Physics Chapter on Matter and Energy

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Questions and Answers

According to the Kinetic Molecular Theory, what is the state of matter's particles?

Organized in a grid with predictable movement patterns.

Static and immobile, arranged in a fixed lattice.

Vibrating in place with minimal movement.

Constantly moving in random directions. (correct)

Heat transfer occurs from colder objects to hotter objects.

False (B)

What are the two common units used to measure volume?

cubic centimeters and milliliters

An increase in the size of a substance due to a temperature increase is known as ______.

thermal expansion Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their correct descriptions:

Mass = The amount of matter in an object. Volume = The amount of space an object occupies. Thermal Equilibrium = A state where all parts of a system have a uniform temperature equal to the surroundings. Energy = The ability to do work; measured in joules. Signup and view all the answers

What does the law of conservation of energy state?

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can be changed from one form to another. (D) Signup and view all the answers

In an open system, matter is not allowed to enter or leave.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for calculating density?

d = m/v Signup and view all the answers

Materials that do not transfer heat well are called ______.

insulators Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between 'criteria' and 'constraints' in engineering design?

Criteria are desires for the device, while constraints are limitations or restrictions it must follow. (A) Signup and view all the answers

In a controlled experiment, multiple variables should be manipulated simultaneously to ensure comprehensive results.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following materials is the best conductor of heat?

Metal (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the control group within a controlled experiment?

baseline Signup and view all the answers

Suppose you have two objects of equal mass, but object A has a higher specific heat capacity than object B. If both objects absorb the same amount of heat, which object will experience a smaller temperature change?

Object A (D) Signup and view all the answers

A well-formulated hypothesis is structured as: If (independent variable) then (_ variable) because _.

dependent Signup and view all the answers

Imagine a perfectly insulated container divided into two equal volumes by a removable partition. One side contains gas at temperature $T$, and the other side is a perfect vacuum. If the partition is removed, what is the final temperature of the gas once it has evenly distributed throughout the entire container, assuming the gas is ideal and no heat is exchanged with the surroundings?

T Signup and view all the answers

Match each variable type with its correct definition:

Independent Variable = The variable that is purposely changed or manipulated by the experimenter. Dependent Variable = The variable that is measured to see if it is affected by the change in the independent variable. Control Variable = The variable(s) that the experimenter purposely keeps constant throughout the experiment. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a main component of a well-written conclusion?

Comparison to other similar studies (D) Signup and view all the answers

Why are repeated trials important in experimental design?

To confirm the reliability of the results. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What directly causes water molecules to move faster during boiling?

Thermal energy expansion (A) Signup and view all the answers

Insanely Difficult: Imagine an experiment designed to test the effect of fertilizer concentration on plant growth where the growth chamber's temperature fluctuates wildly. Name two variables that are 'control' in name but act more like 'independent' variables and explain why this distinction matters for the conclusion.

Although the researcher attempts to control air temperature and humidity, their wild fluctuations mean that temperature and likely humidity, are acting as unintended independent variables. It would be impossible to determine how much of the plant growth effect came from fertilizer vs the wild temperature swings. Signup and view all the answers

Freezing water results in thermal energy expansion.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

List three properties of matter that can change the effects of conduction.

Heat capacity, melting point, boiling point. Signup and view all the answers

Decreasing thermal energy in water causes it to change from a liquid to a ______.

solid Signup and view all the answers

Which surface texture would most effectively minimize heat transfer via radiation?

Reflective silver (A) Signup and view all the answers

What are the two methods mentioned for increasing temperature?

Increasing kinetic energy and adding thermal energy (A) Signup and view all the answers

During a phase change, the temperature always remains constant.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

How does the sensation of hot or cold relate to the conductivity of energy transfer?

relative evaluation Signup and view all the answers

allow energy to easily transfer through them, while do not.

Conductors; insulators Signup and view all the answers

Match each temperature scale with its primary area of use:

Celsius = Most of the world Fahrenheit = United States Kelvin = Scientific applications (SI unit) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the law of conservation of energy?

Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only change forms. (B) Signup and view all the answers

While both relate to energy, how does the everyday understanding of 'heat' differ from its scientific definition?

In everyday terms, 'heat' describes how hot something is, while scientifically, it specifies the act of transferring thermal energy. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Explain how a material with a high heat capacity affects the rate of thermal energy transfer.

slows the rate of transfer Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves heat transfer through electromagnetic waves and doesn't require matter?

Radiation (A) Signup and view all the answers

Convection is most effective in solids due to the close proximity of particles, facilitating direct energy transfer.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

What condition must exist for heat transfer to occur between two objects?

a difference in temperature Signup and view all the answers

Heat transfer stops when two objects reach a state of _______, where they possess the same temperature and thermal energy.

equilibrium Signup and view all the answers

Match each mode of heat transfer with its primary mechanism:

Conduction = Direct contact between molecules Convection = Movement of fluid particles Radiation = Electromagnetic waves Signup and view all the answers

Object A has a specific heat capacity of $2000 \frac{J}{kg \cdot K}$, and Object B has a specific heat capacity of $4000 \frac{J}{kg \cdot K}$. If both objects receive the same amount of heat, which object's temperature will increase more?

Object A (B) Signup and view all the answers

A blacksmith plunges a hot horseshoe into a bucket of water. Initially, the horseshoe is at 800°C and the water is at 20°C. After some time, they both reach a state of thermal equilibrium. Which of the following statements best describes the final state?

Both the horseshoe and the water reach the same intermediate temperature, with the horseshoe cooling down and the water heating up. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Imagine you have two metal rods of equal length and mass. Rod X is made of aluminum (specific heat capacity = $900 \frac{J}{kg \cdot K}$) and Rod Y is made of copper (specific heat capacity = $385 \frac{J}{kg \cdot K}$). If both rods absorb the same amount of heat, which rod will experience a greater temperature change, and why?

Rod Y (copper) will experience a greater temperature change because it has a lower specific heat capacity. Specific heat capacity is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 degree Celsius. Therefore, a substance with a lower specific heat capacity will heat up more quickly for a given amount of heat. Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Criteria

Wants or goals for engineering design of a device.

Constraints

Limitations or restrictions that the design must follow.