Semester 1 Final Exam Study Guide PDF

Unit 1, Part 1 Energy (5 Index Cards)  (Front of Card – Blank Side) Energy is the ability to do work. Work happens when motion occurs in the direction of the force applied. Energy is expressed in Joules (J) There are two types of energy: -Kinetic -Potential...

Unit 1, Part 1 Energy (5 Index Cards)  (Front of Card – Blank Side) Energy is the ability to do work. Work happens when motion occurs in the direction of the force applied. Energy is expressed in Joules (J) There are two types of energy: -Kinetic -Potential Energy Basics (Back of Card – Lined Side) Energy Types Chemical Electrical Electromagnetic Mechanical Nuclear Radiant/Light Sound Thermal  (Front of Card – Blank Side) Kinetic energy is the energy contained by moving objects due to their motion. Kinetic energy depends on two factors: mass and speed. oThe faster an object is moving, the more KE it has. oThe more massive an object is, the more KE it has. Kinetic Energy  (Back of Card – Lined Side) Forms of Kinetic Energy oMechanical oElectromagnetic oSound oThermal oLight/Radiant  (Front of Card – Blank Side) Even objects at rest have energy, based on their position. Potential energy, also known as stored energy, is the energy of position oExample: When a boulder sits on top of a cliff, it has gravitational potential energy as a result of its height above the ground. Potential Energy  (Back of Card – Lined Side) Forms of Potential Energy o Nuclear o Chemical o Gravitational o Elastic  (Front of Card – Blank Side) Energy is never created or destroyed, only transferred. o When the boulder tumbles off the cliff, its gravitational potential energy is converted to kinetic energy. o When a ball is thrown up into the air, the kinetic energy of the ball is converted into gravitational potential energy as the ball approaches its highest point. o As the ball falls back to the ground, the potential energy it gained during its upward flight turns back into kinetic energy. Energy Relationships (Back of Card – Lined Side)  (Front of Card – Blank Side) The law of conservation of energy states that energy, like matter, cannot be created or destroyed; it can only be changed from one form of energy to another. Energy takes many forms in the world around us. Each form of energy can be converted to and from other forms of energy. PE = KE (within a system) o Mgh = 1/2mv2 Energy Transformation (Back of Card – Lined Side) 99  Unit 1, Part 2 Thermal Energy (4 Index Cards)  (Front of Card – Blank Side) All matter is made of atoms and molecules. Atoms/molecules are always in motion. Temperature is the average kinetic energy of a substance. oMore/faster movement = higher temperature oLess/slower movement = lower temperature Temperature (Back of Card – Lined Side)  (Front of Card – Blank Side) The movement of thermal energy from hot to cold materials is called heat transfer. Energy always moves from hot to cold. There are three types of heat transfer: 1. Conduction: heat transfer when objects are in direct contact Heat Transfer (Conduction, Convection, Radiation)  (Back of Card – Lined Side) 2. Convection: heat transfer in fluids by circulation (hot fluids rise; cold fluids sink in a cycle) 2. Radiation: heat transfer through electromagnetic waves (through empty space)  (Front of Card – Blank Side) Substances that conduct thermal energy very well are called conductors. Examples: o Silver o Aluminum Foil o Gold o Copper Conductors & Insulators  (Back of Card – Lined Side) Insulators do not conduct thermal energy well. Examples: o Air o Glass o Plastic o Rubber  (Front of Card – Blank Side) Specific heat is the amount of energy needed to change the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1°C. oThe lower the specific heat value, the faster a substance heats up or cools down. oThe higher the specific heat value, the slower a substance heats up or cools down. Specific Heat  (Back of Card – Lined Side) Example: The concrete heats up much faster than the pool. The concrete has a lower specific heat than the water. Unit 2 - Waves (8 Index Cards)  (front of card – blank side) rest WAVE DIAGRAMS (back of card – lined side)  (front of card – blank side) Mechanical Waves Require a medium to travel Example: sound waves Electromagnetic waves Can transmitting its energy through a vacuum DOES NOT REQUIRE A MEDIUM Example: light waves MECHANICAL & ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES  (back of card – lined side) MECHANICAL WAVES ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES Requires a medium Can travel through a Do NOT vacuum transmit matter Longitudinal Waves Transmits energy Examples: Examples: Transverse Light waves Sound waves waves Radio waves Water waves  (front of card – blank side) The further from rest (high or low) the amplitude is, the more energy the wave carries. o ------ more energy o less energy AMPLITUDE & FREQUENCY  (back of card – lined side) The red wave has more energy than the blue wave. Same frequency, Frequency is the numberamplitudes. different of waves produce o Higher frequency (more waves) = more energy o Lower frequency (less waves) = less energy LEAST ENERGY MOST ENERGY  (front of card – blank side) frequency Hertz (Hz) Wave Speed v=f λ meters per second (m/s) Wavelength meters (m) WAVE SPEED EQUATION  (back of card – lined side) 1. A wave has a frequency of 46 Hz and a wavelength of 1.7 meters. What is the speed of this wave? v=f λ v = 46 1.7 v = 78.2 m/s 1. A wave traveling at 230 m/sec has a wavelength of 2.1 meters. What is the frequency of this wave? v=f λ 230 = f 2.1 230 = f 2.1 109.5 Hz = f 2.1 2.1 1. A wave with a frequency of 500 Hz is traveling at a speed of 200 m/s. What is the wavelength? v=f λ 200 = 500 λ 200 = 500 λ 0.4 m = λ 500 500  (front of card – blank side) Reflection is the bouncing back of sound or light off a surface. (Sound: echo / Light: color) REFLECTION & REFRACTION  (back of card – lined side) Refraction is the change in direction of waves as they pass from one medium to another. Examples: pencil in water prism  (front of card – blank side) Diffraction is the bending of waves around a barrier or through an opening. Sound: I can hear someone yelling around a corner even though I can’t see them! Light: If I open the window blinds even a small amount, a lot of light will fill the room. DIFFRACTION & INTERFERENCE  (back of card – lined side) Interference happens when two waves meet while traveling along the same medium. Constructive inference occurs when the waves are displaced in the same direction. Destructive interference occurs when the waves are displaced in opposite directions.  (front of card – blank side) Medium has the greatest effect on wave speed. Sound waves travel fastest through solids and slowest in gas. Why? DENSITY Sound is a vibration. Particles in solids are packed close together and the energy can be easily transferred. MEDIA & WAVE SPEED  (back of card – lined side) Light waves travel fastest when there is no medium. Light waves are fastest in gas and slowest in solids. Why? DENSITY Light waves must be absorbed and then re-emitted. This process is much slower when the medium is dense.  (front of card – blank side) Doppler effect - the apparent change in the frequency of a sound caused by the motion of either the listener or the source of the sound If the source is moving, the frequency (pitch) will increase as it gets closer to a stationary observer. The frequency (pitch) will seem lower as the waves spread out past the observer. DOPPLER EFFECT  (back of card – lined side) LOWER FREQUENCY (PITCH) HIGHER FREQUENCY (PITCH) Unit 3 - Electromagnetism (6 Index Cards)  (front of card – blank side) An electric circuit is a complete, closed path through which electric charges flow. All circuits must have three basic parts: o An energy source o Wires o A load Switches are not required for a circuit to be functional. Simple circuits contain only one load. CIRCUITS  (back of card – lined side) Series Circuits Parallel Circuits - All parts connected in a single - All parts connected on their loop own path/branch/wire - All loads share same current - Each load use the full voltage - Voltage decreased with each available new load - More complicated/requires - If one component breaks (burns more wiring than series out) the current is lost to all - Can use multiple devices at one other components time  (front of card – blank side) SCHEMATIC CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS  (back of card – lined side) Series Circuit Parallel Circuit  (front of card – blank side) Voltage is the amount of potential energy between two points in a circuit. o Measured in Volts (V) o Voltage is the force that pushes the electricity through Current is the rate that electricity flows o Measured in Amperes (A) o Two types of current: Direct – one direction Alternating – constantly changing directions VOLTAGE, CURRENT, & RESISTANCE  (back of card – lined side) Resistance is the opposition of flow; more resistance = less current. o Measured in ohms (Ω) 4 factors of resistance o Material – insulators have higher resistance than conductors o Length – longer wires have more resistance than shorter o Width – narrow wires have more resistance than thicker o Temperature – higher temperature = more resistance  (front of card – blank side) OHM’S LAW CALCULATIONS  (back of card – lined side) How much voltage would be necessary to generate 10 amps of current in a circuit that has 5 ohms of resistance? 1. V = I R 2. V = 10 5 3. V = 50 V A circuit contains a 5-volt battery and a bulb with a resistance of 8 ohms. Calculate the current. 1. V = I R 3. 5 = I 8 5. 5 = I 2. 5 = I 8 8 8 8 4. 5 = I 8 6. 0.63 A = I 8 8  (front of card – blank side) Electromagnetism is the interaction between electricity and magnetism. o Magnetic fields are created by electrical currents. o Electrical currents create a magnetic field. ELECTROMAGNETISM  (back of card – lined side) Ways to Strengthen The Magnetic Field 1. Add an iron core 2. Increase the # of loops of wire 3. Increase the voltage  (front of card – blank side) Electric motors convert electrical energy into mechanical energy. magnet - + MOTORS & GENERATORS  (back of card – lined side) Electric generators convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. crank Unit 4 – Motion, Force, & Work (6 Index Cards)  (Front of Card – Blank Side) Speed = distance/time oSI unit: m/s oExample: 20 m/s Velocity = speed in direction oSI unit: m/s direction oExample: 20 m/s North oVelocity changes if speed or direction change Example: 20 m/s South or 15 m/s North Speed & Velocity (Back of Card – Lined Side)  (Front of Card – Blank Side) Acceleration is the rate at which velocity changes. oIf the speed changes, the object accelerates. An increase is called positive acceleration. A decrease is called negative acceleration or deceleration. oIf the direction changes, the object accelerates. The faster the velocity (speed or direction) changes, the greater the acceleration. Acceleration (Back of Card – Lined Side)  (Front of Card – Blank Side) A force is a push or pull. o All forces have a size and a direction. o A force can change the acceleration of an object. o Force is expressed in Newtons (N). o Net force = combination of all forces on an object. Force & Free Body Diagrams  (Back of Card – Lined Side) Balanced forces = o No motion o Constant speed Unbalanced forces = change in acceleration: Speed Direction Free body diagrams show the direction and magnitude (strength) of the forces on an object. Moving Stationary Moving  (Front of Card – Blank Side) 1. Law of Inertia oObjects in motion tend to stay in motion (at rest tend to stay at rest) until acted on by an unbalanced force. 2. F=ma oLess mass = greater acceleration oMore force = greater acceleration 3. Force Pairs oAll forces act in pairs. oThe forces are equal in size and opposite in direction. Newton’s Laws of Motion (Back of Card – Lined Side) ntil i o nu m ot rce. y in d fo a e ill st lanc a ll w unba h e b y an w )T nb 1 st La te do ( ac (2nd Law) Kicking the ball with more force will accelerate the ball more. (3 rd ball Law) T exe h rts e foot and e equ xerts a al a nd o force o ppo n site the ba forc ll e on ; and t the he foo t.  (Front of Card – Blank Side) Mass Vs. Weight oMass is the amount of matter in an object 🡪 does not change with location oWeight is the measure of gravitational force on an object 🡪 does change with location Factors affecting gravity oMass – more mass = more gravity oDistance – more distance = less gravity Gravity  (Back of Card – Lined Side) Objects are accelerating towards Earth due to gravity at 9.8 m/s2 Terminal velocity is when falling objects reach a net force of 0 N. Free fall occurs when only gravity is acting on an object o Outer space o Vacuum chamber  (Front of Card – Blank Side) Work (measured in Joules) is done when a force causes an object to move in the direction of the force. Force/Distance Trade Off oF D = F D oIf force is increased, the distance decreased. Work & Mechanical Advantage  (Back of Card – Lined Side) Mechanical advantage is the ratio of the force produced by a machine (output) to the force applied to it (input).