Mughal Empire Notes (PDF)

THE MUGHAL EMPIRE\ \ **SOURCES\ - LITERARY\ - ARCHAEOLOGICAL** Q1\] **SOURCES :Literary** **Ain - i - Akbari** which deals with administration & culture during Akbar\'s reign. It is part of the Akbar nama written by Abul Fazal. It is divided into 5 books The **first** book deals with the **Impe...

THE MUGHAL EMPIRE\ \ **SOURCES\ - LITERARY\ - ARCHAEOLOGICAL** Q1\] **SOURCES :Literary** **Ain - i - Akbari** which deals with administration & culture during Akbar\'s reign. It is part of the Akbar nama written by Abul Fazal. It is divided into 5 books The **first** book deals with the **Imperial household.** The **second** book deals with the **servants of the emperor, the military and civil services**. The **third** book deals with **Imperial administration.** The **fourth** book contains **Hindu philosophy, science, social customs and literature** of the Mughal period. The **fifth** book contains the **wise sayings of Akbar.** **Q2\] SOURCES: Archaeological** **Ans.** **Q3\] TAJ MAHAL Agra** \* It was built by Shah Jahan in memory of his beloved wife, Mumtaz Mahal. \* This mausoleum is built on the banks of the River Yamuna. \* It was designed by Ustad Isa Khan. \*It was designated as a **UNESCO World Heritage Site** in 1983 and as one of the Seven Wonders of the world in 2007. Q4\] 4 features of the Taj Mahal 1.The main structure is constructed on a **high platform** with a **minaret** on each of its four corners. 2 The **central dome** which looks like an **inverted lotus** rises to a height of 56.1 metres. 3 The interior has an **octagonal chamber.** 4\. It is made of **white marble** and the walls are decorated with **floral designs made of semi precious stones.** **JAMA MASJID Delhi** Q5\] Jama Masjid **biggest mosque** in India built by Shah Jahan 1\. It is built on a **lofty basement** with **majestic flight of steps** leading to the imposing **gateways on three sides.** 2\. It has **2 minarets 3 gateways and 4 towers** constructed of **red sandstone and white marble.** 3\. The northern gate has 39 steps the. eastern gate has 35 steps and southern gate has 33 steps. 4\. The face of the **spacious prayer hall** consists of **11 arches** with the central arch rising far above the roof level. Q6\] RED FORT Delhi on the banks of the River Yamuna Q7\] 4 features of the Red Fort 1\. Material used is **red sandstone and marble**. 2\. The fort has massive walls & 2 gateways **(Delhi gate** in the South & Western gateway **Lahori gate)** 3.It has 2 impressive buildings the **Diwan i Am and Diwan i Khas**.Later Aurangzeb added the **Moti Masjid in the Red fort.** 4.It is an important historical monument as the **Prime Minister of India unfurls the national flag from its ramparts on Independence Day** Q7\] 3 monuments built by Shah Jahan 1\) Taj Mahal -Agra 2\) Jama Masjid - Delhi 3\) Red Fort - Delhi Q8\] POLITICAL HISTORY OF BABUR Zahir ud din Muhammad Babur was a descendant of Timur. After establishing himself at Kabul he turned his eyes upon India. Daulat Khan Lodhi (Governor of Punjab) invited Babur to oust Ibrahim Lodi from the throne. **3 battles fought by Babur** **-First Battle of Panipat - Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi** **-Battle of Khanwa - Babur defeated Rana Sangha** **-Battle of Ghagra - Babur fought against the Afghans & Nusrat Shah of Bengal.** Q9\] POLITICAL HISTORY OF AKBAR Akbar was guided by his tutor, Bairam Khan. In the **Second battle of Panipat the Mughal forces led by Bairam Khan defeated Hemu.** **In the Battle of Haldighati, the Mughal army led by Raja Man Singh defeated Rana Pratap.** Q10\] POLITICAL ACHIEVEMENTS OF Akbar 1)He established himself in Delhi and Agra 2)He captured Kabul, Kandahar, Gujarat, Gondwana, Bengal and Malwa 3\) He ventured beyond the Vindhyas in the Deccan 4)He annexed Ahmadnagar, Berar and Khandesh to the Mughal Empire. Q11\] Mughal Administration under a monarch 1\) The Mughal Emperor was regarded as the Vice regent of God on Earth. 2\) The Emperor was the head of the Judiciary, Executive, Legislature & Army 3\) He was the Supreme commander of the armed forces. 4\) He made laws and issued administrative ordinances. 5\) The royal uzuk (small signet ring) was affixed to farmans granting jagirs, titles etc Q12\] Ministers under Mughal Administration 1\) Prime Minister( **Vakil)** in charge of civil and military affairs. 2\) Head of Revenue dept **(Wazir)** in charge of income and expenditure 3\) Head of Military dept **(Mir Bakshi**) in charge of intelligence and information agencies 4)Head of the Judicial dept(**Qazi)** Q13\] Provincial Govt under Mughal rule 1\) The empire was divided into 12 provinces( or subahs) headed by a Subahdar. 2)**Subahs** were divided into sarkars. 3\) **Sarkars** were subdivided into **parganas** 4\) Diwan was in charge of revenue administration 5\) Other important officials were **kotwal, bakshi, faujdar** etc Q14\] MANSABDARI SYSTEM 1\) Mansabdar refers to an individual who holds a mansab **(rank /position**). 2\) The lowest rank was 10 and highest was 5000 for nobles. 3\) These ranks were divided into 2 **Zat** (fixed the personal status of a person) & **Sawar** (indicated the number of cavalrymen that a mansabdar was required to maintain) 4\) The mansabdars received salaries as revenue assignments called jagirs. Q15\] Land Revenue System under Mughal rule 1\) **Todar Mal** drew up schemes for effective tax collection. 2\) A uniform system of measurement was drawn up for land tax. 3\) This system enriched the state treasury and ushered in progress in agriculture, trade and industry. 4\) The state gave loans to poor farmers.