SSC 104 Notes PDF

COMPILED SSC 104 NOTES BY ADEYEMI Yes, it's rain Semester!! Let's make it a successful academic journey!! SSC 104 just got a whole lot easier! Adeyemi's compiled notes are here, complete with probable questions and answers. Say goodbye to stress and dive into thi...

COMPILED SSC 104 NOTES BY ADEYEMI Yes, it's rain Semester!! Let's make it a successful academic journey!! SSC 104 just got a whole lot easier! Adeyemi's compiled notes are here, complete with probable questions and answers. Say goodbye to stress and dive into this comprehensive study resourcefrom Adeyemi. SSC104 COURSE OUTLINE. (Introduction to Political Science) 1. Subject matter of political science ✓ Major definitions of politics. ✓ Historical concepts of political science ✓ Who is a political scientist? ✓ What other names can a political. scientist be called √ Few differences between a political scientist and a politician. √ Branches of political science including the theories of political science. √ Relevance of political science 2. Context of politics Few concepts of politics State Nation Government Political system Concept of Power, influence, Sovereignty, Authority and legitimacy 3. Organs/arms/institutions of government and their functions 4. Classification of government as well as forms of government. 5. Constitution and constitutionalism 6. Human Rights, duties and obligations 7. International Relations, international politics and international organizations 8. Electoral system and elections. 9. Conflict theory and conflict resolution 10. Political culture and political socialization 11. Separation of powers, checks and balances 12. Party systems, political parties and pressure groups 13. Government Administration and Local Government 14. Political beliefs and ideology. SUBJECT MATTER OF POLITICAL SCIENCE Political Science emanates from the word " *politics* ", in other words, politics gave birth to political science. *Meaning and concept of politics* Politics originated from several Greek words in metamorphosis, originally it originated from the first greek word ' *polis* ', which means a city. The word 'polis' then gave birth to another Greek word called "polites" it refers to *citizens/people* this word leads to another Greek word " *politikos* ", this is an adjective that pertains to the description of a city and it's people. Politics can be described in two major ways 1. Politics can be described as an art 2. Politics can also be viewed as a field of study. 1. Politics as an art can be explained with the skill, expertise, professionalism, with which politics can be practiced. 2. Politics as a field of study and as a discipline, people who specialize in the field of politics are called *Political Scientist, Political Analyst, Political Investigator*. What a political scientist does is to study political conflict, political challenge, political problems, with a view to proffering solutions to them *Ways politics can be defined* You can define politics as: 1. The exercise of power: How power is being used, power is sweet. When you have Political power you most likely have Authority. Politics can be defined as exercise as power. Politics as a day-to-day activity in which everyone is involved: i.e. politics is a collective business, nobody can be left out. The most prominent definition of politics is given by Harold Lasswell. He defined politics as *who gets what, how and when*. There are certain vital elements of Harold's definition. The *Who* - means humans are the ones that engage in politics *What* - objects of *How* - status of means by which things are going *When* - Time Asides the definition above, politics can be defined as a way by which conflict is solved. *Ways of resolving conflicts* Dialogue. Negotiation Arbitration Mediation Law Courts *BRANCHES OF POLITICAL SCIENCE* There are several sub-fields of Political Science are: 1. *International Relations* : This subfield or branch of political science tries to look at happenings between and among nations of the world. It specializes in looking at why a nation/Sovereign state needs to relate. 2. Foreign Policy: Why does the state do something and not the other one 3. *Concept of National Interest* : These are things that a particular state holds sacrosanct, that they can't do away with. 4. *Comparative Politics* : This branch of political science looks into the process of comparing one state with another, with the purpose of pointing out the differences and similarities 5. *Political Theories*: Several theories that seek to explain politics. We have a number of political theory A. System theory B. Game theory C. Elite theory D. Group theory E. Institutional theory 6. *Local Government Studies* 7. *Government and Politics* : This tries to explain what has happened in the past from time immemorial and how can we gain from such experiences. This is to enable us rectify the past and to make our future better *Benefits of taking Political science* 1. Enlightenment of Assignment 2. Enlighten us in the various systems of government a country practice 3. Enables us to understand governance as regards the issue of accountability, separation of powers, checks and balances. 4. Provision of employment opportunities: especially in places where there are Political Science Department. Topic 2: Context of politics The lecturer did not give us any notes but Instead, he made provision for a material/pdf so we can read more on the topics. I'll drop the file below this note. SSC104: TOPIC 3 *Concept of Power, Influence, Sovereignty, Authority & Legitimacy*. Power is the capability or ability of a state to influence other states in the international system. This perceptive of power is commonly seen in the field of international relations. In political science power can be seen as the ability of political leaders or actors to control, to lead and direct political behavior of their citizens in a desired way or manner. It can also be define as the ability to coerce the decision of people and make them to do what they wouldn’t have done. These can be through the means of coercion or force. Power in political science is derivable through the means of elections. Power can also be classified as *hard and soft* power. **Hard power:* takes the form of coercion, sanctions, use of force to control the behaviors of people or decisions of state in way they wouldn’t have done ordinarily. Examples include; Economic sanctions imposed by united states on Russian, during Ukraine and Russian war. *Soft power.* is the ability of using culture and ideology, Norms and tradition, to control and influence and to direct the attitudes or behavior of people or state towards a preferred or desired direction. A good example is the exhibition of different cultures during World Cup, sporting events or Atlantic events. There are three basic components of power - Legitimacy - Authority - Sovereign 1. Authority: is the right to give command and ability to enforce obedience with the command. It does not involve the use of force, it use ideas and obedience, it can be enforce by individual, group or institution as well as government. A good example of authority is the ability of the government to delegate duties and functions to their subordinates who must comply to such decisions or command 2. Legitimacy: is the act of being lawful or is the process when the government of a country with its power and influence is fully accepted and recognize by the people. In other words, the government is legitimate when the people accept it. It can also be defined as the legal means or procedure of ascending political power. 3. Sovereignty: is the same as independent of a or self-reliance of a state to make rules and regulation that is binding on the people from any other party, entity or state. It’s the ability of state to be supreme, not reliance or dependence on any other states in taking decisions. Exercising it’s power and authority and influence over its citizens. Class by *DR. AGUNYA* *SSC104 CLASS* Topic 4 : *INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS* International Relations (IR) is field that studies the interactions between countries, international organizations, multinational corporations, and other global actors. It covers a wide range of topics, including politics, economics, diplomacy, security, and culture. Here are some key concepts and areas of study within IR: International Political Economy (IPE): This area focuses on how political and economic factors interact in the global arena. It studies topics like trade, finance, development, and globalization. International Security: This area covers topics related to the security of states, such as war, peace, and conflict resolution. It also examines issues like arms control, terrorism, and intelligence. Foreign Policy Analysis: This area looks at how states make decisions in the international system, examining factors such as leadership, bureaucracy, and public opinion. International Law and Organizations: This area studies the role of international law and organizations like the United Nations and the World Trade Organization in promoting cooperation and managing conflict among states. International Theory: This area explores different theoretical approaches to understanding international relations, such as realism, liberalism, and constructivism. Global Governance: This area focuses on how the international community can work together to address global challenges like climate change, poverty, and human rights abuses. International Ethics: This area examines the ethical dimensions of international relations, including issues like humanitarian intervention, just war theory, and global justice. International Relations is an interdisciplinary field that draws on a variety of academic disciplines, including political science, economics, history, sociology, and anthropology. It’s a dynamic and constantly evolving field that plays a crucial role in shaping our understanding of global politics. IMPORTANCE OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Understanding Global Politics: International Relations helps us understand the complex dynamics of global politics, including the interactions between states, international organizations, and other global actors. Managing Conflict and Promoting Cooperation: International Relations provides insights into how conflict can be managed and cooperation promoted in the international system. Informing Policy Decisions: IR provides policymakers with the knowledge and analytical tools they need to make informed decisions about foreign policy, security, and other global issues. Promoting Global Justice and Human Rights: International Relations also plays an important role in promoting global justice and human rights by providing a framework for understanding and addressing issues like poverty, inequality, and humanitarian crises. Addressing Global Challenges: IR is critical for addressing global challenges like climate change, pandemics, and economic inequality, which require cooperation and coordination among states and other global actors. Understanding Different Perspectives: By studying IR, we can gain a deeper appreciation for the different perspectives and worldviews of people from other cultures and countries. In short, International Relations is important because it helps us make sense of the complex and rapidly changing world we live in, and provides us with the tools we need to address some of the most pressing challenges facing humanity today. *Power in international relations* Power in International Relations is a central concept that refers to the ability of a state or other global actor to influence others to achieve its goals or interests. Here are some key aspects of power in IR: *Types of Power* There are different types of power, including military power, economic power, political power, cultural power, and soft power (the ability to influence others through persuasion and attraction). Distribution of Power: The distribution of power in the international system is a key factor shaping global politics. Realists argue that power is distributed unevenly among states, leading to a constant struggle for dominance. Balance of Power: The balance of power refers to the distribution of power among states in a way that prevents any one state from becoming too dominant. This can lead to the formation of alliances and other balancing behaviors. Power Transition Theory: This theory argues that conflicts are most likely to occur when a rising power challenges the dominance of an established power. Hegemony: Hegemony refers to the dominance of a single state or group of states in the international system. Hegemons can use their power to shape the rules and norms of the international system. Understanding power dynamics is critical for making sense of global politics and for developing effective strategies for achieving foreign policy goals. It's also important to recognize that power is not static, but constantly shifting as states rise and fall, technologies evolve, and new actors emerge on the global stage. Class by *DR. MRS. IKEDIMA* *SSC104 CLASS* Topic 5 Right, Duties and Obligations of the citizens. 1. Right: simply means legally sanctioned claims of citizen which are usually enshrined or incorporated into a state constitution. Right means inalienable benefits. Most state of the world have their right incorporated in their constitution. Rights are fundamental freedom that every citizen is expected to enjoy if only he claims them. It is otherwise called “civil liberty”. The universal declaration of human rights which is a product of United Nations commission on human rights put fundamental human rights for the benefits of mankind through it general assembly resolution 217A(iii). The following are agreed upon as universal rights: - Natural Rights: These are right that are acquired when human being is conceived from pregnancy to adulthood and until when he dies. It also covers right of human from pregnancy, infancy to adulthood. These right are inalienable and they include; Right to live, Freedom of expression right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion. - Civic right: these right are developed from civilization up to mordernity they include right that human being are now enjoying, especially due to the changes of live, they include; right to marry, right to own a property, right to freedom of discrimination, right to peaceful assembly, rights to privacy, capacity to contract, equality before the law - Political Right: this simply means right that are involve in the political process of a country especially right to vote and be voted for,and right to form political associations and choose our leaders and right to participate in the determination of system of government and decision making, right to commend on National issue - Development Right: these is subdivided into 4 (four) and the acronym is *ECOSOC*. : The ECO means economic right this means right or claims for people to work and to claim their wages or salary, right to also choose our trade or profession, right to participate in the management in the economic activities a Country and the SOC means Social Right: this offers right to free education at all levels, right to good medical facilities, right to old age upkeep, right to safety, security and welfare of all people. - Cultural Right: This covers the rig to practice one’s religion and culture. All these are sub zoomed generally under the following: 1. A citizens as right to vote and vote for and seek appointment into public offices, a citizen has right to be protected against in due injustice. 2. A citizen is also free from compulsory labor, slavery or rendering of services without adequate payement. 3. A citizen also have right to float a political party or join an existing one of his choice 4. They have the right to be requitted into the police or any other military institution of his state. With all these right available to mankind’s they are not absolute. They have limitations: - Infact cannot be responsible for criminal offenses - An Exconvict, bankrupt or rubber cannot be vote for. - The right to express is hindered by the law of slander, libel or sedition. - There are a number of associations that are not open; for instance, student cannot join ASUU. - Freedom to own property does not prevent police search. - There is law of restriction against movements. - There are some personalities that enjoy immunity. Therefore, we may not be equal before the law. - Law of morality which expects to behave in a patterned way, and such law can be given as. ( father as no right to have sex with his daughter) - Emergency can also prevent us from moving around. - Sickness or mental situation of people can make government to restrict their movement *DUTIES AND OBLIGATIONS OF A CITIZENS* 1. All citizens are expected to obey rules and regulations of a state 2. We are expected to pay our tax 3. We should also be loyal and honest and be patriotic to our state under whatever circumstances 4. A citizen should stay away from economic sabotage 5. Citizen should be ready to assist law enforcement agent when they are called upon to do so. 6. We should be ready to give honor and respect to our state symbols Eg: Currency, flag. The anthem. 7. We should be ready to serve our country compulsorily for a period of one year at the end of our first degree. In case of emergency our country may require our services. Class by *DR. ALIYU* *SSC104 CLASS* Topic 6: CONSTITUTION AND CONSTITUTIONALISM Constitution is the fundamental principles or a sense of rules and regulations governing the conduct of the affairs of a state or the activities of leaders in a state. TYPES OF CONSTITUTION WRITTEN AND UNWRITTEN CONSTITUTION -Written and unwritten constitutions are two different approaches to defining the fundamental principles, rules, and structures of a government. Here's a brief explanation of each type: WRITTEN CONSTITUTION A written constitution is a formal, single document that outlines the framework of a government, its powers, and its limitations. It serves as the supreme law of the land and is legally binding. Key features of a written constitution include: Codification of fundamental laws, principles, and procedures. A specific amendment process, which varies in rigidity. Clear separation of powers between branches of government. Protection of individual rights and liberties. Examples of countries with written constitutions include the United States, France, and Germany. UNWRITTEN CONSTITUTION An unwritten constitution is an informal collection of various sources that together form the basic rules and principles of a government. It is not embodied in a single document but is instead derived from conventions, customs, statutes, and common law. Key features of an unwritten constitution include: Evolutionary development over time through customs and practices. Flexibility and adaptability to changing circumstances. Reliance on political actors to adhere to unwritten rules and norms. Examples of countries with unwritten constitutions include the United Kingdom and New Zealand. The choice between a written or unwritten constitution depends on a country's historical and political context, as well as its preferences for codification and clarity versus flexibility and incremental development in the fundamental rules of governance. RIGID AND FLEXIBLE CONSTITUTION Rigid and flexible constitutions are two categories of constitutions, which differ in terms of how easily they can be amended or changed. Here's an overview of each type: RIGID CONSTITUTION A rigid constitution is one that is challenging to amend or change. It typically requires a complex and multi-step process, often involving legislative supermajorities, multiple legislative votes, or approval from subnational governments. Some key features of a rigid constitution include: -- Strict amendment process to ensure the constitution's stability and durability. -- Infrequent constitutional changes due to the high threshold for amendments. -- Designed to protect fundamental principles and rights from short-term political changes or temporary public sentiment shifts. Examples of countries with rigid constitutions include the United States and Germany. FLEXIBLE CONSTITUTION A flexible constitution is one that can be amended or changed more easily, typically requiring a simple majority or a similar, less stringent process. It allows for more frequent adjustments and updates to the constitutional framework. Key features of a flexible constitution include: -- Simpler amendment process, enabling more rapid changes to the constitution. -- Ability to respond more quickly to changing political, social, or economic circumstances. -- Potentially less stability and predictability in constitutional principles and provisions. Examples of countries with flexible constitutions include the United Kingdom (which has an uncodified constitution based on various sources) and Sweden. The choice between a rigid and flexible constitution depends on a country's historical context, political culture, and views on the proper balance between stability and adaptability in the fundamental rules of governance. FEDERAL AND UNITARY CONSTITUTION Unitary and federal constitutions are the fundamental laws that outline the structure and powers of the government in unitary and federal systems, respectively. Here's a brief overview of each type of constitution: UNITARY CONSTITUTION A unitary constitution establishes a central government with supreme authority over all aspects of governance. It may provide for the creation of regional or local governments, but these entities are subordinate to the central government and derive their powers from it. Key features of a unitary constitution include: -- Supremacy of the central government. -- Central government's ability to create, abolish, or alter regional governments. -- Centralized power for decision-making and policy implementation. -- Uniform application of national laws and policies across the country. Examples of countries with unitary constitutions include China, France, and Saudi Arabia. FEDERAL CONSTITUTION A federal constitution divides political power between a central government and various regional governments (such as states or provinces) through a constitutional agreement. It clearly outlines the powers and responsibilities of each level of government, ensuring a balance of power and maintaining checks and balances. Key features of a federal constitution include: -- Division of powers between the central and regional governments. -- Constitutional protection for regional governments' existence and authority. -- Shared decision-making and policy implementation between levels of government. -- Dispute resolution mechanisms, often involving the judiciary. Examples of countries with federal constitutions include the United States, Germany, and Canada. The main difference between unitary and federal constitutions lies in how they allocate political power and authority between the central and regional governments. Each system has its strengths and weaknesses, and the choice between them depends on a country's unique historical, political, and cultural context. CONSTITUTIONALISM Constitutionalism is a political philosophy and system of governance that emphasizes the rule of law, limitations on government power, and the protection of individual rights and freedoms. It is based on the idea that governments should be restrained by a set of fundamental principles and rules encoded in a constitution. Here are some key aspects of constitutionalism: LIMITED GOVERNMENT Constitutionalism advocates for a government with limited powers to prevent abuses and ensure that individual rights are protected. Limitations on government power are achieved through mechanisms like separation of powers, checks and balances, and constitutional guarantees for individual rights. RULE of LAW Constitutionalism emphasizes the rule of law, meaning that the government and its officials are subject to the law and must act in accordance with established legal procedures. It ensures that the government's actions are predictable, fair, and transparent. CONSTITUTIONAL SUPREMACY Under constitutionalism, the constitution is considered the supreme law of the land, and all other laws and government actions must be consistent with it. Any laws that conflict with the constitution can be declared invalid. SEPARATION of POWERS To prevent the concentration of power and ensure checks and balances, constitutionalism often calls for the division of government into separate branches, such as the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. Each branch has distinct responsibilities and powers, and they work together to make, enforce, and interpret laws. INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS and FREEDOMS Constitutionalism emphasizes the importance of protecting individual rights and liberties, such as freedom of speech, religion, and assembly. These rights are often enumerated in the constitution or a bill of rights, which serves as a safeguard against government overreach. POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY Constitutionalism recognizes that the ultimate source of a government's authority is the consent of the governed. The people are sovereign and have the right to participate in their government through democratic processes such as elections and referendums. CONSTITUTIONAL REVIEW Many constitutional systems provide for an independent judiciary or a specialized constitutional court to review the constitutionality of laws and government actions. This ensures that the constitution remains the supreme law and that its principles are upheld. In summary, constitutionalism is a system of governance that emphasizes the importance of limited government, the rule of law, and the protection of individual rights. It ensures that governments remain accountable to the people and operate within the boundaries set by a constitution. CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT in NIGERIA (1999 constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria) 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, which is the current supreme law of Nigeria. This constitution outlines the structure of the Nigerian government, defines the fundamental rights and freedoms of Nigerian citizens, and provides for the division of power between the federal government and the 36 Nigerian states. Some key aspects of the 1999 Nigerian Constitution include: --Supremacy of the constitution: The constitution is the highest law of the land and supersedes all other laws. --Federal Republic of Nigeria: Nigeria is defined as a federation of 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory of Abuja. --Separation of powers: The constitution establishes the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government, and defines their powers and responsibilities. --Fundamental rights: The constitution guarantees Nigerian citizens a range of fundamental rights and freedoms, such as the right to life, liberty, dignity, privacy, freedom of expression, and religious freedom. The 1999 Constitution has been amended several times since its adoption, and debates continue to take place regarding potential reforms to address ongoing political, social, and economic challenges in Nigeria. THE CLIFFORD CONSTITUTION OF 1922. The Clifford Constitution is a significant historical document in Nigerian constitutional history. Introduced in 1922, it derived its name from the then-Governor of Nigeria, Sir Hugh Clifford, who took over from Lord Lugard. The constitution aimed to reform the existing governance structure in Nigeria by introducing a new legislative council and executive council, which replaced the old legislative council for Lagos colony and the Nigerian council. The Clifford Constitution was adopted on November 21, 1922, and published in The London Gazette on June 29, 1923. It marked an important milestone in Nigeria's journey towards self-governance, though further constitutional developments would occur in subsequent years. THE AURTHUR RICHARD CONSTITUTION OF 1946 This constitution was a significant development in Nigeria's constitutional history, as it replaced the Clifford Constitution of 1922. The Richards Constitution aimed to address the weaknesses and shortcomings of the previous constitution and better fulfill the aspirations of Nigerians. One of the key features of the Richards Constitution was the introduction of regionalism, which divided Nigeria into three regions: Eastern, Western, and Northern. Additionally, the constitution created a new legislative council for the entire country, which was composed of the governor, sixteen officials, and twenty-eight unofficial members. The Richards Constitution marked an important step in Nigeria's journey towards self-governance and laid the groundwork for further constitutional developments in the years to come. THE MACHPERSON CONSTITUTION OF 1951 The Macpherson Constitution was introduced in 1951 and was named after John Stuart Macpherson, who was the Governor-General of Nigeria at the time. The Macpherson Constitution introduced regional autonomy and federal union, creating a central government with a Council of Ministers. This encouraged political participation and party activity at the national level. However, the regional governments were granted broad legislative powers that could not be overridden by the newly established 185-seat federal House of Representatives. As a result, the Macpherson Constitution significantly boosted regionalism in Nigeria. The Macpherson Constitution was replaced by the Lyttleton Constitution in 1954, which further cemented the federal principle and paved the way for Nigeria's independence from Great Britain in 1960. THE LYTTLETON CONSTITUTION OF 1954 The Lyttleton Constitution, implemented in 1954, represented an important milestone in Nigeria's constitutional history. Here are some key features of the Lyttleton Constitution: --Strengthening of Federalism: The Lyttleton Constitution further reinforced the federal principle, granting more autonomy to the three regions that had been established under the Macpherson Constitution—Northern, Western, and Eastern. --Legislative Changes: The constitution abolished the central legislature and created a fully-fledged federal House of Representatives with 184 elected members. --Cabinet System: The Lyttleton Constitution introduced a cabinet system, allowing the Prime Minister to appoint ministers from all regions, subject to approval by the House of Representatives. --Self-Government: The constitution provided for self-government in the Western and Eastern regions, which gained full internal self-government in 1957, while the Northern region achieved the same status in 1959. Overall, the Lyttleton Constitution marked a crucial step in Nigeria's transition to full independence and sovereignty, laying the groundwork for the subsequent negotiations that led to Nigeria's independence in 1960. DRAFT CONSTITUTION OF 1995 1995 Draft Constitution of Nigeria that was part of the constitutional conference held during the military regime of General Sani Abacha. The 1995 Draft Constitution was an attempt to create a new legal framework for Nigeria, addressing issues of federalism, governance, and human rights. Some key points about the 1995 Draft Constitution of Nigeria: --Federal Structure: The draft constitution-maintained Nigeria's federal structure, dividing the country into states and local governments. It also provided for the creation of a Federal Capital Territory. --Executive Power: The draft constitution established a presidential system of government, with executive powers vested in the President, who would serve as both the head of state and the head of government. --Legislature: The draft constitution provided for a bicameral legislature consisting of a Senate and a House of Representatives. --Judiciary: The judiciary was to be independent, with the Supreme Court as the highest court of the land. --Human Rights: The draft constitution included a comprehensive list of fundamental humans rights, including civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights. --Citizenship: The draft constitution defined Nigerian citizenship and provided for the rights and obligations of citizens. Despite the efforts made in drafting the 1995 Constitution, it was never adopted due to the political situation in Nigeria at the time. The country continued to be governed under military rule until the return to civilian rule in 1999, when the current Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria was adopted... CLASS BY PROF. AWOFESO. The last topic is Election and Electoral system in which the Lecturer gave us a document to read instead. I'll make provision for the documents alongside with Topic 2's. NAMES OF LECTURER Dr AGUNYA Dr Ikedima Dr Aliyu Prof Awofeso Thank you. Compiled by: ADEYEMI MUHAMMED BABATUNDE, IFELAW,SUI GENERIS. CA: 09031635828. What is next??? Adeyemi gats you!!!! ADEYEMI'S PROBABLE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS (SSC 104) Embarking on another semester journey, Adeyemi returns to guide us through SSC 104, just as he did in SSC 101. Here's a sneak peek at the probable questions and answers. Wishing everyone the best of luck for the upcoming test on Tuesday! LET'S Go!! *1. What is the origin of the word "politics"?* - A. Latin - B. Greek - C. Sanskrit - D. Arabic *Answer: B. Greek* *2. Which Greek word means "a city"?* - A. Polis - B. Politikos - C. Polites - D. Politics *Answer: A. Polis* *3. Who defined politics as "who gets what, how, and when"?* - A. Aristotle - B. Plato - C. Harold Lasswell - D. Machiavelli *Answer: C. Harold Lasswell* *4. Which branch of Political Science focuses on the study of interactions between nations?* - A. Comparative Politics - B. International Relations - C. Political Theories - D. Local Government Studies *Answer: B. International Relations* *5. What is the main purpose of Foreign Policy?* - A. Maintaining internal peace - B. Resolving conflicts within a nation - C. Dealing with international relations - D. Managing local governance *Answer: C. Dealing with international relations* *6. Which theory emphasizes the importance of power in international relations?* - A. Game theory - B. Elite theory - C. System theory - D. Group theory *Answer: A. Game theory* *7. What is the difference between hard power and soft power?* - A. Hard power involves coercion, while soft power involves persuasion - B. Hard power relies on cultural influence, while soft power relies on military strength - C. Hard power is used in domestic politics, while soft power is used in international relations - D. Hard power is tangible, while soft power is intangible *Answer: A. Hard power involves coercion, while soft power involves persuasion* *8. What is sovereignty in political science?* - A. Ability to control others - B. Right to give commands - C. Independence of a state - D. Use of force to control behavior *Answer: C. Independence of a state* *9. What are the types of power in international relations?* - A. Economic and political - B. Hard and soft - C. Military and cultural - D. Coercive and persuasive *Answer: B. Hard and soft* *10. Which constitution established a formal, single document outlining a government's framework?* - A. Clifford Constitution - B. Lyttleton Constitution - C. 1999 Constitution of Nigeria - D. Draft Constitution of 1995 *Answer: C. 1999 Constitution of Nigeria* *11. Which type of constitution relies on conventions, customs, and statutes?* - A. Rigid - B. Flexible - C. Written - D. Unwritten *Answer: D. Unwritten* *12. What is the primary purpose of constitutionalism?* - A. To empower the government - B. To protect individual rights - C. To centralize power - D. To promote authoritarianism *Answer: B. To protect individual rights* *13. Which constitution introduced regionalism and regional autonomy in Nigeria?* - A. Clifford Constitution - B. Richards Constitution - C. Macpherson Constitution - D. Lyttleton Constitution *Answer: B. Richards Constitution* *14. Which constitution was implemented during the colonial rule of Nigeria?* - A. Macpherson Constitution - B. Lyttleton Constitution - C. Draft Constitution of 1995 - D. Clifford Constitution *Answer: D. Clifford Constitution* *15. What are the categories of constitutions based on their ability to be amended?* - A. Rigid and flexible - B. Written and unwritten - C. Federal and unitary - D. Democratic and authoritarian *Answer: A. Rigid and flexible* *16. What is the role of the judiciary in constitutionalism?* - A. To enforce executive orders - B. To interpret the constitution - C. To create laws - D. To appoint government officials *Answer: B. To interpret the constitution* *17. Who introduced the Draft Constitution of 1995 in Nigeria?* - A. General Sani Abacha - B. Dr. Aliyu - C. Prof. Awofeso - D. Dr. Ikedima *Answer: A. General Sani Abacha* *18. Which type of constitution grants supreme authority to a central government?* - A. Federal - B. Unitary - C. Flexible - D. Rigid *Answer: B. Unitary* *19. What is the importance of understanding political science?* - A. To gain employment opportunities - B. To understand global governance - C. To enhance cultural understanding - D. To promote authoritarian regimes *Answer: B. To understand global governance* *20. What does political science primarily focus on?* - A. The study of mathematics - B. The study of power and governance - C. The study of language - D. The study of ancient history *Answer: B. The study of power and governance* *21. Who is credited with the definition of politics as "who gets what, how, and when"?* - A. Aristotle - B. Plato - C. Harold Lasswell - D. Machiavelli *Answer: C. Harold Lasswell* *22. Which branch of political science focuses on studying conflicts and their resolutions?* - A. International Relations - B. Comparative Politics - C. Political Theories - D. Local Government Studies *Answer: B. Comparative Politics* *23. What is the primary purpose of a constitution?* - A. To establish a dictatorship - B. To limit government power - C. To promote corruption - D. To suppress individual rights *Answer: B. To limit government power* *24. Which type of constitution is characterized by a formal, single document?* - A. Written - B. Unwritten - C. Federal - D. Unitary *Answer: A. Written* *25. What is the main focus of International Relations?* - A. Study of local governance - B. Study of international conflicts - C. Study of cultural anthropology - D. Study of ancient civilizations *Answer: B. Study of international conflicts* These questions cover various aspects of political science as outlined in the notes. Let me know if there is any error so as to avoid such in the future. Let's strive towards success in this course. Let's keep pushing hard. Love from Adeyemi.