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International Hope School Bangladesh 2024 – 2025 ACADEMIC YEAR – FIRST TERM –BANGLADESH STUDIED COMPILED LESSON NOTES 1. How long did the Mughal Empire last? Answer: The Mughal Empire lasted for over 200 years. 2. At its peak, which modern-day countries did the Mughal Empire cover...

International Hope School Bangladesh 2024 – 2025 ACADEMIC YEAR – FIRST TERM –BANGLADESH STUDIED COMPILED LESSON NOTES 1. How long did the Mughal Empire last? Answer: The Mughal Empire lasted for over 200 years. 2. At its peak, which modern-day countries did the Mughal Empire cover? Answer: At its peak, the Mughal Empire covered modern-day India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. 3. Why was religious tolerance important for the Mughal emperors? Answer: Religious tolerance was important because the Mughal emperors were Muslim, and most of their subjects were Hindu. 4. What was Babur’s ambition and how did he establish Mughal rule in India. Answer: He had ambitions to expand his territory and after several unsuccessful attempts to conquer Samarkand, he turned his attention to India. Babur established Mughal rule in India by defeating the Delhi Sultanate and Rajput Confederacy in the early 16th century.. In 1526, Babur invaded India and defeated the last Sultan of Delhi, Ibrahim Lodi, at the First Battle of Panipat. This was a significant victory as it marked the end of the Delhi Sultanate and the beginning of the Mughal Empire. 5. How long did Babur fight to take control of northern India? Answer: Babur fought for 4 years to take control of northern India. 6. What was the result of Babur’s battles in northern India? Answer: Babur was successful in his battles, but they came at a huge cost, and after four years, he died of natural causes, leaving the Mughal Empire with very little money. 7. Why was the First Battle of Panipat a turning point in Indian history? Answer: The First Battle of Panipat marked the beginning of the Mughal Empire in India by leading to the defeat of the Lodi Dynasty and the end of the Delhi Sultanate. It introduced new military technologies and tactics to the Indian subcontinent, setting a 1  precedent for future conflicts and shaping the region’s political landscape for centuries to come. 8. What challenges did Humayun face during his reign? Answer: Humayun faced military defeats, internal dissent, and the loss and subsequent recovery of his empire. 9. What is Humayun’s legacy in terms of art and architecture? Answer: Humayun is known for his contributions to Persian art and architecture, and his reign marked the beginning of an era with majestic monuments like Humayun's Tomb, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Delhi. 10. How did Humayun's reign contribute to the future of the Mughal Empire? Answer: Humayun's perseverance and strategic alliances laid the groundwork for the expanded empire that his successor, Akbar the Great, would inherit. 11. Why did Humayun and Bahadur Shah come into conflict? Answer: The conflict arose because Bahadur Shah was ambitious and sought to expand into Delhi, while Humayun was also ambitious to expand his own territories. 12. What do you understand by ‘The Masnsabdari System’ of Mughal emperor Akbar? Answer: Akbar established the Mansabdari system, a unique structure of military and civil governance that classified officials into ranks, or 'Mansabs', based on their duties and merit. This system ensured a more organised and efficient administration, paving the way for the empire's unprecedented growth. Officers were given land grants or cash salaries and were responsible for maintaining a specified number of soldiers. The Mughals were thus able to maintain a degree of control and stability across vast territories, which was crucial for the empire's administrative efficiency and military success. 13. What caused Humayun’s temporary exile? Answer: Humayun faced significant setbacks during his reign, including defeats by Sher Shah Suri, which led to a temporary exile before he later regained control of the Mughal Empire in 1555. 2 14. What was the outcome of the Gujarat expedition led by Humayun? Answer: The Gujarat expedition led by Humayun resulted in a Mughal victory, allowing the Mughals to exert control over Gujarat. 15. Who were the Afghans, and how were they hostile to Humayun? Answer: Afghans" primarily referred to people from the ethnic group of Pashtuns (also known as Pathans), who originated from the region of present-day Afghanistan and the northwestern regions of present-day Pakistan. These Afghans played a significant role in the political and military history of India, particularly during the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal periods. The Afghans were hostile to Humayun because Babur had captured the throne of Delhi from them, and many Afghan nobles, including Sher Shah Suri, were opposed to Humayun’s rule. 16. How many encounters did Humayun and Sher Shah Suri have, and where did they take place? Answer: Humayun and Sher Shah Suri had three major encounters: at Chunar, Chausa, and Kannauj. 17. What were the weaknesses of Humayun? Answer: Humayun's great generosity was one of his flaws, which allowed his opponents to take advantage of him. Another flaw was his misguided clemency, which allowed him to forgive his brother despite all of their wrongdoings against Humayun. 18. What were the major challenges Humayun faced during his reign? Answer: Military Defeats: Humayun suffered significant military setbacks, most notably against Sher Shah Suri, an Afghan leader who defeated him at the battles of Chausa (1539) and Kannauj (1540). These defeats led to Humayun’s temporary exile from India 3 Internal Dissent: There was considerable internal strife within the Mughal court. Factionalism and rivalry among his nobles weakened his position, making it difficult to consolidate his rule effectively. Political Instability: The political landscape during Humayun’s reign was highly unstable. He faced continuous threats from regional powers and had to deal with rebellions and challenges to his authority Family Rivalries: Humayun’s relationship with his brothers, particularly Kamran Mirza, was fraught with tension and rivalry. Kamran controlled Kabul and Kandahar and often acted against Humayun’s interests, further complicating his efforts to stabilize his rule 19. How did Akbar promote religious harmony in the society? Answer: Among Akbar the Great's most enduring legacies is his unwavering commitment to promoting religious harmony. Recognizing the diversity of his empire, he espoused a policy of religious tolerance, encouraging dialogue and understanding among different religious communities. His establishment of the Din-i-Ilahi, a syncretic religion, though short-lived, underscored his efforts to bridge the religious divide and foster a spirit of unity within his empire. 20. How did Jahangir ensure that the government had enough money? Answer: Jahangir made sure that tax collectors were honest, did not steal money, and checked their records to ensure everything was fair. 21. What did Jahangir do to improve the justice system? Answer: Jahangir set up special courts with fair and honest judges who solved problems and ensured that everyone followed the law. 22. What were the achievements of Mughal emperor Jahangir?( learn any four) Answer: Jahangir, known for his patronage of the arts and generosity to his numerous wives, was also a skilled military leader. Under Akbar's rule, Jahangir fought and captured Orchha, constructing the Jahangir Mahal to commemorate his triumph. During his reign, he dispatched the Mughal army to quell Koli plunderers in Gujarat. Jahangir initiated a campaign against Portuguese forces after they seized a ship carrying his mother to Mecca. 4  Despite being a conqueror, Jahangir was generally tolerant of different religions and allowed religious freedom in his empire. He met with Hindu leaders and issued edicts against forced conversions to Islam, but he suppressed Jains and executed Guru Arjan Dev. Jahangir, a builder as well, oversaw the construction of new cities, including Jahangir Nagar (later Dhaka), the capital of the Mughal province of Bengal. 23. How did the British gain the wider control over Bengal? Answer: The Battle at Palashi gave the British control of not only the province of Bengal but also the whole of Sirajuddaulah’s empire that encompassed the regions of Bihar and Orissa. This was legitimised when the figurehead Mughal Emperor gave the British complete administrative rights to the conquered provinces. Thus was the beginning of British rule in India established. 24. What were the limited roles of the public sector in Bangladesh during the late 1980s? Answer: The public sector was limited to seven fields: arms and ammunition, electrical power generation and distribution, management of reserved forests, telecommunications, transportation (air, water, and rail), atomic energy, and currency note printing and minting. 25. Which public sector corporations were the most financially successful in the late 1980s? Answer: The most successful public sector corporations were the Bangladesh Petroleum Corporation Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation and Bangladesh Forest Industries Development Corporation 26. What significant development occurred regarding export processing zones in Bangladesh? Answer: An export processing zone was officially established in Chittagong in 1980, but it began functioning in March 1983, offering various incentives to investors, including tax holidays and duty exemptions. 5 27. What incentives were provided to enterprises operating in the export processing zones? Answer: Enterprises enjoyed a five-year tax holiday (ten years for pioneer industries), a 50 percent rebate on income tax for export sales, freedom from import and export duties, and guaranteed full repatriation of profits and capital. 28. What initiatives did the Bangladeshi government take to encourage foreign investment? Answer: The government entered into bilateral investment treaties with eight countries, including the U.S. and several European nations, providing assurances like unrestricted currency transfers and compensation for expropriation. 29. What role did the World Bank play in Bangladesh's economy during the 1980s? Answer: The World Bank addressed structural constraints in Bangladesh's economy by promoting productive employment for the asset-less, creating economic opportunities for women, and improving education, health, nutrition, and population programs. 30. What specific aid projects were supported by the World Bank in Bangladesh? Answer: The World Bank supported various projects, including the Irrigation Management Programme, maintenance of primary schools, and the Ashuganj fertilizer complex, which utilized domestic natural gas. 31. What was the role of the Asian Development Bank in Bangladesh's development during the 1980s? Answer: The Asian Development Bank was the second-largest donor to Bangladesh, supporting projects like livestock development to increase food production and a feasibility study for growing rubber trees commercially. 32. What event marked the end of General Ershad's rule in 1990? Answer: The 1990 Mass Uprising, also known as the '90's Anti-Authoritarian Movement,' led to General Ershad's downfall following widespread protests against his military regime. 33. How did international observers describe the 1991 elections in Bangladesh? Answer: The elections were described as free and fair by many international 6  observers, which helped solidify Bangladeshi democracy after the anti-government protests. 34. What were the significant educational reforms implemented during Khaleda Zia’s government from 1991 to 1996, and what impact did these reforms have on access to education in Bangladesh? Answer: During her tenure from 1991 to 1996, Khaleda Zia’s government introduced several significant educational reforms. Key initiatives included the establishment of free and compulsory primary education, tuition-free education for girls up to class ten, and stipends for female students. Additionally, the Food for Education program aimed to incentivize school attendance among children from low-income families. These reforms substantially improved access to education, particularly for girls, promoting gender equality and increasing overall literacy rates. The initiatives helped to create a more educated populace, laying the groundwork for long-term social and economic development in Bangladesh. 35. What was the political context behind the opposition’s demand for a caretaker government? Answer: The opposition parties demanded a caretaker government to oversee the elections, as they did not trust the BNP-led government to conduct free and fair elections. This demand was part of their broader strategy to force the government to step down, similar to the opposition's strategy in 1990 that led to the downfall of the military regime of General Hossain Mohammad Ershad. 36. What actions did the opposition parties take to oppose the government and push for a caretaker administration? Answer: The opposition parties organized a series of general strikes (hartals) throughout 1995 and into 1996. These strikes involved political protests, transportation shutdowns, temporary business and school closures, and violent clashes between opposition activists, government supporters, and security forces. 7 37. How many strikes were organized by the opposition parties in 1995, and what were their effects? Answer: According to the Coordinating Council for Human Rights in Bangladesh (CCHRB), 74 strikes were organized by opposition parties in 1995. These strikes disrupted daily life, including transportation and business, and were marked by political protests and violent confrontations between rival political activists and security forces. 38. What was the eventual outcome of the opposition's campaign of strikes and protests? Answer: The opposition's campaign of strikes and protests led to the replacement of the BNP government with a caretaker administration by the end of March 1996. This paved the way for the general election, which was eventually held on 15 February 1996. 39. What was the role of the Coordinating Council for Human Rights in Bangladesh (CCHRB) during this period? Answer: The CCHRB, an umbrella group of over 76 NGOs, provided figures on the strikes organized by opposition parties in 1995, highlighting the widespread nature of the political protests and their impact on daily life in Bangladesh. 40. What were some of the key features of the strikes and protests during the opposition's campaign? Answer: The strikes and protests involved political demonstrations, transportation shutdowns, temporary business and school closures, and violent clashes between opposition party activists, supporters of the ruling party, and security forces. These protests were central to the opposition's efforts to force the government to agree to a caretaker administration for the election. 41. Why did the major opposition parties boycott the February elections? Answer: The opposition parties boycotted the February elections because they wanted the BNP to hand over power to a neutral caretaker government to ensure fair elections. 42. What do you understand by food security? Do you think that Bangladesh became self- 8  sufficient in food grain production from 1999 to 2000 ? Explain. Answer: Food security is defined as “access by all people at all times to enough food needed for an active and healthy life. Its essential elements are the availability of food and the ability to acquire it”. It is important to view food security from both national and individual angles. Total food grain production increased from less than 10.0 million tons in the early 1970s to more than 27.0 million tons in 2005-06. This growth in production has been achieved through expansion of irrigation facilities, spread of modern varieties and increase in cropping intensity. There has also been substantial improvement in the availability of food. 43. What is remittance? What were the key factors that contributed to the increase in remittances between 1996 and 2001? Answer: Remittance means "send back." In terms of money, a remittance is the sending of money to a recipient who lives abroad. Most families living in slow-growing economies and developing nations rely heavily on these remittances as their main source of income. Foreign workers who send a portion of their pay to their families back home frequently do this. These things greatly improve living standards in less developed countries with slow economic growth. With these remittances, people in less developed countries can open bank accounts, which is good for economic growth. 9