Solids, Liquids & Gases PowerPoint Notes PDF

CH. 14 Solids, Liquids & Gases Section 1 Section 1: Matter and Thermal Energy  Kinetic Theory 1. All matter is composed of tiny, moving particles. 2. These particles are in constant random motion 3. The particles collide with each other and with the wall o...

CH. 14 Solids, Liquids & Gases Section 1 Section 1: Matter and Thermal Energy  Kinetic Theory 1. All matter is composed of tiny, moving particles. 2. These particles are in constant random motion 3. The particles collide with each other and with the wall of any container in which they are held. 4. The amount of energy that the particles lose from these collisions is negligible (so small that the amount of energy doesn’t count). SOLIDS: DEFINITE VOLUME - DEFINITE SHAPE (Particles in a crystalline fashion) LIQUIDS: DEFINITE VOLUME - NO DEFINITE SHAPE (Particles flow around each other and are affected by gravity.) GASES: NO DEFINITE VOLUME - NO DEFINITE SHAPE. (Particles constantly trying to escape the container they are in.)  THERMAL ENERGY THERMAL ENERGY - The total energy of a material’s particles.Includes both kinetic energy (energy of motion) and potential energy (stored energy). TEMPERATURE - how hot or cold something is. It is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles making up the substance.  Changes of State (Phase Changes) Melting Freezing Condensation Vaporization ○ Evaporation - occurs slowly at surface of liquid. ○ Boiling - occurs RAPIDLY thought the liquid. Sublimation ALL of these phase changes occur due to the change in movement of the particles.  Melting/Freezing MELTING: Solid Liquid FREEZING: Liquid Solid Melting point - Point at which solid Freezing point - Point at which liquid starts to become a liquid. ENERGY is starts to become a solid. Average kinetic energy (KE) of molecules required for particles to start decreases. When enough energy has speeding up. been removed, particles become fixed in position. Heat of Fusion - energy required to change a substance from a solid to FP is the temperature at which a liquid at its melting point (MP). liquid turns into a solid.  Vaporization/Condensation Vaporization: Liquid to Gas Condensation: Gas to Liquid This occurs when particles in liquid gather This occurs when particles of substance as a enough energy to escape the liquid…they gas lose energy and change from gas to liquid. become a gas. This is the REVERSE of vaporization. Occurs two ways: EX: water on outside of iced tea glass Dew drops on windshields of cars in AM 1. Evaporation - occurs slowly at surface 2. Boiling - occurs quickly through substance. Heat of vaporization: amount of energy required  Sublimation Process of a solid changing directly to a gas without going through the liquid phase. EX: Dry ice forming smoke without (solid to gas) going through the liquid phase. Plasma - the lesser known phase but most abundant… Matter beyond the gas phase. Plasma is matter that has enough energy to overcome not just the attractive forces between its particles but also the attractive forces within its atoms. Plasma makes up: stars, most of matter found between stars and galaxies exists as plasma.  Amorphous Solids “A” = NO “MORPHOUS” = SHAPE AMORPHOUS means “no shape”. Some solids exist but don’t have a crystalline structure. Their shape can change but still considered solids. EXAMPLES: Wax, tar, silly putty, window glass (old school)