -​ Many DMZs are considered neutral territory because neither side can control it -​ Some DMZs become wildlife preserves because their land is less exposed to human disturbances -​ Ex: Korean Militarized Zone- North Korea & South Korea (intrastate war) had an agreement after war through DMZ (no military, neutral ground) which is what keeps the peace (but not unified) B.​ Military Intervention -​ the use of military force to address extraordinary suffering of people that results from their own government’s actions or failures to act -​ interventions to protect, defend, or rescue other people from gross abuse attributable to their own government (US is known to intervene because they are the world’s superpower and police) -​ Those intervening militarily are one or more states, or international organizations (a foreign intervention) without the consent of the offending nation -​ Ex: US military intervention in Afghanistan 2.​ Non-military Approach ❌🪖 A.​ Diplomacy -​ The art of obtaining agreement between countries who need to cooperate to produce results in which each has an interest. -​ Widely regarded as an alternative to war—and war as a failure of diplomacy. -​ Sitting down and talking about it -​ Our own approach of PH to the PH-China conflict is DIPLOMACY by going to UN to file a complaint rather than violences ↳Two Types of Diplomatic Resolution: 🤝 (i) Negotiation -​ the most basic means of settling differences. It is back-and-forth communication between the parties of the conflict with the goal of trying to find a solution. 👩🏻‍⚖️ (ii) Mediation -​ a voluntary process in which an impartial person (the mediator) helps with communication and promotes reconciliation between the parties which will allow them to reach a mutually acceptable agreement. Mediation often is the next step if negotiation proves unsuccessful. -​ when a third party helps with communication and promotes reconciliation between the parties (UN-mediator); ex: ph vs china B.​Economic Sanctions (punishment) -​ The withdrawal of trade and financial relations -​ Sanctions prohibiting commercial and trade activities between or among countries. -​ Sanctions may include travel bans, asset freezes, arms embargoes, capital restraints, foreign aid reductions, and trade restrictions. -​ Travel bans, ex: Iran is being punished by the US because they are developing nuclear weapons so now trade is not available etc. E. Human Rights -​ Are rights we have simply because we exist as human beings -​ These universal rights are inherent to us all, regardless of nationality, sex, national or ethnic origin, color, religion, language, or any other status. 📍Characteristics of Human Rights 1.​ UNIVERSAL - We are all equally entitled to our human rights. 2.​ INALIENABLE - They can not be taken away. 3.​ INDIVISIBLE & INTERDEPENDENT - One set of rights cannot be enjoyed fully without the other. 4.​ RESPONSIBILITY - We all share the responsibility to protect human rights. Human Rights are… INHERENT - Humans rights are essential to all humans regardless of gender, religion, culture, or race SUSTAINABILITY - Fundamental human rights, such as education and health, contribute to achieving the country’s sustainability. RESPONSIBILITY - The promotion of human rights is the responsibility of each individual in the community. Every individual should achieve their rights without stepping on the rights of others. History of Human Rights ⭐ Cyrus Cylinder (539 B.C.) -​ Originally, people had rights only because of their membership in a group, such as family. -​ In 539, Cyrus the Great freed all slaves & declared that everyone can choose their own religion. ⭐Magna Carta (1215) -​ In 1215, after King John of England violated a number of ancient laws and customs by which England had been governed, his subjects forced him to sign the Magna Carta, which enumerates what later came to be thought of as human rights. ⭐Declaration of Rights Men & Citizen (1789) -​ In 1789 the people of France brought about the abolishment of the absolute monarchy (and recognized rule by people) and set the stage for the establishment of the first French Republic. -​ The Declaration proclaims that all citizens are to be guaranteed the rights of “liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression.” ⭐Bill of Rights (1791) -​ Came into effect on December 15, 1791, limiting the powers of the federal government of the United States and protecting the rights of all citizens, residents and visitors in American territory. -​ Prohibited illegal arrests, illegal search of houses, etc. F. Categories of Human Rights SCOPE OF HUMAN RIGHTS Freedom-based ○​ Gives people the ability to express themselves religiously, politically and socially ○​ Deals with civil and political rights ○​ Allows people to advance in life ○​ Examples: social freedom and equality Needs-based ○​ Human rights apply for every person because they are a human – can be seen as rights to the fulfilment of, or ability to fulfil, basic human needs. ○​ Deals with social and economic rights ○​ Seeks to provide equal opportunity for material needs to be met through the availability of resources ⚬ Examples: Health care CATEGORIES OF HUMAN RIGHTS 📌 Human rights refer to the natural rights of people since birth and without these, people might not be able to live. 1.​ Right to Human Dignity 🤝 Human Dignity is the belief that human beings have an intrinsic value and that all of us are entitled to fair and equitable treatment from others (respect) ​ Dignity wasn’t something that people earned, by simply being human, we all people deserve respect. ​ Not just rights dictated by law, but also what is considered moral, right, and just across human relationship Ex: indigenous people are exploited and not treated with respect and equality 2.​ Human Rights and Moral Obligation 🫂 ​ The entitlement to human rights comes with the RESPONSIBILITY to also respect the rights of others or defend them when needed, this is our moral obligation. ​ Ex. of duties or responsibilities to others: respecting peace and security, refraining from any propaganda for war, refraining from advocacy of national, racial, or religious hatred, obeying the law of one’s country, etc. 3.​ Children’s Rights 👶🏻 ​ To protect the children who are the most vulnerable members of society, the United Nations created the Convention of the Rights of the Child in 1989. As well as the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the main agency to monitor the condition of children across countries. Main tasks of UNICEF: ​ Help countries provide proper access to healthcare, nutrition, functional education, clean drinking water, sanitation, and other basic services. Under the Convention, children are given: -​ the right to have a name and nationality -​ access to basic services such as education, healthcare, rest, and play -​ protection from harm and all forms of abuse, including participation in warfare Child/human rights abuse ex.: child labor, bad working conditions 4.​ Women’s Rights ♀️ Efforts in providing equal rights to women: ​ In 1952, the UN adopted the first legal instrument on women’s rights: the Convention of the Political Rights of Women ↪​ Women’s right to be treated equally with men when it comes to voting rights and holding public office (serve in the government) ​ 1957 Convention of the Nationality of Married Women ↪​ Woman’s nationality cannot be changed automatically through marriage or the dissolving of it ↪​ Women can’t be forced to enter into a marriage contract or arrangement particularly before the legal age -​ Safe Spaces Act: Bawal Bastos Law (catcalling, harassment, etc.) -​ VAWC: violence against women and children act -​ Education, work, voting, marrying who you want 5.​ Rights of Differently Abled Persons ♿ ​ Also called Persons with Disabilities (PWDs) ​ Guarantees the full enjoyment of human rights by those with disabilities without the experience of discrimination, and that they can have functions in society -​ Magna Carta on PWDs -​ National Council for the Welfare of Disabled Persons -​ Priority lanes, PWDs 6.​ Civil Rights✊ ​ Civil rights protect an individual’s right to equal social opportunities and equal protection under the law. -​ Ex: The right to equal employment, a fair trial, public education, public facility access, freedom of religion, right to vote, to hold rallies, protest, public office, marry who you love, employment, representation to court…  7.​ Labor Rights 💼 The International Labor Organization (ILO) identifies what it calls "fundamental principles and rights at work" -​ Focuses on rights AT work (not the same as right to employment) Examples: ★​ Freedom of association and the effective recognition of the right to collective bargaining - they have the right to negotiate collectively with employers for better wages, working conditions, and benefits (e.g., forming a union to negotiate a salary raise) ★​ Elimination of all forms of forced or compulsory labor - workers cannot be forced to work against their will, like slavery, trafficking, etc. ★​ Effective abolition of child labor, esp. in harmful environments ★​ Elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation (ex: firing someone bc they are too old or bc of their ethnicity) ★​ A safe and healthy working environment. (ex: what happens to you at work, the company is held reliable so if you work in harsh conditions, they should be able to provide you with ppe, etc.) G. UDHR (Universal Declaration of Human Rights ) -​ Assertion of people’s natural rights -​ 51 member countries of UN collaborated to work on fundamental human rights -​ The declaration was accepted, but it is just a declaration so it isn't legal and not a law. But some countries used UDHR as a basis to make laws 30 Articles: Article 1: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. Article 2: Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration. Everyone is equal regardless of race, color, sex, language, religion, politics, or where they were born. Article 3: Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person Article 4: No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their form. Article 5: No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment Article 6: Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law. Article 7: All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law. All are entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this Declaration. Article 8: Everyone has the right to seek justice if their rights are violated. Article 9: No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile. Article 10: Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and Article 11: Everyone has the right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty. Article 12: No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home, correspondence nor attacks upon his honor and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks. Article 13: Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and to be free to leave and return to their own country. Article 14: Everyone has the right to seek asylum from persecution. Article 15: Everyone has the right to a nationality. Article 16: Everyone has the right to marry and to have a family. Article 17: Everyone has the right to own property. Article 18: Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion. Article 19: Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression. Article 20: Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association. Article 21: Everyone has the right to take part in government and to have equal access to public service. Article 22: Everyone has the right to social security. Article 23: Everyone has the right to work, to equal pay, to protection against unemployment and the right to form and join trade unions. Article 24: Everyone has the right to rest and leisure. Article 25: Everyone has the right to a decent standard of living, including food, clothing, housing, medical care and social services. Article 26: Everyone has the right to education. Article 27: Everyone has the right to participate in and enjoy culture, art and science. Article 28: Everyone has the right to a social and international order where the rights in this Declaration can be fully realized. Article 29: We have a duty to other people, and we should protect their rights and freedoms. Article 30: Nothing in this Declaration may be interpreted as implying for any State, group or person any right to engage in any activity or to perform any act aimed at the destruction of any of the rights and freedoms set forth herein.