Movement Concept 2 Notes PDF

Aim: What are the structural and functional classifications of joints? Do Now: Wave to a classmate, what joints/bones are you using? Success Criteria: ● I can describe the three types of functional classification of joints ● I can describe the three types of structural classifications of joints...

Aim: What are the structural and functional classifications of joints? Do Now: Wave to a classmate, what joints/bones are you using? Success Criteria: ● I can describe the three types of functional classification of joints ● I can describe the three types of structural classifications of joints Overview • Joints (articulations) = the meeting places between 2 or more bones – They give the skeleton mobility and hold it together • Body movements happen when muscles contract across joints, moving one bone toward another • Important connective tissues: – Ligaments: attach bones to bones – Tendons: attach muscles to bones • Joints can be classified by structure or function Pair/Share: Why does it make sense that the less movable a joint, the more stable it is? Why is a handstand so much harder than standing? Functional Classification • Based on what they do and how much movement they allow – Note: The less movable the joint, the more stable it is • 3 Types: – Synarthroses = Non-moving joints • Ex. The part of the skull that protects the brain = cranium – Amphiarthroses = Slightly-moving joints • Ex. Where pubic bones meet in the pelvis – Diarthroses = Freely moving joints • Ex. Like knee and elbow joints, mainly in our limbs Structural Classification • Based on what binds the bones together in the joint and if a cavity is present • 3 Types: – Fibrous joints = connect bones with the collagen fibers of dense connective tissue • Mostly immovable - Ex. Bones in the skull are held together = fibrous joints called sutures - Ex. Fibula and tibia in your lower leg are held together by ligaments only = fibrous joints called syndesmoses - Ex. The way teeth are embedded in their sockets = fibrous joints called gomphoses Structural Classification • 3 Types: – Cartilaginous joints = connect bones with cartilage • Can be rigid but also slightly movable – Ex. An immovable joint made of a bar/plate of hyaline cartilage between the sternum and the first rib = synchondrosis – Ex. A slightly movable joint made of fibrocartilaginous intervertebral discs that act as a shock absorbers between vertebrae = symphysis Structural Classification • 3 Types: – Synovial joints = connect bones with dense connective tissues AND a fluid filled joint cavity • Allows them to be freely movable (all are diarthroses) FUNCTION The function of a joint can be categorized by the amount of movement: 1. Synarthroses = Non-moving joints 2. Amphiarthroses = Slightly-moving 3. Diarthroses = Freely moving STRUCTURE The structure of a joint is based on how bones are held together. Three types: 1. Fibrous joints = connect bones with the collagen fibers of dense connective tissue 2. Cartilaginous joints = connect bones with cartilage 3. Synovial joints = connect bones with dense connective tissues AND a fluid filled joint cavity Success Criteria: I can describe the three types of functional classification of joints I can describe the three types of structural classifications of joints Which emoji are you? Why? Aim: How can we describe the 6 kinds of synovial joints? Do Now: Pair/Share: Describe the functional and structural classifications of the joints used here Success Criteria: I can describe the 6 different types of synovial joints I can give an example of each type of synovial joint Synovial Joints • 6 Special Features: – Articular cartilage that covers the opposing bone surfaces – Joint (articular) cavity – A fibrous joint (articular) capsule that encloses the cavity Synovial Joints • 6 Special Features: – Synovial fluid in the cavity that acts as a lubricant – Bandlike ligaments for reinforcement – Sensory nerve fibers and blood vessels (in the joint capsule and synovial membrane) • 6 types of configurations: gliding, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, and ball and socket The 6 types of synovial joints: 1. Gliding 2. Hinge 3. Pivot 4. Condylar 5. Saddle 6. Ball and Socket 5 minutes - 5 rotations 1 2 3 4 5 6 5 minutes - 5 rotations Expert Group Rotations You and your partner(s) are responsible for becoming the expert on your assigned type of synovial joint. Prepare a 2 minute presentation and a physical demonstration of your joint You will have 5 minutes to share your presentation and hear someone elses and take notes in your note packet. At the end of 5 minutes you will rotate to the next station and repeat your presentation and hear someone else's presentation. 1 Gliding • Also known as a “plane” joint • Allow gliding movements = When one flat bone surface glides or slips over another (back and forth or side to side) • Ex. Intercarpal joints (in wrist) and intertarsal joints (in ankle) 2 Hinge • Only moves in one direction (like a door hinge!) • Allow angular movements like flexion and extension – Flexion: bending in a way that decreases the angle of the joint so the articulating bones get closer – Extension: reverse of flexion • Hyperextension: going beyond the anatomical position • Ex. Elbow and interphalangeal (finger) joints 3 Pivot • Allow rotation as well as twisting movements back and forth – Supination = turn/twist forward – Pronation = turn/twist backward • Ex. Where humerus meets radius and ulna at the elbow 4 Condylar • Like a pedestal with a joint on top • Allows movements like flexion/extension, as well as abduction and adduction – Abduction: “moving away”; moving a limb away from the median plane, along the frontal plane – Adduction: “moving toward”; opposite of abduction • Ex. In the wrist 5 Saddle • Allows opposition movements as well as flexion/extension, abduction/adduction • Ex. Thumb joints 6 Ball and Socket • Lots of maneuverability • Allow rotational movements, abduction/adduction, flexion/extension – Rotation: turning of the bone around its own long axis • Ex. Shoulder and hip joints The 6 types of synovial joints: 1. Gliding 2. Hinge 3. Pivot 4. Condylar 5. Saddle 6. Ball and Socket Success Criteria: I can describe the 6 different types of synovial joints I can give an example of each type of synovial joint Which emoji are you? Why? Aim: How can we review articulation and joint classification? Do Now: Get a laptop or electronic device. Student Surveys After you finish the survey, please open the joint classification assignment on formative, posted on google classroom. Aim: How do muscles aid in the movement of joints? Do Now: What is the functional and structural (including type) of joint used in this motion shown below? Other Types of Movements at different joints • Circumduction: moving limb in a circle; Ex. Making circles with arms • Elevation and depression: lifting (then lowering) a body part superiorly; Ex. Shrugging your shoulders, jaw dropping • Protraction and retraction: Ex. Sticking jaw out (to make an under bite) and back in • Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion: Lifting foot up and down at the ankle • Inversion and eversion: Turning the foot towards the midline of the body vs. turning away from the midline of the body Muscle Contractions • Bones can’t move without the joints that connect them and the muscles that stretch over those joints • Movement occurs when muscles contract – They always pull, never push • 2 main types of contractions: – Isotonic = causes a change in the length of the muscles • Ex. Lifting a box or doing push-ups – Isometric = no change in length • Ex. Standing with good posture or doing a plank Muscle Contractions • Insertion = the movable bone during a muscle contraction • Origin = the bone that moves less or not at all – Ex. In a bicep curl, the radius is the insertion point and pulls towards the scapula, which is the origin