Thermal Energy Answer Key PDF

Standards covered in the unit MS-PS3-3- Apply scientific principles to design, construct, and test a device that either minimizes or maximizes thermal energy transfer. MS-PS3-4 Plan an investigation to determine the relationships among the energy transferred, the type of matter, the mass, and the c...

Standards covered in the unit MS-PS3-3- Apply scientific principles to design, construct, and test a device that either minimizes or maximizes thermal energy transfer. MS-PS3-4 Plan an investigation to determine the relationships among the energy transferred, the type of matter, the mass, and the change in the average kinetic energy of the particles as measured by the temperature of the sample. MS-PS3-5 Construct, use, and present arguments to support the claim that when the kinetic energy of an object changes, energy is transferred to or from the object. MS-PS1-4.Develop a model that predicts and describes changes in particle motion, temperature, and state of a pure substance when thermal energy is added or removed. Build your own Study Guide Use the lesson activities posted in the “where are we now?” to build a study guide. Review the lesson activities covered and identify key vocabulary you need to review essential questions you should be able to answer, and science and engineering practices. Keywords- I should know Quizlet Ed Puzzle Identifying Variables INDEPENDENT - The experimental factor that is INDEPENDENT manipulated; It is WHAT WE CHANGE is the DEPENDENT variable whose effect is being studied (often CONTROLLED x-axis) DEPENDENT - a variable (often denoted by y ) whose value depends on that of another. It is WHAT WE MEASURE CONTROLLED - Factors in an experiment that a scientist purposely keeps the same PARTS OF GRAPH X and Y axis - X axis represents the independent X and Y axis variable and is the horizontal number line in a Headings coordinate plane; Y axis represents the dependent Units variable and is the vertical axis on a coordinate Scale plane Title Key Headings - Words used to explain what is being measured on the x and y axis. Units - terms used to describe a number - example time is measured in seconds, hours , months, decades. Scale - the numbers corresponding to the units  used on the graph. It represents the way the numbers are presented on the graph and in the data. Title - the name of the graph based on what the data is showing Key - the meaning of the symbols used in a graph or map Engineering Design Process Evaluation Engineering design process - define the problem, Engineering design process identify constraints, brainstorm multiple solutions, Problem statement select the most promising solution, prototype your Criteria solution, test and evaluate your prototype , iterate Constraints to improve your prototype, and communicate your solution. Problem statement - Who needs __________? What ___________? Why ______________? Criteria - wants for engineering design (job of the device) Constraints - Is a limitation or restriction. (rules the device must follow) Constraints may be such things as appearance, funding, space, materials, and human capabilities. Designing an Experiment Controlled Experiment - An experiment in which Controlled Experiment only one variable is manipulated at a time. Testable question Experimental Group Testable question - can be answered by designing Control Group and conducting an experiment. Must be scientific Hypothesis specific and observable Variables Analysis Experimental Group - the group in an experiment Conclusion that receives the variable being tested Trials (independent variable) Sample size Experimental Procedure Control Group - In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; (the independent variable) BASELINE. Hypothesis - An educated guess. Formatted as: If (independent variable) then (dependent variable) because _____________.  Variables - There are 3 variables: independent (what we change/manipulate), dependent (what we measure), and control (what the scientist purposely keeps the same) Analysis - Looking at data carefully to notice patterns and describe the relationship between the independent and dependent variable. Conclusion - It summarizes all the findings of the investigation. It has 4 mains parts: a summary of the results, how the results relate to the hypothesis, sources of error, and suggestions for future studies and how the investigation could be improved Trials - Repetition of the experiment to confirm the reliability of the results. Must have at least 3 Sample size - the measure of the number of individual samples used in an experiment Experimental Procedure - It is explicit, is written as a list, has numbers, and can be repeatable. Things a procedure needs: -​ Written in stepwise fashion -​ Number of test subjects used and trials are stated -​ Amount of substances or materials needed are stated -​ The time needed to complete certain parts of the experiment are clearly defined -​ Purpose of the procedure is to remove guesswork Final Report Trade offs - the act of giving up one benefit in Trade offs order to gain another. If the trade-off violates Testing Solutions criteria or constraints it is not a valid solution. Testing Solutions - Identify what should be measured, when, and how, to prove the prototypes met the criteria and the constraints. How Hot? - Thermal Energy - The total kinetic energy of the Thermal Energy particles of a substance. Kinetic energy Thermometers Kinetic energy - the energy an object has due to its Temperature motion Thermometers - An instrument used to measure temperature Temperature - A measure of the average energy of motion of the particles of a substance. Heat - Reading Mass - the amount of matter in an object; Mass measured in grams (g) Volume Kinetic Molecular Theory Volume - The amount of space an object takes up; Thermal Equilibrium measured in cubic centimeters (cm^3) and Heat milliliters (mL) Matter Energy Kinetic Molecular Theory - the theory that all matter is composed of particles (atoms and molecules) moving constantly in random directions Thermal Equilibrium - Refers to the property of a thermodynamic system in which all parts of the system have attained a uniform temperature which is the same as that of the system's surroundings. Heat - The energy transferred between objects that are at different temperatures. Travels from hot to cold. Matter - Anything that has mass and takes up space Energy - the ability to do work; measured in joules Thermal Expansion Lab Thermal Expansion - An increase in the size of a Thermal Expansion substance when the temperature is increased. The Volume volume increases because the particles have more Law of conservation of matter kinetic energy. Law of conservation of energy Closed system Volume - The amount of space an object takes up; measured in cubic centimeters (cm^3) and milliliters (mL) Law of conservation of matter - Matter is not created nor destroyed in any chemical or physical change  Law of conservation of energy - the law that states that energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be changed from one form to another Closed system - A system in which no matter is allowed to enter or leave Open system matter can enter or exit the defined boundary. Block Experiment and Readings Conductors - materials that transfer energy easily; Conductors ex. metals Insulators Density Insulators - Materials that do not transfer heat Conduction well; ex. rubber, wood Specific Heat Capacity Collision Density - the degree of compactness of a Vacuum substance; sinking or floating; Mass per unit volume (d = m/v); measured in g/cm^3 or g/mL Conduction - Form of heat transfer where heat energy is directly transferred between molecules through molecular collisions or direct contact. Specific Heat Capacity - the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of substance by one degree celsius Collision - A situation in which two objects in close contact exchange energy and momentum Vacuum - a place that is empty of all matter Density Review Lab Density - the degree of compactness of a Density substance; sinking or floating; Mass per unit volume (d = m/v); measured in g/cm^3 or g/mL As we increase thermal energy volume increases changing density. Convection Radiation Reading Fluids - liquids and gasses Fluids Convection Convection - The transfer of heat by the Convection current movement of a particle in a fluid(gas or a liquid) Absorption Reflection Convection current - They are formed in glasses Radiation and liquids because when some particles are heated, they rise to the top (because they are light)  and push the cold particles closer to the heat source. Then the denser particles are heated up, while the light particles become heavier, which makes them switch places. This repeats over and over again. The process only stops when there is no longer a fluid. Absorption - When an object absorbs light and converts it to thermal energy(energy of motion). The best color is black matte for absorption. Reflection - Light that is bounced off the surface of an object Radiation - The transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves Gizmo Freezing point - the temperature at which a liquid Freezing point turns into a solid when cooled. Melting point Boiling point Melting point - The temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid Boiling point - The temperature at which a liquid changes to a gas Essential Questions I should be able to answer What is thermal energy? The total energy of all the particles within a system. How can you impact the amount of thermal energy? -​ Adding heat -​ Taking away mass -​ Changing phase/arrangement How is temperature related to kinetic energy? Temperature is the average of kinetic energy in a system. Not all particles move at the same temperature. How can you increase temperature? -​ Increasing kinetic energy -​ Adding thermal energy What happens to temperature during a phase change? During a phase change temperature either decreases or increases. If the temperature changes then the total kinetic energy (thermal energy) will also change. Certain phases of matter have more energy than others, so if the phase is changing, then the amount of thermal energy will change, therefore making the temperature change. For example, when going from a liquid to a solid, the temperature will decrease, which will cause the thermal energy to also decrease. This will slow down the movement of particles and bring them closer together. Why do things feel hot or cold? -​ It is a relative evaluation of the conductivity of the energy transfer. It is not a measure of temperature. It measures heat. It is a function of heat capacity how fast the heat (movement) happens leaving you feeling hot or cold. -​ You are the reference point What are three scales commonly used to measure temperature and how do they relate to one another? The three scales commonly used to measure temp are -​ Celsius - used in the world -​ and Fahrenheit- used in America. -​ Kelvin (SI unit)- used in science (Absolute scale) What is the definition of thermal energy related to heat? Thermal energy total kinetic energy of the particles in the system. Heat is the movement of this thermal energy from hot to cold. How do conductors and insulators differ? Conductors allow energy to easily transfer through them. Ex. metals low specific heat (small cup fills fast Insulators do not allow energy to transfer easily through them. Insulators slow down the rate of thermal energy transfer. Ex. rubber, wood, plastic, glass High heat capacity- Big cup fills slow What are the laws of conservation of matter and energy? -​ Law of conservation of matter - Matter is not created nor destroyed in any chemical or physical change -​ Law of conservation of energy - the law that states that energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be changed from one form to another How does the everyday definition of “heat” differ from the scientific definition? The everyday definition of heat is how something is, while the scientific definition of heat is the act of transferring thermal energy from one object to another. It happens through conduction, convection, and radiation as long as there is a difference in average kinetic energy. (temperature) What are the three modes of heat transfer? -​ Conduction: Form of heat transfer where heat energy is directly transferred between molecules through molecular collisions or direct contact. (solids) -​ Convection: The transfer of heat by the movement of a particle in a fluid. -​ Radiation: The transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves. -​ DOESN’T USE MATTER TO TRANSFER ENERGY. Identify examples and explain the mechanism of the three modes of transfer. -​ Conduction: Conductions work only where there are objects that are physically touching each other. There are collisions between the particles of the objects, and the collisions transfer energy. Conduction works the best with solids because their particles are closer together compared to any other state of matter. An example of conduction is when your hand is touching a hot cup of coffee. The thermal energy from the coffee is being transferred to your hand through direct contact. -​ Convection: Convection is the transfer of thermal energy through fluids. A convection current is formed, while constantly heats up the particles. An example of convection is boiling water on the stove. -​ Radiation: Radiation is the only method of heat transfer that doesn’t use energy. It transfers energy using electromagnetic waves that travel through empty space. When the waves reach an object it heats it up. An example of this is leaving baby chicks under a lamp to keep them warm. When does heat transfer between two objects? When does it stop? Heat transfers between 2 objects when they are at different temperatures and have a different amount of thermal energy. The heat transfer stops when both objects reach a point of equilibrium and have the same amount of energy and same temperature. Determine qualitatively the relative temperature of objects given a heat input and the objects’ specific heat capacity. If an object has a low heat capacity then it will heat up faster when it is heated up. When you are the reference point in determining temperature, objects with a low heat capacity will be hot, compared to objects with a low heat capacity that will be cold. Ex. Sand has low heat capacity and water has high heat capacity. Relate thermal expansion/contraction to real-life scenarios. When you boil water there is thermal energy expansion because the water molecules start moving faster and move away from each other. The amount of thermal energy the water molecules have increases, and makes it change from a liquid to a gas. This increases the molecule’s temperature and increases its volume because gasses take up the most amount of space. When you freeze water there is thermal energy contraction because the water molecules start moving slower and move closer to each other. The amount of thermal energy the water molecules have decreases, and makes it change from a liquid to a solid. This decrease creases the molecule’s temperature and increases its volume because solids take up the least amount of space. Identify when substances can have the same temperature but possess different amounts of thermal energy. How can you increase/ decrease the effects of conduction convection and radiation? You can decrease or increase the effects of conduction, by changing the following properties of matter or increasinging or decreasing average kinetic energy. -​ CHANGING HEAT CAPACITY -​ Melting point -​ Boiling point -​ Adding mass -​ Adding volume  -​ Material selection between conductors and insulators convection, ​ Considering HEAT CAPACITY -​ Melting point -​ Boiling point -​ Adding mass -​ Adding volume -​ Increasing decreasing SIZE of Convection Current and radiation ​ -​ Changing color (black versus white or silver ) -​ Texture (reflective versus matte) Science and Engineering Practices I can perform the skill? What is the key information I need to know? Use the packet - Complete the sorts I can design a controlled experiment. I am designing and constructing an engineering solution I can evaluate an engineering solution