Mughal Empire History PDF

History Amar Ujala Publications  He arrived at Lahore in 1161 AD and settled at Mahdawi Movement : Ajmer about 1206 AD.  It was initiated by Syeed Muhamma...

History Amar Ujala Publications  He arrived at Lahore in 1161 AD and settled at Mahdawi Movement : Ajmer about 1206 AD.  It was initiated by Syeed Muhammad Mahadi  However, the most famous of Chisti saints were of Jaunpur He concentrated his energies on Nizamuddin Auliya and Nasiruddin Chirag-i- Regeneration of people. Delhi. Auliya was generally known as Mahbub- Raushaniyah Movement : i-Ilahi (beloved of God).  The movement owed its origin to Miyan Bayazid Suhrawardi Silsila : Ansari a native of Jalandhar.  It was founded by Shaikh Shihabuddin  He emphasized inter organisation of religious Suhrawardi. riles and inspired his followers with the ideal of  The credit of organising it goes to Shaikh ascetic self-denial. Bahauddin Zakariya. Its main centre was The Mughal Empire : Multan.  The Mughals were originally Turks.  Saints of this order had big Jagirs and had  They belonged to the Chaghtai branch of the close contact with State. Turkish race. Firdausi Silsila :  Period of the Mughal empire is known as  Slunk Badruddin of Samark first established it Second Classical Age. First Classical Age is the in Delhi, but later on it moved to Bihar and period Guptas. became the most influential mystic older.  Mughal Empire is also known as Timurid Empire  Its most distinguished saint was Shaikh because of its relation to Amir Timur. Shamasuddin Yahya Munair who believed in  Mughal Emperors are 20 in number. They ruled Pantheistic monoism. India from 1526 to 1857. Only six are considered Shattari Silsila : great They are :  It was founded in India by Shah Abdullah Zahiruddin Muhammed Babur (1526- 1530) Shattari. Naziruddin Mirza Muhammed  However it gained in popularity under Shaikh Humayun (1530) (1530-40 Muhammad Ghauth of Gwalior. & 1555-56) Qadiri Silsila : Jalaluddin Muhammed Akbar (1556 -1605)  Shah Niamatullah Qadri was probably the first Nuruddin Muhammed Jahangir (1605) notable saint of this order to enter India but it (1605- 1627) was Syeed Muhammad Jilaui who organised it Shahabuddin Muhammed Shah Jahan (1628 on affective basis. (1628-1658)  Dara Shikoh. the eldest son of Shah Jahan was Muhiyuddin Muhammed Aurangazeb Alamgir follower of this order. (1658- 1707) Naqshbandi Silsila : Babur  This Silsila was introduced in India by Khwaja  Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire, was Baqi Billah during the later years of Akhar’s the fifth descendant of Timur on Father’s side reign. and the fourteenth descendant of Chengizkhan  It attained a position of great importance in on mothers side. India under the leadership of Shaikh Ahmad  Babur was born in Farghana in Turkey on Sirhindi. 14 Feb., 1483 as the som of Umer Sheik Mirza-  He was opposed to pantheistic philosophy ad-Qulik Nigarkhanum. wahadat-ul-wujud and propounded the theory  Babur’s father Umershiek Mirza was the grand of wahadal-ul- shudud son of Amir Timur and the ruler of Farghana. 37 https://t.me/safalta2 www.safalta.com 9310414677 [email protected]  Amar Ujala Publications History  Babur became the ruler of Samarkand at the  In 1539 by the Battle of Chausa, Humayun was Age of 11. defeated for the first time by Shershah Suri.  He captured Kabul in 1504.  In the next year (1540) Shershah completely  Then Babur attacked India 5 times for want of defeated Humayun in the battle of Kanauj and wealth. founded the Sur dynasty.  Babur’s first Attack of India was in 1519 Bhera  After the lapse of 15 years Humayun re-captured was the first place captured by Babur. the Empire by defeating the last Sur ruler  In 1524 Daulatkhan, Ibrahim Lodhi’s brother Sikhandar Shah Suri by the battle of Sirhindh in invited Babur to India. 1555, July.  On 21 April 1526 Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodhi,  After the restoration Humayun ruled for only the last Lodhi Sultan in the First Battle of six months. Panipat.  The period from 1540 to 1555 is known as the  On 16 March 1527 he defeated Rana Sangha of period of temporary eclipse of the Mughal. Mewar, in the Battle of Khanwa.  Humayun died by an accidental fall from the  The Rajputs in 1528 under Medini Rai of Malwa straicase of his Library ‘Shermandal’ at the fought against Babur in the Battle of Chanderi, Puranakwila in Delhi on 24 January, 1556. but were defeated.  The Purnakwila was constructed by Humayun  In 1529 the Afghans under Muhammed Lodhi but its construction was completed by Shershah. fought against Babur in the Battle of Ghaghra  Humayun’s biography Humayun Namah was but were defeated. written by Humayun’s sister Gulbadan Begum.  In 1530 December 26, Babur died and was The language used to write this biography was cremated at Kabul. a mixture of Turkish and Persian.  Babur was the first to use Artillery in India.  In 1533 Humayun built the city of Dinpana  His memoirs or autobiography ‘Tuzuk-i-Baburi (world refuge) in Delhi. or Baburnamah was written in Turkish language,  Humayun’s tomb is situated in Delhi (first Babur’s mothertongue. building in India having double domes)  Babur said ‘I dont like India and Indians’.  Humayun tomb is known as predecessor of  Babur was the first Mughal ruler to keep in Tajmahal, because Taj was modelled after this, hand the Kohinur Diamond. also known as a dormitory of the house of Timur. Mirak Mirza Ghias is its architect.  Babur was a contemporary of Krishnadeva Raya of Vijaya Nagara Empire. Shershah Suri Humayun  Shershah’s original name was Farid.  Humayun was born in 1507 in Kabul as the son  He was born in Hissar Firosa. of Babur and Mahim Sultana.  His father was Hassan Khan.  He became the Mughal Emperor on 29 December,  His family came to India from Afghanistan. 1530 at the age of 23.  He entered the service of Baharkhan Lohani of  He divided the empire among his brothers— Behar from whom received the title of Sherkhan, Askari, Hindal and Kamran. for killing a lion single handed.  The word ‘Humayun’ means ‘fortunate’ But  Later he became a member of the Mughal court Human is considered as the most unfortunate of Mughal ruler.  In 1539 by the battle of Chausa, Sherkhan  Human was an accomplished mathematician and defeated Humayun for the first time and assumed astronomer. the name Shershah. 38 https://t.me/safalta2 www.safalta.com 9310414677 [email protected]  History Amar Ujala Publications  Later in 1540 he completely defeated Humayun  Akbar killed Hemu in the Second Battle of in in the battle of Kanauj and founded the Sur Paniput in 2 November, 1556. dynasty.  Akbar became an independent ruler at the age  While directing the operations of his artillery at of 18 in 1560, after dismissing Bairamkhan. Kalanjar against the ruler of Bundelkhand Raja Father - Humayun Kirat Singh, Shershah was seriously wounded Mother - Hamida Bhanu Begum by a sudden fire from his own artillery and died Step mother - Maham Anaga on 22 May, 1545. Guardian - Bairam Khan  Shershah constructed the Grand Trunk Road First Guardian - Munim Khan from Sohargaon to Attock (Calcutta to Amritsar)  Later he married Bairam Khans widow Salima  He introduced the National Highway concept Begum. for the first time in India.  In 1561 he defeated the musician Sulthan of  Now the Grand Trunk Road is known as Malwa - Baz Bahadur. Shershah Suri Marg. Its part from Delhi to  In 1562 Akbar married Joda Bhai, the daughter Amritsar is known as National Highway -1. of Raja Bharmal of Amer  Grand Trunk Road is also known a ‘Long Walk’.  In 1564, he abolished the religious tax Jaziya.  He was the first ruler to introduce Silver Rupiya Jaziya was impossed for the first time by (one rupiya was equal to 64 dams) and gold Firozshah Tughlaq. coin Ashrafi.  In 1572 he captured Gujarat and in memory of  He built the Purana Qila in Delhi (its that he built a new capital city Fathepur sikri Construction was started by Humayun) and his (city of Victory) near Agra. own Mousoleum (Tomb) at Sasaram in Bihar.  The early name of Fathepur Sikri was city of  He also constructed the Khooni Darwaza (blood Sikri. stained gate) the gate way of Firozshah Kotla  Buland Darwaza is the gate way of Fathepur in Delhi. Sikri, built by Akbar.  Hindi poet Malik Muhammed Jayasi completed  In 1575 Akbar constructed a prayer house in his Padmavat, during his reign. Fathepur Sikri known as Ibadatkhana.  His Revenue system was excellent and hence  In 1579 he issued the Infallibility Decree by Akbar’s administrative reforms were modelled which he made himself the supreme head in after him. He is regarded as the forerunner of religious matters. Akbar.  In 1580 the first Jesuit missionaries arrived at the Court of Akbar.  Shershah was succeeded by his son Islam Shah  In 1585 Ralph Fitch the first English man to The last Sur ruler was Sikkandar Shah Sur. Who reach India, reached Akbar’s Court. was defeated by Humayun in 1555 by the battle  Ralph Fitch is known as pioneer English man or of Sirhindh. torch bearer Englishman. Akbar the Great  In 1582 Akbar founded a new religion for  Akbar was born at Amarkot in Sindh in 23 Nov. universal peace and monotheism known as ‘Din 1542. Ilahi’ means Divine Faith.  In 1583 he started a new Calendar called Ilahi  He came to the throne on February 14, 1556 at Calendar. the age of 14 at Kalanur.  In 1576 Akbar defeated Maharana Pratap of  Hemu the Hindu Prime Minister of Muhammed Mewar in the battle of Haldighati. Haldighat is Adilshah of Bihar occupied Agra and accepted a mountain pass in the Aravally hills in the title Maharaja Vikramaditya. Rajasthan. 39 https://t.me/safalta2 www.safalta.com 9310414677 [email protected]  Amar Ujala Publications History  The Portuguese introduced tobacco for the first  Jahangir suspended a chain of Justice known time in India in the Court of Akbar in 1604. as Zndiri Adal infront of his Court.  Akbar was the Mughal Emperor when the  Anarkali was Jahangair’s lover. Mughal-i-Asam English East India Company was being founded directed by K. Asif is a famous film which tells in 31 December, 1600. the love story of Jahangir and Anarkali.  Akbar died in 1605.  Jahangir wrote his autobiography Tuzukh -i-  His tomb is situated at Sikhandra near Agra. Jahangiri in Persian language.  Akbar was also responsible for the introduction  Jahangir died in 1627 and was cremated at Persian as the official language of Mughals. Shahdhara in Lahore.  He divided the Mughal Empire into 12 Subahs Shah Jahan (provinces) for the administrative conveniences.  Shah Jahan was born on 5th January, 1592 at  Akbar was also the first ruler to organise Hajj. Lahore. Pilgrimage at the government expense. The Port Cambay in Gujarat is known as the ‘Gate way  His mother was Jagat Gosain and his childhood to Mecca from Mughal India’. name was Khurram.  Akbar was an accomplished Sitar player.  He married Arjumand Benu Begum, daughter of  Mughal - Rajput friendly relation began during Asaf Khan, brother of Noor Jahan. The later the period of Akbar. came to be known as Mumtaz Mahal which means beloved of the Palace. Jahangir  Shahjahan destroyed the Portuguese  Early name of Jahangir was Salim. Akbar called settlements at Hoogly. him Sheika Baba.  Shah Jahan’s period is considered as the Golden  Jahangir came to the throne in 1605. Age of Mughal Architecture and Shah Jahan is  Jahangir was the son of Akbar and Jodabai. known as the Prince of Builders.  He married Mehrunnisa, an Afghan widow in 1611 Later he gave her the titles, Noor Mahal  In 1631 he started the construction of Tajmahal (light of the palace) Noor Jahan (light of the in memory of his wife and completed in 1653. world) and Padusha Begum. Aurangazeb  In 1606 Jahangir executed fifth Sikh Guru Guru  Aurangazeb imprisoned his father and made Arjun Dev, because he helped Jahangir’s son himself the Padushah in 1658. But his actual Prince Khusru to rebel against him. coronation was conducted in 1659.  In 1609, Jahangir received William Hawkins, an  Alamgir was the name adopted by Aurangazeb envoy of King James I of England, who reached when he became the Padusha. India to obtain trade concession.  Aurangazeb is known as ‘Zinda Pir’ or living  In 1615 Sir Thomas Roe reached the Court of saint because of his simple life. Jahangir as the first ambassador of James I of  He banned music and dance. England in the Court of Jahangir. As a result of his efforts first English factory was established  He ousted all the artists from his court. At the at Surat in Gujarat. same time he was an accomplished Veena player.  Period of Jahangir is considered as the Golden  Aurangazeb was the last great Mughal Emperor. Age of Mughal Painting. Jahangir himself was  In 1675 he executed 9th Sikh Guru Guru Tej a painter. Ustad Mansur and Abul Hassan were Behadur because of his reluctance to accept famous painters in the Court of Jahangir. Islam.  Jahangir built Shalimar and Nishant Gardens in  Teg Behadur was executed at the Chandni Srinagar. Chauk. 40 https://t.me/safalta2 www.safalta.com 9310414677 [email protected]  History Amar Ujala Publications  In 1679 Aurangzeb constructed the tomb of his Sadr-us-Sadr- Incharge of charitable and only wife Rubia Durrani at Aurangabad in religious endowments Maharashtra. It is known as Bibi ka Makabara. Qazi-id-Quzat- Headed the Judiciary It is otherwise known as Mini Tajmahal as it department was the blind imitation of Tajmahal. In the same Muhtasib- Censor of Public Morals. year he reimpossed Jasya upon all the non- Muslims, which was earlier abolished by Akbar. LATER MUGHALS  Aurangazeb called Shivaji a ‘mountain rat’ and  Bahadurshah I came to the throne after the death gave him the title Raja because of his guerilla of Aurangazeb. His real name was Muassam. tactics.  In 1739 Nadirshah Quli the Persian conqueror  In 1660 he entrusted Shaisthakhan to defeat attacked India during the period of the Mughal  Later in 1665 the treaty of Purandar was signed Emperor Muhammed Shah or Rustam Khan between Maharaja Jaisingh of Ajber and Savai (1719-1748) and took away Shah Jahan’s famous Jaisingh was deputed by Aurangazeb. Peacock Throne and Kohinoor Diamond.  The Mughal Rajput relation became worse  Ahmedshah’s (1748 -1754) period saw the mighty during the period of Aurangazeb. invasion of Ahmed Shah Abdali of Afghanistan.  Aurangazeb was the only Mughal Emperor who  Akbar Shah II (1806 - 1837) conferred the title was not a drunkard. ‘‘Raja’’ upon Ram Mohan Roy.  Aurangazeb is considered as religiously fanta-  Bahadurshah II (1837-1862) was the last Mughal stic. He was also a temple breaker. He persecuted emperor. On 17th May 1857 Bahadurshah II the Hindus and imposed prohibition against was declared the independent Emperor of India the free exercise of Holi and Divali. by the Mutineers. He was surrendered to Lt.  Aurangazeb died in 1707 February 20,at W.S.R. Hodson at Humayun’s Tomb in Delhi. In Ahmednagar. Aurangazeb’s tomb is situated at 1859 he was deported to Rangoon in December Daulatabad in Maharashtra. where he expired on Nov. 7, 1862. The Tomb of Bahadurshah II is in Pwin Manah, the capital of Mughal Administration Myanmar. Wazir - Akbar abolished the post  Bahadurshah II was also a famous Urdu Poet. of all-powerful Wazir. He  Bahadurshah II was also known as became the head of the Bahadurshah Zafar, Zafar means gifted poet. revenue department Also The Marathas known as Diwan-i-ala.  The first great leader of the Marathas was Diwan- Responsible for all income Chatrapathi Shivaji. and expenditure and had  The Marathas became prominent in the later control over Khalisa and half of the 17th century. jagir land.  Shivaji belonged to the Bhonsle clan of the Mir Bakshi- Headed military Marathas. department, nobility, information and  Shahji Bhonsle and Jija Bai were the Parents of intelligence agencies. Shivaji Mir Soman- Incharge of Imperial Shivaji household and Karkhanas.  He was born in 1627 February 19 at the fort of Diwan-i-Bayutat- Maintained roads, Shivner near Junnar. government buildings etc.  His father was a military commander under the and worked under Mir Nizam Shahi rulers of Ahmedanagar and later of Saman. Bijapur. 41 https://t.me/safalta2 www.safalta.com 9310414677 [email protected]  Amar Ujala Publications History  Shivaji’s tutor was Dadaji Kondadev. Rao I (1761 - 1772) were the Peshwas who ruled  Shivaji received the help of Malavi tribe to Maharashtra. capture the territories of Bijapur Sulthan.  Baji Rao popularised the idea of Hindu Padshahi  Torna was the first place captured by Shivaji in or Hindu Empire. 1646.  Balaji Baji Rao’s period witnessed the Third  Shivaji came to conflict with the Mughals for Battle of Panipat in 1761. In this battle Ahmed the first time in 1657, during the period of Shah Shah Abdali of Afghanistan defeated the Jahan. Marathas.  In 1659 Bijapur Sulthan Ali Adilshah sent Afzal  Last Peshwa was Baji Rao II. Khan to kill Shivaji. But he killed Afsal Khan.  Madhava Rao’s period witnessed the  Shivaji's Ashtapradhan disintegration of the Maratha power and the  Peshwa—Also called "Mukhya Pradhan" formation of independent kingdoms— Finance and general administration; later he Holkarofindor, Bhonsle of Nagpur, Sindhya of became Prime Minister and assumed great Gwalior and Gaekwad of Baroda. importance.  Shivaji’s Council of Ministers was known as Ashtapradhan. They were Peshwa, Pandit Rao,  Sar-i-Naubat—Senapati or military commander : Sumant, Sachiva, Senapathi, Amatya, Mantri and this was only an honorary post with no real Nyayadhyaksha. military powers.  Chaudh and Sardesh Mukhi were two special  Majumdar or Ainatya—Accountant general taxes collected by the Marathas. during the rule of the Peshwas; he later became  The first Maratha war (1775 -82) Swai Madhav revenue and Finance Minister. Rao Vs Raghunath Rao with English support.  Waqenavis— Intelligence, posts and household  Second Maratha war 1803-05. affairs.  Third Maratha war 1816-19.  Surunavis or Sachiv—Also called chitnis,  The last great Soldier and statesman of Maratha looked after correspondence. was Nana Phadanvis (1800)  Dabir or Suriiania— Master of ceremonies.  The Maratha script was called Modiscript.  Nyayadhish— Justice.  Peshwaship was abolished in 1818  Pandit Rao— Charities and religious affairs.  Baji Rao was the ablest of the Peshwas.  In 1660 Aurangazeb deputed his viceroy of  Shivaji did not allow women in his military camp. Deccan, Shaisthakhan to kill Shivaji.  The Marathas were equipped with an efficient  1665, Shivaji signed the treaty of Purandar with naval system under Shivaji. Raja Jai Singh of Ambher, who was deputed by Aurangazeb. SIKHISM  In 1666 Shivaji visited Aurangazeb in his court at Agra. But he and his son Sambaji were  ‘Sikh’ is a sanskrit word which means ‘desciple’ imprisoned by Aurangazeb in the Jaipur Bhavan.  Sikh religion was founded by  On 16th June 1674 Shivaji crowned himself an The Six Gurus independent Hindu king became the Chatrapathi and assumed the title ‘Haidavadhasmodharak’. 1 Guru Nanak (1469-1539) : First Guru of  Shivaji died in 1680 at the age of 53. Sikhs, Founder of Sikhism  Shahu became the Chatrapathi in 1708 and his 2 Guru Angad (1504-1552): Compiled the period witnessed the rise of Peshwaship. biography of Guru Nanak  Balaji Vishwanath (1712 - 1720) Baji Rao (1720 Dev, known as Janam - 40) Balaji Baji Rao I (1740 - 61) and Madhav Sakhi; introduced Gur- 42 https://t.me/safalta2 www.safalta.com 9310414677 [email protected]