AP Psychology Midterm Review - Study Guide PDF

AP Psychology​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Name:​​ ​ ​ Pg. 1 Mr. Quinn​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Period 3 The Great AP Psych Mid Year Review Extravaganza!!! This packet serves as a study guide for...

AP Psychology​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Name:​​ ​ ​ Pg. 1 Mr. Quinn​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Period 3 The Great AP Psych Mid Year Review Extravaganza!!! This packet serves as a study guide for your AP Psychology Midterm Exam. The exam consists of two parts and will take place over a two-day period. This packet will be due by exam day. Unit I: Scientific Foundations of Psychology (10-14% of exam) I truly hope at this point in the year you would be able to define psychology but for the sake of being 100% sure - let’s hear it: 1) Define psychology. The study of the human mind and its functions. Going back to the earliest approaches to psychology, 2) explain the difference between structuralism and functionalism. Which one focuses on introspection? Structural functionalism focuses on the “what” using introspection and functionalism focuses on the “why” and “how” of mental processes. 3) For each of the following approaches to psychology, briefly explain what each focuses on. Note: I don’t need a fancy definition here - simply put in an easy way to remember what does each focus on. a)​ Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic: Unconscious underlying desires or experiences that shapes us. Unconscious thoughts impact out conscious experience. b)​ Behavioral: - Classical conditioning- learning associations Operant conditioning- rewards and punishments Observational leaning- modeling c)​ Humanistic: Therapy, about human potential and and needs d)​ Cognitive: Thoughts, brain, memories, problem solving e)​ Evolutionary: Survival and reproduction, adaption of species overtime f)​ Biological: Genetics, chemicals, brain, and DNA, parts of brain and body  AP Psychology​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Name:​​ ​ ​ Pg. 2 Mr. Quinn​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Period 3 The Great AP Psych Mid Year Review Extravaganza!!! g)​ Sociocultural: Culture, norms, interactions, tradition shape us. Now for the most important to psychology today…. h)​ Biopsychosocial: All of the above combined. 4) This is a simple but important one that tends to come up a lot - what’s the difference between a psychologist and a psychiatrist? Psychiatrists has the ability to prescribe medication, mostly a clinical setting, and is a Doctor of Psychology. On the other hand, psychologists assess, diagnose, and treat mental health issues, and help people improve their well-being. 5) What is the difference between basic research and applied research? Applied research uses knowledge to solve real life problems or to improve something, for example, creating an special technique to solve an realistic problem. Basic research is understanding how something works, without worrying about solving a problem. Okay, now we’re moving onto the Research Methods section of the course. Remember that not only does this take up a good portion of the multiple choice questions on the AP Exam but also one of the two FRQ questions on the exam is rumored to be focusing on research methods. 6) Fill in the chart below on the four main types of research in psychology: Description Advantage of using it Disadvantage of using it Experiment Only studies that can Method that researcher Takes the most time and establish Causation. has most control. can be costly. Establishes or proves causation. Case Study Unique/rare people or Develops new research Takes time and lack groups. and you get a lot of generalization. information. Naturalistic Observation Authentic setting Allows researchers to Laws control over observe authentic variables/ hard to behavior without determine cause and interference. effect.  AP Psychology​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Name:​​ ​ ​ Pg. 3 Mr. Quinn​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Period 3 The Great AP Psych Mid Year Review Extravaganza!!! Survey Collect a lot of data from Not expensive to Have the most amount of A Lot of people. conduct, can be bias. anonymous. 7) Now something that if you don’t already know - you MUST know. Absolutely must! What is the difference between the independent variable and dependent variable? Independents variables is something that is getting changed or manipulated to see its effects. Dependents variable is something of the independent variable getting measured. BTW if you need a mnemonic device to remember the difference between independent and dependent variables, here’s a helpful way to remember: 8) The experimental group gets what? The experimental group is what gets changed or manipulated. 9) The control group (necessary for a baseline) receives what? The control group does not receive the independent variable. 10) Speaking of the answer to #9, what is the placebo effect? The Placebo effect is a substance or an treatment with no actual effect. 11) What is the difference between a single-blind experiment and a double-blind experiment? The difference between the single-blind experiment is where the participants of the experiment are unaware of the experimental or control groups. The double-blind experiment is where both participants and researchers are unaware of who is in the control group or experimental group. 12) Using operational definitions, explain to Mr. Quinn how to do something cool he probably doesn’t know how to do. Then tell me, what is the purpose and importance of operational definitions? How to make a water bottle rocket: First, fill a 2-liter bottle with exactly 500 mL of water (measured using a graduated cylinder). Then, attach a launch pad (constructed from PVC pipe with a pressure valve) and pump air into the bottle using a bike pump until the pressure gauge reads 50 PSI. Release the valve, and the rocket will launch! Using operational definitions ensure that everyone understands what is being done and the exact measurements.  AP Psychology​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Name:​​ ​ ​ Pg. 4 Mr. Quinn​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Period 3 The Great AP Psych Mid Year Review Extravaganza!!! 13) CONFUSING PAIR WARNING: Difference between random sample and random assignment. Give me an example or two of how I could choose a random sample and complete a random assignment of our AP Psych class. You can randomly select 10-15 students to study their stress levels. For random assignment you could randomly assign participants to either the experimental or the control group of the experiment. 14) Accurate results are referred to as __validity__________ while obtaining the same results every time is known as _reliabilty___________. 15) Label each of the following as positive correlation, negative correlation, or no correlation: 16) The higher the # the stronger the relationship REGARDLESS of the + or - sign. For each of the following, choose the number that represents the stronger correlation. a)​ 0.62 or -0.72 b) 0.03 or -0.02 c) -0.8 or -0.6 d) 0.93 or 0.20 e) 0 or 0.83 17) What is an illusory correlation? Provide an example of your own. For example, here is one: an old man believes that he can predict rain from his arthritis. People believe that two things have a corresponding correlation that either don’t exist or the correlation is much weaker than they think. Example, most people believe that rainy days always causes bad luck when in reality there is no such thing. 18) What about a 3rd variable problem a.k.a. a lurking variable a.k.a. a confounding variable? Provide an example of your own. For example, here is one: ice cream sales cause increases in crime. The confounding variable is warm temperatures and people spending more time outside. The number of firefighters at scene causes more damage (claim), the size of the fire requires more firefighters and will eventually causes more damage. ( cofounding variable).  AP Psychology​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Name:​​ ​ ​ Pg. 5 Mr. Quinn​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Period 3 The Great AP Psych Mid Year Review Extravaganza!!! 19) We didn’t go over this that much so I’m just gonna give you the answer but you need to know it - OK? Inferential statistics establish significance (make the relationship between variables meaningful). And statistical significance represents that the results are not due to chance. Essentially statistics are used to attempt to prove causation rather than simple correlation. Because as we already know correlation DOES _not_______ prove causation! BTW you should have already said this in the infty chart earlier but which of the four main types of psychological research is the only one that CAN prove causation????? Experimental Research 20) The American Psychological Association (also known as the APA by us cool cats) has established certain ethical guidelines that all psychological studies must adhere to…...your question...what are they??? -​ Informed consent -​ Confidentiality -​ Protection from physical and emotional harm -​ Debriefing CONGRATULATIONS!!!!! You’ve made it ⅕ of the way through our AP Psych Mid Year Review Extravaganza!!!! Having fun yet??? Regardless, enjoy this joke and then move onto Unit II once you’ve stopped laughing. Unit II: Biological Basis of Behavior (8-10% of exam) 21) The most basic cell of the nervous system is the _Neuron___________. Below you can find one, label it’s parts.  AP Psychology​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Name:​​ ​ ​ Pg. 6 Mr. Quinn​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Period 3 The Great AP Psych Mid Year Review Extravaganza!!! Axon Axon terminals Soma (cell body Dendrites Myelin sheath - including nucleus) 22) Action Potential is the process through which an _electrical charge is sent down the axon. Action potential operates on the _all_____ or _nothing________ principle meaning if the stimulus does not hit the __threshold to trigger a response then it fails. (Think of how a toilet flushes.) Finally, after an AP is sent, there is a _refactory_________ period in which the neuron must reset before it can send another AP. (Same as a toilet!) 23) What are the types of neurons? What does each do? (Hint: SAME) ​ __Sensory__________ or _Afferent___________ neurons These neurons carry information from the sensory receptors towards the CNS ( brain and spinal cord) ​ Motor____________ or _Efferent___________ neurons These neurons carry information away from the CNS to the muscles and glands. ( movement) ​ Interneurons______________ which communicate between neurons in a feedback loop. Okay…..hope you aren’t nervous to fill out this diagram of the NERVOUS SYSTEM!!! 24) The Nervous System ↙ ↘ Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System  AP Psychology​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Name:​​ ​ ​ Pg. 7 Mr. Quinn​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Period 3 The Great AP Psych Mid Year Review Extravaganza!!! (consists of the brain and spinal (Rest of the NS) cord) ↙ ↘ Sensory Nervous Motor Nervous System System (Involuntary movement) (Voluntary movement) ↙ ↘ Somatic Nervous Parasympathetic System Nervous System Arouses body for Calms the body - fight or flight reestablishes homeostasis Note: When answering an FRQ about the divisions of the nervous system and specifically the fight or flight response and/or returning to homeostasis, you MUST include examples of how the body reacts when it is either aroused during fight or flight or calms when it returns to homeostasis. For example - heart rate increases during fight or flight and decreases to return to homeostasis. Take some time to review the following diagram to assist you in ensuring you know how the body reacts in each circumstance. 25) The messengers in the nervous system are everyone’s favorite...neurotransmitters! Fill in the chart below: Neurotransmitter What it’s known for _GABA_______ (Just the 4 letter abbreviation is Major inhibitory neurotransmitter - it calms firing  AP Psychology​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Name:​​ ​ ​ Pg. 8 Mr. Quinn​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Period 3 The Great AP Psych Mid Year Review Extravaganza!!! okay) nerves. GlutamatE Major _Exictory_______ neurotransmitter (Hint: You get _______ when you see your mates (British for friends)) Dopamine Influences movement, learning, emotion, arousal, and pleasure Serotonin Affects feelings of well being and happiness, also hunger and sleep Acetylcholine (ACh) Enables muscle action, learning, and memory Epinephrine and Norepinephrine Sympathetic NS fight or flight Endorphine Pain control Oxytocin (both a neurotransmitter and hormone) Love and bonding (We’ll talk about this more later in our Motivation and Emotion unit) 26) An agonist is a drug that mimics a NT and an antagonist is a drug that blocks a NT. Get ready to review…..the brain! 27) The hindbrain is located in the back of the brain and is the oldest part of the brain. It contains the following parts: ​ Brainstem - THE oldest part of the brain and necessary for breathing ​ Cerebellum - balance and processing (picture walking on a tightrope trying to balance a bell) ○​ Medulla_ - responsible for your vital organs including the heart, lungs, etc. (Part of brainstem) ○​ Pons - Sleep and arousal (Ponzzzzzzzzzz) (Also part of brainstem) 28) The midbrain is located in the middle of the brain and contains the reticular formation, sensory cortex, motor cortex, and temporal lobe. -​ Reticular formation (also considered part of the brain stem) is responsible for _consciousness and arousal__________. (Works hand in hand with the pons) The forebrain is the front of the brain and contains the newest and most evolved brain structures including the limbic system, the thalamus, the cerebrum, and frontal lobe.  AP Psychology​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Name:​​ ​ ​ Pg. 9 Mr. Quinn​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Period 3 The Great AP Psych Mid Year Review Extravaganza!!! 29) For the following, briefly describe the function of each brain part. ​ Limbic System ○​ Amygdala - Regulates and processes emotions. ○​ Hippocampus - Processes memory for storage. ○​ Hypothalamus - (remember the 4 F’s) - Fight, flight, Fornication, and temperature. 30) The _cerebrum__________ is known as the sensory board_______________. It is the relay center for all senses EXCEPT for __smell________. 30.5) because it’s not quite important enough for its own number but worth mentioning. Cerebral cortex is the outer portion of the brain and is involved in higher order thought processes. 31) Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex - these are important! ➔​ Occipital Lobe: Sight ➔​ Frontal Lobe: Judgement , planning, thinking, and creativity. ➔​ Parietal Lobe: Visual/Spatial ➔​ Temporal Lobe: Auditory ( hearing) ​ Now we’re back to the sensory cortex and motor cortex. ○​ Somatosensory cortex a.k.a. sensory cortex is a map of your _Sensory_________ receptors - located in the parietal lobe. ○​ Motor cortex a.k.a motor cortex is a map of your _Motor________ receptors - located in the frontal lobe. 32) Despite long held beliefs that the right brain and left brain were specialized regions and operated without one another - that is no longer believed to be true. In fact, most actions, thoughts, etc. involve many parts of the brain - right and left hemispheres working together. HOWEVER, there are still a few unique responsibilities - called lateralization. One thing that is the sole responsibility of the LEFT hemisphere is Learning Language_. The two brain parts associated with speech are: ​ Broca’s Area - To Speak ​ Wernicke’s Area - Understanding and comprehension (Hint: What!?!?!?) Still on the topic of speech….damage to the left hemisphere results in aphasia (damaged speech) 33) The Reticular Formation is the bundle of nerves that regulates the two hemispheres.  AP Psychology​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Name:​​ ​ ​ Pg. 10 Mr. Quinn​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Period 3 The Great AP Psych Mid Year Review Extravaganza!!! -​ This is sometimes severed in corpus callosum - brain procedures for patients who experience severe seizures. 34) The brain’s ability to “heal” itself is known as brain Plasticity. MILLION DOLLAR QUESTION!!! In psychology’s famous NATURE VERSUS NURTURE debate…..the answer of which is true is…………….??????????? Please note the million dollar question is worth a million dollars in your heart and mind but only a point on this assignment. 35) One of the main ways we know the role of both nature and nurture in influencing our lives is from twin studies. Quick recap on twins: ​ Monozygotic (MZ) twins are a result of a single fertilized egg splitting in two. The more common name for these twins are Identical_________ twins. ​ Dizygotic (DZ) twins are a result of two fertilized eggs by two different sperm cells occurring together. The more common name for these twins are _Faternal_________ twins. Circle the correct answer: -​ MZ twins having a higher percentage of both developing a particular disease supports the genetic role of nature or nurture. -​ MZ twins who are raised in different environments showing differences from one another support the role of nature or nurture. An important aside: One of the largest ongoing conversations in psychology that involves the discussion of genetic and environmental impacts and that twin studies are being utilized for surrounds sexual orientation. While we will discuss this in more detail in our motivation and emotion unit, it should be noted that like most things current research is indicating that both nature (genetics) and nurture (environment) play a role in determining sexuality. 36) The complementary system to the nervous system is the Endocrine system. The two most influential glands in the endocrine system are the: ​ Pituitary Gland: releases hormones and is controlled by the __Hypothalamus___ in the brain. ​ Adrenal Glands: related to the sympathetic NS and releases _Adrenaline ( epinephrine) and Norepinephrine ____________. Common AP Exam Questions: -​ Neurotransmitters are to the nervous system as _hormones___________ are to the _endocrine___________ system.  AP Psychology​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Name:​​ ​ ​ Pg. 11 Mr. Quinn​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Period 3 The Great AP Psych Mid Year Review Extravaganza!!! -​ The Endocrine system____________ system is slow moving and the _nervous ___________ system is fast moving. 37) Brain Imaging: Scan Type Description EEG Shows brain activity (always the answer when talking about __brain____ waves) XRAY Not useful for brain - doesn’t show tissues CT/MRI Shows structures PET Glucose shows brain activity (when in doubt, this is a good option to choose) fMRI Glucose shows activity in real time. Scans can be used to show lesions. What are lesions? Lesions typically indicate areas where brain cells have been damaged or destroyed, often due to injury, stroke, tumor, or disease STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS 38) For this you may have to look up some of these but for the following states of consciousness, briefly explain each. ​ Conscious - currently alert and attentive to your surroundings and thoughts. ​ Preconscious - thoughts and memories that are not actively in your awareness but can easily be brought into conscious awareness. ​ Nonconscious - This refers to mental processes that occur without any conscious awareness or control. ​ Unconscious - This refers to mental processes that are not only outside of conscious awareness but also typically cannot be brought to the surface easily. ​ Altered States - includes _sleep_______, fatigue, and hypnosis. ​ Sleep - no need to define this as we are about to recap sleep in detail. 39) Review of sleep: NREM 1 _Light_____ sleep _Alpha_____ Waves (Think closest to awake)  AP Psychology​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Name:​​ ​ ​ Pg. 12 Mr. Quinn​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Period 3 The Great AP Psych Mid Year Review Extravaganza!!! NREM 2 Bursts of sleep Theta______ Waves __spindles________ NREM 3 __deep____ sleep Delta Waves REM Sleep Vivid dreams___________ Rapid eye movement also known as paradoxical sleep The brain waves that occur while you are awake are called _beta_____ waves. (Hint: You _______ be awake during this exam!) 40) The entire sleep cycle takes 90_____ minutes. A healthy sleep sees a person go through at least 4____ or __6__ cycles per night. 41) REM Sleep occurs in-between each cycle and lasts longer throughout the night. What does REM sleep stand for? Rapid Eye Movement And, why is REM sleep called paradoxical sleep? Because you will have the most vivid dreams. 42) Our 24 hour biological clock is known as the Circaian rhythm. 43) Sleep Disorders - Fill in the chart. Disorder What is it? Commonly caused by? Insomia Inability to fall asleep Due to stress and anxiety Sleep Walking/Talking (sometimes Usually occurs during what stage Due to fatigue, drugs, alcohol. called somnambulism) of sleep? REM sleep Sleep Paralysis Extreme nightmares Unclear but common in children Usually occurs during what stage of sleep? (Hint NOT REM SLEEP!!!) Narcolepsy Difficulty regulating sleep cycles Due to deficiency in orexin and impacts REM sleep Sleep Apena Stops breathing suddenly while Usually (but not always) but to asleep obesity. Dream Theories 44) The belief that dreaming is gratification of unconscious desires and needs is known as?  AP Psychology​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Name:​​ ​ ​ Pg. 13 Mr. Quinn​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Period 3 The Great AP Psych Mid Year Review Extravaganza!!! Freuds wish fulfillment- that dreams are a way for the unconscious mind to fulfill desires, wishes, and repressed thoughts that cannot be expressed in waking life. What infamous psychologist came up with the previous theory? Freud 45) That same psychologist defined the terms latent content and manifest content. Explain the difference. Manifest content - The actual events or images we remember from our dreams. Latent content: The hidden, symbolic meaning behind those images, which could represent unconscious desires or unresolved conflicts. 46) The belief that the brain produces random bursts of energy that stimulate lodged memories and that dreams start randomly and then develop meaning is known as? Activation synthesis theory 47) The belief that dreams assist us in sorting through the day’s events and help us to consolidate our memories is known as? Information processing theory Psychoactive Drugs 48) Define each of the following: ​ Depressants - Depressants slow down the nervous system. ​ Stimulants - Stimulants accelerates the nervous system. ​ Hallucinogens - Create sensory experiences that don’t exist/alter existing sensory experiences. 49) In the chart below, classify each listed drug into the appropriate category. a.​ Nicotine Stimulant f. Caffeine Stimulant b.​ LSD Hullucinogen g. Barbiturates Depressant c.​ Opiates Depressant h. Heroin Heroin d.​ Alcohol Despressant i. Cocaine Stimulant e.​ Marijuana Hullucinogen j. Amphetamines Stimulant 50)  AP Psychology​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Name:​​ ​ ​ Pg. 14 Mr. Quinn​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Period 3 The Great AP Psych Mid Year Review Extravaganza!!! __B___ Needing more of a drug to achieve the same effects. _C_____ Become addicted to the drug and need it to function. __A___ Psychological and physiological symptoms associated with sudden stoppage. Can result in death. A.​ Withdrawal B.​ Tolerance C.​ Dependence Alrighty...I imagine at this point we could all use a little bit of motivation. So please enjoy the following to build yourselves up. P.S. I know this is a lot. I know. But I promise you it’s going to help you. Each of you has the potential to do well. Keep pushing! I’m rooting for all of you!! Unit III: Sensation and Perception (6-8% of exam) Head, shoulders, knees and toes! Head, shoulders, knees and toes, knees and toes! Eyes and ears and mouth and nose…..HEAD, SHOULDERS, KNEES AND TOES, KNEES AND TOES! Time for unit III which makes the song possible - Sensation and Perception. 51) Detection is to ____________ ; as interpretation is to _______________. We’ll now start with a few of the important theories of Sensation and Perception. 52) First, ____________ threshold refers to detection of a signal (sensory signal) 50% of the time. In other words, this threshold goes with the question - “Is it there?” On the other hand, ____________ threshold which is also called a just noticeable difference (JND) and is based on Weber’s Law refers to when two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage. Ask yourself the question “Can you tell a change?” 53) Using the image to the right, explain signal detection theory using examples of walking through the woods. ​ Hit: ​ Miss: ​ False Alarm: ​ Correct Rejection:  AP Psychology​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Name:​​ ​ ​ Pg. 15 Mr. Quinn​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Period 3 The Great AP Psych Mid Year Review Extravaganza!!! 54) Forgetting you have a band-aid on your finger after an hour or no longer being bothered by the noise of the heater as you are trying to fall asleep following several nights in a new room are examples of ____________ _____________. 55) Explain how the term perceptual set helps us to understand the image to the left. 56) Inattentional blindness is failure to notice something because you are focused on __________ _________. While change blindness is simply ____________ to notice change in a setting. 57) Describe the cocktail party effect: 58) Sight isn’t that hard as long as you take the time to SEE the path that light follows as it enters the eye. Sketch a simple drawing of the eye over there and label its parts. First, light enters The _______ is the Once it has entered, As a quick Finally, visual the __________ adjustable opening the _______ reminder - both information is sent which protects the that controls the focuses light rods and cones are via the _______ eye. amount of _______ (through located throughout nerve to the sensory that enters the eye. accommodation) the ______. ______ switchboard the The muscle tissue on the _________ interpret black and _________ and called the ______ is which surrounds the white light. While then the _________ what moves the eye and is where ______ interpret lobe of the brain. _________. the rods and cones color/bright light. are located. Cones cluster at the BTW where the center of the retina ______ nerve called the leaves the eye is our ________. _______ _______. 59) A few important cells that are involved in processing vision that we should recap: ​ Bipolar cells: ​ Ganglion cells:  AP Psychology​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Name:​​ ​ ​ Pg. 16 Mr. Quinn​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Period 3 The Great AP Psych Mid Year Review Extravaganza!!! ​ Feature detectors: 60) Theories of Color Vision ➔​ Trichromatic (Three-Color) Theory: Three cones for receiving color. These three colors are _______, ________, and ___________. ◆​ If someone is _______ _______ it means they are missing a cone type. ➔​ Opponent Process Theory: Says that complementary colors are processed in ganglion cells. ◆​ Explains how we see _____________. **This word is key - if you see this - it’s always opponent process theory** ​ Red and _________ ; _________ and Blue ; White and __________ 61) Visual capture rules that ________ is the most dominant of the senses and that the visual system overwhelms all others. (For example in an IMAX theater you could get nauseous since vision trumps your vestibular sense.) Speaking of movies, stroboscopic movement is how a rapid succession of slightly varying images give the illusion of motion. This is how animation movies work. 62) Speaking of motion - the ____ ______________ is when adjacent lights blink on/off in succession to look like movement. If you need a break from this assignment, I’d recommend watching videos on YouTube of christmas lights set to music demonstrating phi phenomenon. If you find one you’d think I’d like - email it to me :) 63) However, despite all of the various ways our perception makes sense of sight - it is important to note constancies which means what? 64) Monocular and Binocular Cues - briefly explain each cue in the appropriate box. Monocular Cues Binocular Cues Interposition: Retinal Disparity: Relative Size: Convergence:  AP Psychology​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Name:​​ ​ ​ Pg. 17 Mr. Quinn​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Period 3 The Great AP Psych Mid Year Review Extravaganza!!! Relative Clarity: Texture Gradient: Relative Height: Linear Perspective: 65) Gestalt Principles - what do each of the following images represent using the options given? Continuity Similarity Closure Proximity a.​ ​ b. ​ c. ​ d. 66) Describe the difference between top-down processing and bottom-up processing. Alright! Listen up! Time to talk about hearing! 67) How does sound travel through the ear? Describe what happens in each part of the ear in the chart below. Outer Ear Middle Ear Inner Ear Make sure you use the following words in your answer above. Hammer Anvil Pinna Auditory Canal Auditory Nerve to Cochlea Stirrup Ear Drum Temporal Lobe Where is sound first actually processed in the ear? 68) Theories of Hearing ➔​ Place Theory:  AP Psychology​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Name:​​ ​ ​ Pg. 18 Mr. Quinn​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Period 3 The Great AP Psych Mid Year Review Extravaganza!!! ➔​ Frequency Theory: ➔​ Volley Principle: For the above - which is responsible for high pitches? Which is responsible for low pitches? Which covers the pitches in between? 69) Now a quick recap of our other senses. For touch - we have sensory receptors all over which detect sensations which are sent up the spinal cord then to the ____________ and finally the somatosensory cortex (a.k.a. sensory cortex) which is located in the ___________ lobe. The other thing to know about touch is the Gate Control Theory - can you remind me what that is again? 70) Two other senses are your kinesthetic sense and your vestibular sense. These can easily be confused. One is your sense of body position and the other is your sense of balance. Can you tell me which is which? Can you stand on one leg and hop up and down? Regardless, how does your ear affect your ability to do this? 71) What’s your favorite food? How does it taste? The five taste receptors that allow you to enjoy it are: _________, _________, _________, _________, and (Okay, okay...I’ll give you the confusing one to spell) umami (savory) 72) Alright - one last question before we’re done with Unit III! The recap of the recap! A.​ In the brain, visual messages go to the ______________ and then to the ____________ lobe. B.​ In the brain, auditory messages go to the ______________ and then to the ____________ lobe. C.​ In the brain, touch messages go to the ______________ and then to the ____________ lobe. D.​ In the brain, taste messages go to the ______________ and then to the ____________ lobe. E.​ In the brain, your olfactory sense sends messages which AT NO POINT go to the _____________. Now as we take a break before moving onto our next unit, mind if I CHANGE THE ENTIRE WAY YOU VIEW THE WORLD!?!?!?!? And if you wonder how memes and psychology relate to each other….  AP Psychology​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Name:​​ ​ ​ Pg. 19 Mr. Quinn​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Period 3 The Great AP Psych Mid Year Review Extravaganza!!! Unit IV: Learning (7-9% of exam) 73) When I say classical conditioning, you say PAVLOV! Classical conditioning = Associative Learning ; Classical Conditioning = ___Stimulus and Response______ ; Classical Conditioning = __Pavlov_________ Get the point???? Cool! In addition to Pavlov’s experiment though, there is one other prominent psychologist who shaped our knowledge of classical conditioning - who is that? John B Watson. Now, let’s break this down. The four main parts of a classical conditioning situation are: __Unconditioned stimulus ; __Unconditioned response ; __Conditioned__ stimulus ; _conditoned__response (UCS) (UCR) (CS) (CR) ​ Remember the UCS and the UCR are always NATURALLY OCCURRING. These are NOT LEARNED. The learning occurs later! ​ You should also consider the neutral stimulus (NS) if these problems easily confuse you. The neutral stimulus and the conditioned stimulus are always the same. BECAUSE……. Before the conditioned stimulus gets _learned___________ it causes __unconditioned _ reaction and is therefore ____neutral________! ​ Lastly, the two responses - the UCR and the CR are always the same or VERY VERY similar. Rarely do these two differ at all because the whole point if to teach the organism to respond the same way to a new stimulus (the CS) that it already responds to the past stimulus (UCS). 74) In each of these two experiments, what are each component? Pavlov’s Dogs Experiment Baby Albert Experiment Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) food Loud noise Unconditioned Response (UCR) salivation Crying/fear Conditioned Stimulus (CS) The bell White rat Conditioned Response (CR) salivation Crying/fear 75) Match the following: Acquisition____ the process of Space A.​ Generalization  AP Psychology​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Name:​​ ​ ​ Pg. 20 Mr. Quinn​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Period 3 The Great AP Psych Mid Year Review Extravaganza!!! learning the response pairing. Extinction__ previously Left B.​ Acquisition conditioned response dies out over time. _Spontaneous Recovery___ after Blank C.​ Extinction a period of time, the CR comes back out of nowhere. _Generalization___ responding Intentionally D.​ Spontaneous Recovery no only to the CS but all similar stimuli. _Discrimination___ responding Don’t really know what to put in E.​ Discrimination only to the CS and not anything this one…. else. 76) What’s taste aversion and how is it related to conditioning? Does it require multiple trials to develop taste aversion? (BTW - you want to remember psychologist John Garcia for his work on this) Learning to avoid a certain food after one bad experience with it and it often takes one time of exposure to develop taste aversion. Like getting food poisioning from oysters and never wanting to eat oysters again. 77) What’s counterconditioning? Replacing an unwanted conditioned response with a new, better response by associating the stimulus with something positive. 78) Now let’s think about the second key type of learning we study - OPERANT CONDITIONING!!! Operant conditioning should always make you think of ___Rewards_________ and __Punishments_____________! The two psychologists you want to associate most with operant conditioning - B.F. _Skinner_________ and Edward ___Throndike__________. While mentioning that second guy - he has this thing called the LAW OF EFFECT which is very simple - it says behaviors followed by POSITIVE outcomes Increase while behaviors followed by NEGATIVE outcomes _Decrease behavior. 79) Now beyond the law of effect, we don’t want to think of positive as good/negative as bad when we discuss operant conditioning. Because that can confuse you when considering the principles of operant conditioning. Consequence - Is Behavior Being Provide an original something added or taken Conditioned - Does it example. away??? increase or decrease  AP Psychology​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Name:​​ ​ ​ Pg. 21 Mr. Quinn​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Period 3 The Great AP Psych Mid Year Review Extravaganza!!! because of the consequence? Positive Reinforcement Add something good → Increase I get a cookie for doing Increase behavior my homework, so I keep doing it Negative Reinforcement Take away something Increase My car stops beeping bad → Increase behavior when I buckle my seatbelt, so I always buckle up to remove the beeping. Positive Punishment Add something bad → Decrease I touched my hot stove Decrease behavior and burned my hand, so I stopped touching it. Negative Punishment Take away something Decrease My phone gets taking good → Decrease away for breaking behavior curfew. Reinforcement = Increase behavior Punishment = Decrease Behavior Postive = Adding Negative = Removing 80) What’s the difference between a primary reinforcer and a secondary reinforcer? An Innately reinforcing stimulus, such as oen that satisfies a biological need is Primary Reinforcer (naturally rewarding) like food or a hug. Secondary Reinforcer is A secondary reinforcer is a learned reward that gains its value through association with a primary reinforcer, like money, praise, or grades. Follow up, what’s token reinforcement or a token economy? A token reinforcement or token economy is a behavioral system where people earn tokens (like stickers, points, or fake money) for desired behaviors, which they can later exchange for rewards. 81) Can generalization, discrimination, extinction, and spontaneous recovery apply to operant conditioning too?? Yes, they all could apply to operant conditioning. Generalization – Responding the same way to similar stimuli. Discrimination – Learning to respond only to a specific stimulus. Extinction – The behavior decreases when reinforcement stops.  AP Psychology​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Name:​​ ​ ​ Pg. 22 Mr. Quinn​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Period 3 The Great AP Psych Mid Year Review Extravaganza!!! Spontaneous Recovery – The reappearance of a behavior after it has been extinguished. 82) Overjustification effect is when behaviors that are intrinsically motivating are reinforced and then it results in you stop doing them. For example, a child who likes to ready already starts to get $5 for each book they read but eventually stop reading because there’s now pressure on them to do it. Now, give your own example. Me liking to do my own hair, but once I started getting paid to do other people’s hair I no longer felt the happiness or the joy to do it as much. 83) Lastly, what’s shaping and who is the psychologist most associated with it? Guiding behavior towards closer and closer approximations of desired behavior, B.F Skinner. Alright, now let’s talk about Schedules of Reinforcement 84) First, conditioning is most successful when it is implemented on a _continous.____________ reinforcement schedule. Meaning that a behavior is reinforced __every_______ time. This helps the behavior be learned quickly, but it may also become extinct faster if reinforcement stops 85) What does a schedule that is fixed mean? What about a variable schedule? When the schedule is: Fixed- Stays the same Variable- Changes 86)​ Ratio refers to??? Number of times ( how many times a behavior occurs ) Interval refers to??? When or time ( when the behavior is rewarded after a set or varying amount of time) 87) Give an example related to each. Fixed Ratio Schedule A coffee shop gives a free pastry after every 5 purchases. Variable Ratio Schedule A slot machine pays after a random number of pulls Fixed Interval Schedule A student gets a grade every Friday for their weekly quiz. Variable Interval Schedule A boss randomly checks in on employees and gives praise at unpredictable times.  AP Psychology​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Name:​​ ​ ​ Pg. 23 Mr. Quinn​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Period 3 The Great AP Psych Mid Year Review Extravaganza!!! 88) Why do you think variable reinforcement schedules are MOST resistant to extinction? The reward is unpredictable, so the behavior continues in case the reward happens soon, 89) The third main type of learning that we studied is _Observational_____________ learning. Made famous by Albert _Bandura__________ and the _Bobo _____ _Doll_____ study. From this study, we got the Social Learning Theory - what does this say? Emotions or actions we associate with certain things can be learned from dimistration. We can learn behaviors by observing others and imitating their actions. 90) _Pro Social ___social behaviors are helping behaviors while _Anti____social behaviors are mean behaviors. 91) We’re just about done with learning (the learning unit I mean, we learn until the day we die!) but there are a few miscellaneous terms that need to be defined. Take care of these and then you’ll find another funny before we move onto the last unit of our midterm review! ​ Latent Learning - Learning that happens but isn’t immediately demonstrated until there’s a reason to use it. Ex. Learning the route to school by watching, but only needing it when alone. ​ Cognitive Maps - Mental represenations of physical locations or layouts. Ex. Picturing my house layout with my eyes closed. ​ Insight Learning - Sudden realization of how to solve a problem, often without trial and error. Ex. Figuring out how to solve a puzzle without trying each peice. ​ Learned Helplessness - The belief that you have no control over outcomes, often after failures. Ex. A prisoner giving up on trying to escape prison after, being restrained. ​ Extrinsic Motivation - Motivation to perform a behavior due to external rewards or pressures. Ex. Studying hard to get a good grade on my Mid term. ​ Intrinsic Motivation - Motivation to perform a behavior for its own sake, because it is fulfilling or enjoyable. Ex. Babysitting my brother because I love spending time with him not because of the payment.  AP Psychology​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Name:​​ ​ ​ Pg. 24 Mr. Quinn​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Period 3 The Great AP Psych Mid Year Review Extravaganza!!! ​ External Locus of Control - Belief that external forces, like luck or fate, are responsible for outcomes. Ex. Thinking I failed my test because the questions were unfamiliar to me, not because I didn’t study enough. ​ Internal Locus of Control - Belief that I can control outcomes through my actions. Ex. Believing that I can improve my grades by studying harder. YOU ARE SO CLOSE!!!!!! I BELIEVE IN YOU!!! As a reminder that anything worth doing is going to come with difficulty. But we don’t always consider that - we just see the accomplishment at the end. But also...you gotta find time to laugh along the way! ​ ​How long until your next birthday? Unit V: Cognition (13-17% of exam) Alright before we go any further - I want you to take a quick glance at the percentage that this unit is covered on the AP Exam (and thus also your midterm). So it’s really important to have a good grasp on this unit. The reason why it is worth so much is there’s a hodgepodge of stuff covered here. A large part of the unit is Memory. Then there’s Thinking and Language which are also significant. Finally, in the new version of the course - there’s a mini unit on Testing and Individual Differences that is also part of Unit V. So we’re going to cover a lot here but it should also be noted - this is the material we’re covering most in the weeks leading up to the midterm. So pro advice - fill this out as we cover stuff in class. Memory  AP Psychology​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Name:​​ ​ ​ Pg. 25 Mr. Quinn​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Period 3 The Great AP Psych Mid Year Review Extravaganza!!! 92) Memory is divided into three processes shown below. Define each. Encoding Storage Retrieval The process of converting The process of maintaining and The process of getting stored information into a form that can keeping encoded information in information out memory when be stored in memory. memory overtime. needed. Ex, Reading a book and turning the information into something I Ex. Keeping facts I learned into Ex. Remebering my First home can remember later. my long-term memory address when needed. An important note: there’s shallow, intermediate, and deep processing: the more emphasis on MEANING the deeper the processing and the better chance of being remembered! Part 1: Encoding 93) What’s the difference between automatic encoding and effortful encoding? Automatic encoding happens without conscious effort, meaning information is absorbed naturally, such as remembering what you ate for breakfast or recognizing familiar faces. Effortful encoding, on the other hand, requires active attention and effort, like studying for a test or memorizing a speech. 94) Provide an example of self-referent encoding? Learning about different types of personality traits and I remember “extroversion” because I consider myself one. 95) What’s dual encoding? A theory by Allan Paivio that suggests information is processed through two channels: verbal (words) and non-verbal (images). This enhances memory and learning. 96) How can imagery, chunking, and mnemonics assist in encoding? Provide some examples. Imagery : When I study my vocabulary words, I created mental pictures to visual images to help remember the word Gigantic, So I visualized a big elephant. Chunking: I remember my wifi password better once I broke them up into smaller groups of numbers and letters.  AP Psychology​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Name:​​ ​ ​ Pg. 26 Mr. Quinn​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Period 3 The Great AP Psych Mid Year Review Extravaganza!!! Mnemonics: I used the mnemonic "My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Nachos" to remember the order of the planets. 97) Explain context dependent memory and state dependent memory. Context-dependent memory is the phenomenon where recall is improved when the Part 2: Storage 98) Information Processing Model Sensory Memory Short Term Memory Long Term Memory Stores ALL incoming Information passes from Lasts a lifetime __ ____________. information/stimuli that sensory_______ memory to you recieve. auditory______ term memory (STM). ​ Explicit Lasts approx. 30 seconds and can (__declarative__________): ​ Iconic Memory - remember 7 +/- 2 items. conscious recollection. visual_______ ○​ Episodic - memory (lasts 0.3 _Rehersal__________ - repeating the personal_________ seconds) info resets the clock. ○​ Semantic - _Fact and knowledge________ ​ Echoic Memory - The Working Memory Model splits ​ Implicit _auditory______ STM into 2. Visuospatial________ (__non-declarative__________ memory (lasts 2-3 memory (from iconic memory) and ______): unconscious seconds) Phonological_____________ loop recollection. (from echoic memory). A “central ○​ Classical ________ executive” puts them together before conditioning passing it to LTM. ○​ Priming ○​ Procedural: skills 99) Memory Organization __A__ memory is stored according to levels and complexity. ​ ​ ​ A. Schemas __C__ linked memories are stored together. ​​ ​ ​ ​ B. Hierarchies _B___ pre existing mental concept of how something should look ​​ C. Semantic Networks Happy 100th question!!!  AP Psychology​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Name:​​ ​ ​ Pg. 27 Mr. Quinn​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Period 3 The Great AP Psych Mid Year Review Extravaganza!!! ➔​ What part of the brain is responsible for most memories? hippocampus -​ What neurotransmitter plays a larger role in this?Acetylcholine -​ ➔​ What part of the brain is responsible for procedural memories? Cerebellum 101) What is long-term potentiation? Can you give me an example of how this works for you? The process where repeated stimulation of neurons strengthens their connections. Repeating studying vocabulary words, to learn them and remember more effectively. Part 3: Retrieval 102) This question is an example of? A)​ Sampling B)​ Recall C)​ Recognition D)​ This one 103) This question is an example of? Of Recall 104) Serial position effect says that you’d remember which of the following words from the given list? The position of the food items on the list, so basically saying it in order. ​ What about which items for recency effect? I will remember the last items on the list because they are still in my short-term memory. ​ What items for primacy effect? I will most likely remember the first items on the list because they are in my long term memory. 105) Compare and contrast flashbulb memories and repressed memories.  AP Psychology​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Name:​​ ​ ​ Pg. 28 Mr. Quinn​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Period 3 The Great AP Psych Mid Year Review Extravaganza!!! Flashbulb memories are vivid and detailed memories of emotionally significant events. Repressed memories are unconscious memories of traumatic events that are to be blocked. 106) What’s the difference between proactive interference and retroactive interference? P= Proactive O- old memories R= retroactive N= New memorites proactive interference is when you keep typing your old password instead of a new one, and retroactive interference is when learning a new language makes it harder to remember an older one. 107) Why might misinformation effect be significant? Think about Elizabeth Loftus. The misinformation effect is significant because it shows how easily memories can be distorted by incorrect information, leading to false recollections and impacting decisions. 108) What’s the difference between anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia? Anterograde amnesia is the inability to form new memories after the onset of the condition, while retrograde amnesia is the loss of memories that were formed before the onset of the condition. 109) The destruction of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the hippocampus results in what disease? Alzheimer's disease Language 110) Phonemes___________ are to smallest unit of sound as morphemes____________ are to the smallest unit of meaning. 111) __A__ rules in a language that enable us to communicate.​ ​ ​ A. Syntax __B__ rules by which we derive meaning.​ ​ ​ ​ ​ B. Semantics __C__ rules for combining words in sentences. ​ ​ ​ ​ C. Grammar 112) ___Babbling___ stage _1____ word stage 2_____ word stage Googabadubuaaa Da! Da! Da!  AP Psychology​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Name:​​ ​ ​ Pg. 29 Mr. Quinn​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Period 3 The Great AP Psych Mid Year Review Extravaganza!!! Theories of Language Development 113) Theory Description Imitation Children learning language by imitating the speech they hear around them. Inborn Universal Grammar Humans are born with an innate ability to understand language. Critical Period Early childhood during which language acquisition is most easily and effectively achieved. Linguistic Determinism The idea that language shapes and limits the way people think and perceive the world 114) What’s overregulation? Overregulation refers to the phenomenon in language development where children apply grammatical rules too broadly, resulting in incorrect forms. 115) How is operant conditioning relevant to language development? children learn language through reinforcement and punishment Thinking 116) concepts___________ are mental categories used to group objects, events, and characteristics. 117) What’s a prototype in relation to a concept? in relation to a concept is the best or most typical example of that concept 118) What’s the difference between an algorithm and a heuristic? algorithm is a step-by-step procedure that guarantees a solution, while a heuristic is a simpler, more intuitive rule of thumb that may lead to a solution but doesn't guarantee one. 119) Two types of heuristics: ​ Representative Heuristic - people judge the likelihood of an event based on how similar it is to a prototype or stereotype. ​ Availability Heuristic - judgments about the probability of an event based on how easily examples come to mind.  AP Psychology​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Name:​​ ​ ​ Pg. 30 Mr. Quinn​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Period 3 The Great AP Psych Mid Year Review Extravaganza!!! 120) What’s functional fixedness? Functional fixedness is a cognitive bias that limits a person’s ability to think of alternative uses for an object beyond its usual function. 4o mini 121) Term Definition Example Belief Bias Judge the strength of an argument based on the believability of its conclusion other than the logical validity of reasoning. Belief Perseverance The tendency to cling to one’s beliefs even when we have evidence to contridicts them. Confirmation Bias The tendency to search for and remember information in a way that confirms one’s preexisting beliefs or theories. 122) Describe the difference between inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning? Drawing general conclusions based on specific observations or evidence, moving from particular instances to broader generalizations. Deductive reasoning involves starting with a general premise and applying it to specific cases to reach a logical conclusion. 123) What’s divergent thinking? How is this opposed to convergent thinking? Divergent thinking is the ability to generate multiple, creative solutions to a problem. Convergent thinking focuses on finding a single, correct solution to a problem. Testing and Individual Differences 124) What are the two main types of tests? ​ Achievement ​ Aptitude  AP Psychology​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Name:​​ ​ ​ Pg. 31 Mr. Quinn​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Period 3 The Great AP Psych Mid Year Review Extravaganza!!! 125) What’s the process of standardization? Standardization is the process of administering a test to a large, representative sample of people to establish a baseline for comparison. 126) What does it mean for a test to be reliable? What does it mean for a test to be valid? What are the two types of validity? A test is reliable if it produces consistent and stable results over time. A test is valid if it accurately measures what it is intended to measure. The two types of validity are: Content Validity: The extent to which a test samples the behavior or skill it is supposed to measure. Criterion-related Validity: The extent to which a test correlates with an outcome or behavior that it is supposed to predict. 127) Standardized tests should establish a normal distribution with standard deviation being used to compare scores. What is standard deviation? Standard deviation is a measure of how spread out or varied the scores are in a set of data. Part B: Explain the percentages in the graph below in simple terms. Around 68% of people score within 1 standard deviation of the mean (e.g., between 85 and 115). About 95% of people score within 2 standard deviations of the mean. Only about 2.5% of people score far below or above the average, beyond 2 standard deviations. 128) What are the extremes of intelligence according to IQ tests today? -​ High IQ - above 130_______ -​ Intellectual Disability - below 70_____ Where would these fall on the graph above?  AP Psychology​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Name:​​ ​ ​ Pg. 32 Mr. Quinn​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Period 3 The Great AP Psych Mid Year Review Extravaganza!!! 129) Causes of intellectual disability: ​ PKU - A genetic disorder that leads to brain damage and intellectual disability if untreated due to an inability to break down phenylalanine. ​ Down syndrome - A genetic condition caused by an extra chromosome 21, leading to developmental and intellectual delays. ​ Fragile X - A genetic condition leading to intellectual disability, particularly affecting males, due to mutations in the X chromosome. 130) Nature v. Nurture - Impacts on IQ -​ How do genetics affect IQ? Genetics influence IQ by providing a foundation for cognitive abilities, with heritability estimates for IQ being around 50-80%. Genetic predispositions can impact processing speed, memory, and problem-solving ability. -​ How does the environment affect IQ? The environment can also significantly impact IQ. Factors like education, socioeconomic status, nutrition, and exposure to stimulating experiences can either support or limit intellectual development. 131) Theories of Intelligence Galton Cattell Spearman’s G Gardner** - 1st to suggest intelligence Factor was inherited. 2 clusters of mental abilities Gardner’s Multiple ​ Crystalized Said a general Intelligences - How many? - Intelligence based on Intelligence: intelligence (g) _8____ muscle strength, size of underlies all ​ Linguistic head, reaction time, etc. Knowledge and mental abilities. ​ _Logical______-mathe skills acquired Essentially matical - “Science” of through experience responsible for ​ _Musical________ _eugenics__________ - and education, such the idea of an ​ Spatial was used to support racism as vocabulary and IQ. ​ bodily- and discrimination. general knowledge. Kinesthetic_________ __ ​ Intrapersonal (_self- ​ Fluid Intelligence: awareness_____) The ability to ​ Interpersonal (_Social reason, solve novel understanding_______ problems, and think _) abstractly without ​ Naturalist  AP Psychology​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Name:​​ ​ ​ Pg. 33 Mr. Quinn​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Period 3 The Great AP Psych Mid Year Review Extravaganza!!! relying on prior knowledge. Sternberg Binet Wechsler Flynn effect Triarchic Theory 1)​ _Analytical Developed the 1st Developed the Studied changes in IQ over __________ - intelligence test. _WAIS______ time. mental components (for adults) and to solve problems - Stanford-Binet IQ Test the IQ has steadily what IQ tests assess WISC______ increase_______ over the past “book smarts” IQ = mental (for children) 80 years - probably due to 2)​ _Creative________ age/chronological age x 100 higher IQ scores___________ _ - ability to size up Most commonly standards and better new situation and -​ Chronological age used IQ tests score_____ tests. adapt to real life = The actual age today. demands “street smarts” -​ Mental Age = 3)​ __Practical Cognitive abilities ________ - intellectual and -​ __100___ is average motivational processes that lead to novel solutions, ideas, products. 132) Are you proud of yourself? Are you ready for your midterm? Does Mr. Quinn think you’re awesome and amazing? A)​ Yes B)​ YES, YES, YES!!! C)​ Yes to the first two and add spectacular, fantastic and an AP Psych Superstar to the last one! Please don’t hesitate to ask Mr. Quinn any questions regarding ANY of the material in this packet.