Community - Socio-Culture

COMMUNITY Andrea Woolcock October 2024 Community is a group of people who have common characteristics or can be defined by location, race, ethnicity, age, occupation, interest in particular problems or common bonds. Definition - COMMUNITY Community is commonly considered a social unit...

COMMUNITY Andrea Woolcock October 2024 Community is a group of people who have common characteristics or can be defined by location, race, ethnicity, age, occupation, interest in particular problems or common bonds. Definition - COMMUNITY Community is commonly considered a social unit (a group of people) who have something in common, such as norms, values, identity, and often a sense of place that is situated in a given geographical area (e.g. a village, town, or neighbourhood). Definition - COMMUNITY You can classify every type of community by the purpose that brings them together.  Interest. Communities of people who share the same interest or passion.  Action. Communities of people trying to bring about change. TYPES of COMMUNITY Place. Communities of people brought together by geographic boundaries. Practice. Communities of people in the same profession or undertake the same activities. Circumstance. Communities of people brought together by external events/situations. TYPES of COMMUNITY There are three main types of communities; urban,  suburban  rural. TYPES of COMMUNITY Rural It is present in every society of the world having distinct culture and pattern of social life. It is actually a product of natural free will of the people having extreme similarity in their objectives and ambitions of living. Agriculture is the main identity and element.. RURAL COMMUNITY People of this community mostly have face to face 'interaction with high degree of homogeneity in their identities. Basic urban facilities like school, hospital, market, municipal office, police station etc. are usually missing in this community RURAL COMMUNITY  Urban community is the opposite of rural community. The urban people lifestyle are highly impersonal with each other along high degree of complexity and heterogeneity in their living style and identities. Urban Community It is actually a product of rational choice. A complex division of labour with specialization in their jobs is the identity of urban community. Modern civic facilities are usually available. Urban Community Suburban areas are lower density areas that separate residential and commercial areas from one another. They are either part of a city or urban area, or exist as a separate residential community within commuting distance of a city. SUBURBAN COMMUNITY There are many factors that influence our health. These are called determinants of health. There are 5 determinants of health:  Biological/Genetics  Individual Lifestyle  Social environment  Physical environment  Health services SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH Social determinants of health are conditions in the environments in which people are born , live, learn, work, play, worship, and age that affect a wide range of health, functioning, and quality-of-life outcome and risks. SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH  Availability of resources to meet daily needs (e.g., safe housing and local food markets)  Access to educational, economic, and job opportunities  Access to health care services  Quality of education and job training  Availability of community-based resources in support of community living and opportunities for recreational and leisure-time activities  Transportation options  Public safety Examples of social determinants Social support Social norms and attitudes (e.g., discrimination, racism, and distrust of government) Exposure to crime, violence, and social disorder (e.g., presence of trash and lack of cooperation in a community) Socioeconomic conditions (e.g., concentrated poverty and the stressful conditions that accompany it) Residential segregation Examples of social determinants Health disparities are the inequalities that occur in the provision of healthcare and access to healthcare across different racial, ethnic and socioeconomic groups. HEALTH DISPARITIES Multiple socioeconomic factors contribute to health disparities, including income, education, residential segregation, stress, social and physical environment, employment, and many others. FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO HEALTH DISPARITIES Rural risk factors for health disparities include geographic isolation, lower socioeconomic status, higher rates of health risk behaviours, limited access to healthcare specialists and subspecialists, and limited job opportunities. This inequality is intensified as rural residents are less likely to have employer-provided health insurance coverage RURAL HEALTH DISPARITIES Some frequently cited factors underlying rural health disparities include healthcare access, socioeconomic status, health-related behaviours, and chronic conditions. CAUSES OF RURAL HEALTH DISPARITIES Access to Healthcare Rural populations can experience many barriers to healthcare access, which can contribute to health disparities. CAUSES OF RURAL HEALTH DISPARITIES Access to Healthcare  Healthcare workforce shortages are prevalent  Specialty and subspecialty healthcare services are less likely to be available in rural areas and are less likely to include specialized and highly sophisticated or high- intensity care. CAUSES OF RURAL HEALTH DISPARITIES This exacerbates problems for rural patients seeking specialized care who are faced with traveling significant distances for treatment. CAUSES OF RURAL HEALTH DISPARITIES Reliable transportation to care can also be a barrier for rural residents due to long distances, poor road conditions, and the limited availability of public transportation options in rural areas CAUSES OF RURAL HEALTH DISPARITIES Socioeconomic Status Rural populations have higher rates of low to moderate income, are less likely to have employer-sponsored health insurance coverage CAUSES OF RURAL HEALTH DISPARITIES  It was found that rural residents are more likely to be unemployed, have less post-secondary education, and have lower median household incomes compared to urban residents. CAUSES OF RURAL HEALTH DISPARITIES  While urban living continues to offer many opportunities, jobs and services, today’s urban environments can concentrate health risks and introduce new hazards.  Urban health risks are distributed unequally among social groups, with most of the burden concentrated among vulnerable segments, particularly those living in the depressed areas. URBAN HEALTH DISPARITIES Deficiencies in any of determinants of health equity in urban settings which include a wide range of factors in the political/economic, physical and social environment can lead to health inequities, and greater health risks for minorities, women, migrants, the poor, the elderly, children or disabled, and other vulnerable groups. URBAN HEALTH DISPARITIES The political and economic environment of a city is influenced by factors such as the quality of urban governance, employment, health services, education, social support networks, safety and security, and gender equality. political and economic environment The physical environment includes natural and human-made aspects of cities which contribute to health. Related determinants of health include urban geography and climate, urban built environments, housing conditions, access to safe water and sanitation, food security transport systems, and air quality physical environment Socially vulnerable groups are more likely to live in neighbourhoods that are near natural or manmade hazards (e.g. flood plains, chemical plants); in areas with poor water/sanitation, energy or transport services, or in poor housing conditions. physical environment Poor planned or unplanned urban housing, transport, and food systems, along with social and lifestyle factors, are drivers in the epidemic of non- communicable diseases, which are linked to risks and hazards such as air pollution, poor diet, physical inactivity, traffic injury and domestic injury. causes of urban health problem Communicable diseases also are associated with an unhealthy urban environment. They include: airborne diseases such as tuberculosis resulting from crowding and lack of adequate ventilation; urban health problem waterborne and vector-borne diseases such as dengue linked to unsafe water storage and poor waste management; urban health problem acute respiratory diseases from indoor air pollution and mouldy housing interiors; and diarrhoeal diseases from unsafe drinking water and sanitation. urban health problem lack of resources, limited access to providers, and low health literacy levels resulting in poorer health outcomes. CAUSES OF URBAN HEALTH DISPARITIES THE END