Concepts and Characteristics of Community Health - University of Belize PDF

UNIVERSITY OF BELIZE Concepts and Characteristics of NURS4101 – COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING Community Health WEEK ONE BACHELORS IN NURSING...

UNIVERSITY OF BELIZE Concepts and Characteristics of NURS4101 – COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING Community Health WEEK ONE BACHELORS IN NURSING PROGRAM FACULTY OF HEALTH SCIENCES No.1 Ms. Michelle Cox Hoare (150 MINUTES) Copyright© 2020 University of Belize. All rights reserved Not to be reproduced or disseminated without permission from the University of Belize. Objectives At the end of this session students will be able to: 1. describe the concept of community. 2. describe the characteristics of a community. 3. discuss the two main components of community health practice (health promotion and disease prevention). 4. describe the strategy for preventing health problems. 5. describe the characteristics of community health nursing. 6. describe the Health-illness continuum. Copyright© 2020 University of Belize. All rights reserved 2 Not to be reproduced or disseminated without permission from the University of Belize. Introduction This session introduces the concept and characteristic of community and health together these concepts provide the foundation for understanding community health Nursing. We will be reviewing the definitions of community. health and its relationship to the health of the community along with the social determinants that influences the people living in the community and as such the health of the community. You will be examining the most basic component of community - based care along with the concept of the illness and wellness continuum and the relationship to better understanding the health of the community and the areas of focus when conducting a community health assessment. Copyright© 2020 University of Belize. All rights reserved 3 Not to be reproduced or disseminated without permission from the University of Belize. Concepts of Community: Community: refers to a collection of people who interact with one another and whose common interests or characteristics form the basis for a sense of unity or belonging. It can be a society of people holding common rights and privileges. (e.g., citizens of a town), sharing common interests (e.g., a community of farmers), or living under the same laws and regulations (e.g., a prison community). Community may be defined in terms of Who (people faction), Where and When (time, place or space faction), Why and how ( function). Copyright© 2020 University of Belize. All rights reserved 4 Not to be reproduced or disseminated without permission from the University of Belize. Geographic Community A community often is defined by its geographic boundaries and thus is called a geographic community. E.g., City, town, or neighborhood is a geographic community. Copyright© 2020 University of Belize. All rights reserved 5 Not to be reproduced or disseminated without permission from the University of Belize. Characteristics of a Community People/Population Place/Location Social System Copyright© 2020 University of Belize. All rights reserved 6 Not to be reproduced or disseminated without permission from the University of Belize. Function of a Community The function of any community includes its members’ collective sense of belonging and their shared identity, values, norms, communication, and common interests and concerns (Anderson & McFarlane, 2012). Copyright© 2020 University of Belize. All rights reserved 7 Not to be reproduced or disseminated without permission from the University of Belize. Community Health Geographic Communities: demarcated by geographic boundaries Common Interest/Goal Communities: Community whose focus is a health-related issue Community of Solution: is a group of people who come together to solve a problem that affects all of them. Copyright© 2020 University of Belize. All rights reserved 8 Not to be reproduced or disseminated without permission from the University of Belize. The characteristics of the families living in a community contribute to the overall complexion of that community, and in turn define the health care needs. Culture contributes to the overall character of a community and in turn influence its health needs. Health is affected by culture. The health and Illness states are strongly influenced and often primarily determined by the cultural background. Community boundaries may be geographic or a community may establish a boundary within which a problem can be defined and solved. Copyright© 2020 University of Belize. All rights reserved 9 Not to be reproduced or disseminated without permission from the University of Belize.  Note: A community defined by its problem and solutions has a fluid boundary. The problems and those who are affected by those problems determine this boundary. This allows all those who may be affected by the problems to participate in the solutions and the resulting outcome. Copyright© 2020 University of Belize. All rights reserved 10 Not to be reproduced or disseminated without permission from the University of Belize.  Social Systems/Social Determinants of Health Social systems include a community’s: economic educational religious political recreational legal Social system has an impact on the community and , consequently , the health of the community Social determinants defined:.” the circumstances in which people are born, grow up, live, work, age, and the systems put in place to deal with illness. These circumstances are in turn shaped by a wider set of forces education, social policies, and politics (WHO 2010) Copyright© 2020 University of Belize. All rights reserved 11 Not to be reproduced or disseminated without permission from the University of Belize. Concept of Health Health, in the abstract, refers to a person’s physical, mental, and spiritual state; it can be positive (as being in good health) or negative (as being in poor health). Optimal health is defined as “a dynamic balance of physical, emotional, social, spiritual, and intellectual health” (O’Donnell, 2009, p. iv). The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health positively as “a state of complete physical, mental, and social well being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity” Copyright© 2020 University of Belize. All rights reserved 12 Not to be reproduced or disseminated without permission from the University of Belize. Concept of Health Health, in this text, refers to a holistic state of wellbeing, which includes soundness of mind, body, and spirit. Social health refers to the ability to: Make and maintain relationship with others: Interact well with people and the environment. Health designates the ability to adopt to changing environments to growing up and to aging, to healing when damaged, to suffering and to peaceful expectation of death (lllich 1975). Copyright© 2020 University of Belize. All rights reserved 13 Not to be reproduced or disseminated without permission from the University of Belize. Concept of Health Community health practitioners place a strong emphasis on wellness, which includes this definition of health, but also incorporates the capacity to develop a person’s potential to lead a fulfilling and productive life—one that can be measured in terms of quality of life. Florence Nightingale - explored the health and illness connection with the environment and believed that a person’s health was greatly influenced by ventilation, noise, light, cleanliness, diet, and a restful bed. (Nightingale, 1859, preface) Copyright© 2020 University of Belize. All rights reserved 14 Not to be reproduced or disseminated without permission from the University of Belize. Components of Community Health Practice Community health practice can best be understood by examining two basic components: - Health promotion - Prevention of health problems Copyright© 2020 University of Belize. All rights reserved 15 Not to be reproduced or disseminated without permission from the University of Belize. Promotion of Health Promotion of health is recognized as one of the most important components of public health and community health practice Health promotion includes all efforts that seek to move people closer to optimal wellbeing or higher levels of wellness. Nursing, in particular, has a social mandate for engaging in health promotion (Pender, Murdaugh & Parsons, 2011). Community health promotion, then, encompasses the development and management of preventive health care services that are responsive to community health needs The goal of health promotion is to raise levels of wellness for individuals, families, populations, and communities. Community health efforts accomplish this goal through a three-pronged effort to 1. Increase the span of healthy life for all citizens 2. Reduce health disparities among population groups 3. Achieve access to preventive services for everyone Healthy People 2020- Guidance for promoting health as a nation.. It focuses on increasing the quality of life and eliminating health disparities.I Copyright© 2020 University of Belize. All rights reserved 16 Not to be reproduced or disseminated without permission from the University of Belize. Prevention of Health Problems Prevention of health problems constitutes a major part of community health practice. Prevention means anticipating and averting problems or discovering them as early as possible in order to minimize potential disability and impairment. It is practiced on three levels in community health: primary prevention, secondary prevention, and tertiary prevention (Pacala, 2007; Wallace, n.d.). Primary prevention obviates the occurrence of a health problem; it includes measures taken to keep illness or injuries from occurring. It is applied to a generally healthy population and precedes disease or dysfunction. Secondary prevention involves efforts to detect and treat existing health problems at the earliest possible stage, when disease or impairment is already present. Hypertension and cholesterol screening programs in many communities help to identify high-risk individuals and encourage early treatment to prevent heart attacks or stroke. Tertiary prevention attempts to reduce the extent and severity of a health problem to its lowest possible level, so as to minimize disability and restore or preserve function. Copyright© 2020 University of Belize. All rights reserved 17 Not to be reproduced or disseminated without permission from the University of Belize. Community Health Nursing Combines nursing science with public health science to formulate a community-based and population-focused practice (Anderson & McFarlane, 2004). “Public health nursing is the practice of promoting and protecting the health of populations using knowledge from nursing, social, and public health sciences” (ANA, 2005, p. 10) Knowledge of the following elements of public health is essential to community health nursing (ANA, 2007; Quad Council, 2003; Williams, 1977): During the first 70 years of the 20th century, community health nursing was known as public health nursing. Copyright© 2020 University of Belize. All rights reserved 18 Not to be reproduced or disseminated without permission from the University of Belize. Eight Characteristics of Community Health Nursing 1. The client or “unit of care” is the population. 2. The primary obligation is to achieve the greatest good for the greatest number of people or the population as a whole. 3. The processes used by public health nurses include working with the client(s) as an equal partner. 4. Primary prevention is the priority in selecting appropriate activities. 5. Selecting strategies that create healthy environmental, social, and economic conditions in which populations may thrive is the focus. 6. There is an obligation to actively reach out to all who might benefit from a specific activity or service. 7. Optimal use of available resources to assure the best overall improvement in the health of the population is a key element of the practice. 8. Collaboration with a variety of other professions, organizations, and entities is the most effective way to promote and protect the health of people. Copyright© 2020 University of Belize. All rights reserved 19 Not to be reproduced or disseminated without permission from the University of Belize. Community health nursing practice include nursing directed to individuals , families and groups, the predominant responsibility is to the population as a whole ( ANA 1999) As it is broadly defined, nursing care involves four essential components: (Fawcett, 1984). 1. The client 2. Environment 3. Health, and 4. Nursing Copyright© 2020 University of Belize. All rights reserved 20 Not to be reproduced or disseminated without permission from the University of Belize. Components of Community - based Care Self-care Preventive Health care Care within the context of the community Continuity of care Collaborative Care Copyright© 2020 University of Belize. All rights reserved 21 Not to be reproduced or disseminated without permission from the University of Belize. Illness -Wellness Continuum Health involves both subjective and objective dimensions; that is, it involves both how people feel (subjective) and how well they can function in their environment (objective). Subjectively, a healthy person is one who feels well and who experiences the sensation of a vital, positive state. Continuous and Episodic Health Care Needs Copyright© 2020 University of Belize. All rights reserved 22 Not to be reproduced or disseminated without permission from the University of Belize. Wellness Wellness is a life – style aimed at achieving physical, emotional, intellectual, spiritual and environmental well being. The use of wellness measures can increase stamina, energy and self – esteem, then enhance quality of life. Copyright© 2020 University of Belize. All rights reserved 23 Not to be reproduced or disseminated without permission from the University of Belize. Sources of Community Data Registration of vital events ( births, deaths, marriages) Census Notification of Infectious diseases Hospital records Disease register Record linkages Epidemiological Surveillance Population surveys Copyright© 2020 University of Belize. All rights reserved 24 Not to be reproduced or disseminated without permission from the University of Belize. Nursing Skills and Competences Communication Assessment Program Planning Cultural Competence Knowledge of Communities Public Health Science Skills Management Skills Application of Nursing Process Nursing Interventions Copyright© 2020 University of Belize. All rights reserved 25 Not to be reproduced or disseminated without permission from the University of Belize. Summary We have reviewed the concept of community and health as well as, the social determinants that influences a community’s health. We examined the characteristics of communities and the purpose for the formation of the different type of communities: geographic community, common interest communities, and community of solution. Whatever the type, the function of the community remains unchanged. We reviewed the two basic components of community health practice; health promotion and prevention of health problems. We have examined the concept of health and that of wellness. We have introduced the study of epidemiology as a means of better understanding those factors which affects health and illness. Copyright© 2020 University of Belize. All rights reserved 26 Not to be reproduced or disseminated without permission from the University of Belize.  REFERENCES Allender, J. A., et Al ( 2014). Community & Public Health Nursing: Promoting the Public’s Health. (8th Ed.). Wolters Kluwer/ Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Philadelphia, USA. Hunt, R. (2013). Introduction to Community-Based Nursing. (5th. Ed.). Wolters Kluwer/ Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Philadelphia, USA. Copyright© 2020 University of Belize. All rights reserved 27 Not to be reproduced or disseminated without permission from the University of Belize.  The End Recorded Lecture Policy: Students who are unable to attend virtual classes or consultation sessions have the right to download and view recorded lectures and consultation sessions for their personal study only. Lectures recorded for this purpose may not be shared with other people without the consent of the instructor. The recorded lectures may not be published without the express consent of the instructor and without giving proper identity and credit to the instructor. Students who use screen-recording softwares are required to adhere to the recording guidelines stated above. Copyright© 2020 University of Belize. All rights reserved 28 Not to be reproduced or disseminated without permission from the University of Belize.