Components of Blood PDF

EPPERIMENT 7 Components of Blood Dr. RASHA AL-AZAIZEH 1 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.  Understanding the Basics of Hematology Blood properties:...

EPPERIMENT 7 Components of Blood Dr. RASHA AL-AZAIZEH 1 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.  Understanding the Basics of Hematology Blood properties:  Blood is the red fluid found throughout the body and is contained in the blood vessels..  Blood represents about 8% of total body weight.  Blood volume: 5 liters in woman and 5.5 liters in men.  The blood viscosity: 5 times that of water, while viscosity of plasma is 2 times that of water. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 2  Understanding the Basics of Hematology Overview of Blood:  Blood is a vital fluid in the human body with several key components, each with specific roles.  Blood is a specialized body fluid that delivers oxygen and nutrients and removes waste. Functions:  Transportation of gases, nutrients, and hormones.  Regulation of pH, temperature, and hydration.  Protection through the immune system and clotting mechanisms. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 3  Components of Blood Plasma (55% of blood volume) Cellular Elements (45% of blood volume) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 4  Components of Blood Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 5  Serum vs Plasma Plasma = blood Serum = blood without cells but without cells and with clotting without clotting factors factors With Anticoagulant EDTA tube Plane tube No anticoagulants Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 6  Plasma  Plasma is the liquid component of blood, making it yellowish in color. It serves as the medium for transporting substances.  Components:  Water: Makes up about 90-92% of plasma; acts as a solvent and medium for carrying nutrients and waste.  Proteins: Albumin: Maintains osmotic pressure and transports substances. Globulins: Include antibodies (immunoglobulins) that fight infections. Fibrinogen: Involved in blood clotting.  Electrolytes: Sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, and bicarbonate; help maintain pH and cellular function.  Nutrients: Glucose, amino acids, lipids, and vitamins.  Waste Products: Urea, creatinine, and carbon dioxide.  Hormones and Enzymes: Regulate various physiological functions. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 7  Cellular Elements  The cellular elements of bone marrow are primarily involved in the process of hematopoiesis, which is the formation of blood cells.  Bone marrow is a soft, spongy tissue found within the cavities of bones, particularly in the axial skeleton (e.g., pelvis, ribs, sternum) and the ends of long bones. It consists of two types:  Red bone marrow (active in blood cell production)  Yellow bone marrow (primarily composed of fat). Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 8  Red Blood Cells (RBCs):  Also known as erythrocytes.  Biconcave, disk-shaped cells without nuclei.  Contain hemoglobin, a protein that binds oxygen and carbon dioxide for transport.  Each red blood cell (RBC) contains approximately 270 million to 300 million molecules of hemoglobin.  Lifespan: Approximately 120 days.  Function: Transport oxygen from the lungs to tissues and return carbon dioxide to the lungs for exhalation. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 9  Hemoglobin Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 10  White Blood Cells (WBCs):  Also known as leukocytes.  Function: Play a key role in the immune system, defend the body against infections, foreign invaders, and abnormal cells.  Types of WBCs: Neutrophils: Mature neutrophil usually having (3-5) lobes. Lymphocytes: small cells with a thin rim of cytoplasm due to the large size of the uniform nucleus Monocytes: The nucleus is large and curved, often in the shape of a horseshoe, but it may be folded or curled. It never undergoes segmentation. Eosinophils: The cytoplasm is packed with distinctive spherical red/orange granules.. Basophils: The distinctive, large, variably sized, dark blue/purple granules of the cytoplasm often obscure the nucleus Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 11 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 12  Types of WBCs  Granulocytes: 1. Neutrophil: Contain granules filled with enzymes that kill and digest microorganisms. First responders to bacterial or fungal infections. Uptake and killing of bacterial pathogens in 3 main steps: 1. Chemotaxis 2. Phagocytosis 3. Killing and digestion of pathogen Normal range: 40-80% of total WBCs Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 13  Types of WBCs 2. Eosiniphil: Moderate eosinophilia occurs in allergic conditions (e.g.asthma), more severe eosinophilia may be seen in parasitic infections (e.g. Ascaris, malaria) and drug sensitivity. Normal range: 1-6% of total WBCs 3. Basophil: The Basophils distinctive dark blue granules, they are rich in histamine, serotonin and heparin substances. The causes of the abnormal increase in the number of basophil are chronic myeloid leukemia, hemolytic anemia, hypothyroidism, ulcerative colitis. Normal range: less than 1-2% of total WBCs Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 14  Types of WBCs  Agranulocytes: 1. Monocyte: Monocytes are the largest of the circulating WBCs The functions of monocytes include: phagocytosis, interferon activation, chemotaxis and antigen presentation. The causes of the abnormal increase in the number of monocytes are malignant tumors, parasitic infection, chronic tuberculosis, typhoid fever Normal range: 2-10% of total WBCs Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 15  Types of WBCs 2. Lymphocyte:  Types of lymphocytes: T-cells (helper and cytotoxic) B- cells: responsible for the production of immunoglobulins. Natural killer cell: It is a large cytotoxic cell The causes of the abnormal increase in the number of lymphocytes are bacterial or viral infections Normal range: 20-40% of total WBCs Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 16  Platelets:  Also known as thrombocytes.  Small, disk-shaped cell fragments.  Function: Help in blood clotting by forming plugs in vessel injuries and releasing clotting factors. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 17  Summary of Blood Composition Blood is essential for maintaining homeostasis and supporting vital functions in the body. Component Percentage Main Role Oxygen and carbon dioxide Red Blood Cells ~45% transport White Blood Cells