ENGN 1410 Engineering Design PDF

ENGN 1410 – Engineering Design Dr. Stephanie Shaw, P.Eng. September 6, 2024 ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw Overview of Engineering Design  Engineering Design  Design Process  Engineering Design –...

ENGN 1410 – Engineering Design Dr. Stephanie Shaw, P.Eng. September 6, 2024 ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw Overview of Engineering Design  Engineering Design  Design Process  Engineering Design – in the real world ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  Engineering Design ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  Everything we have around us – our environments, clothes, furniture, machines, communication systems, even much of our food – has been designed. The quality of that design effort therefore profoundly affects our quality of life. The ability of designers to produce efficient, effective, imaginative and stimulating designs is therefore important to all of us. N. Cross Designerly Ways of Knowing 1982 ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw Image: Design Thinking: https://www.indiatoday.in/education- today/jobs-and-careers/story/why-design-thinking-is-important-in- todays-job-industries-2406049-2023-07-13 Engineering Design  Engineering: the application of by which the properties of matter and the in nature are made useful to people.  Engineer: A person who designs and builds things to solve specific problems (Always wants to know How and Why things work)  Engineering Fields: Civil, mechanical, electrical, agriculture, software, etc.  Design: to , fashion, , or construct according to plan ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  Skills in Design Engineering Engineering Engineering Professional Professional Communication & Projects Practices Practices Analysis Focus on developing: Introduced to design Product development Leadership - communication process skills Project management Project management - analytical skills Develop: - teamwork - analytical skills Client communication - professional and Understand communication skills sustainability and apply to community- Prototyping based projects. ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw Technology Readiness Level (TRL) Engineering Design  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nMwG1wnESDA  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fxJWin195kU  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ptE3WGvL2co ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  Product Development PRODUCT LIFECYCLE Marketing / Validation Manufacturing Design Planning Testing & Ramp-up End of Production In-service life PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT Marketing / Validation Manufacturing Design Planning Testing & Ramp-up End of Production In-service life ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  Design Design Problem Conceptual Preliminary Detailed Definition Design Design Design ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  Product Lifecycle Marketing Validation Manufacturing Use / In- Design Production End of life / Planning Testing & Ramp-up service Design Courses Problem Conceptual Preliminary Detailed Definition Design Design Design ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw Product Development  In Reality… Concurrent Engineering Problem Definition Conceptual Design Preliminary Design Detailed Design Validation Testing Manufacturing & Ramp-up ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  In Reality… Iteration ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw https://launchleap.com/upload-blog/fuzzy-front-end-product-development- process.png  Stages in Engineering Design – Problem Definition  Problem definition  the ultimate objective  What to consider?  What do you want to accomplish?  What are the requirements?  Are there any limitations?  Who is the customer/user? ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  Stages in Engineering Design – Conceptual Design  Conceptual Design .  Gather information (literature, market research, survey)  Collect and analyze data  Identify existing technologies or emerging solutions (if any) .  Individually and in a group  Be creative, be open-minded .  Evaluate solutions against requirements and constraints (ex. cost, performance, size, etc.)  Ex. decision matrix ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw Stages in Engineering Design – Preliminary & Detailed Design  Preliminary Design .  Engineering drawings  Specify utility, etc. requirements  Source parts and materials  Build prototype  Detailed Design  all of the above ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  Stages in Engineering Design – Validation  Validation  Test design against requirement..  Identify areas for improvement  Revise drawings, design, prototype, etc. as required  Communicate finding Iterate the whole process Iterate Again! ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  Design Engineering Not just product development! ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw What types of jobs can Engineers have?  Product developer  Project manager  Quality engineer What does  Consultant engineering  Operations manager design look like?  Process engineer  Procurement  Construction ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw Example – Quality Engineer  Job: work for Cows Creamery  Responsibilities:  Ensuring quality products and/services are consistently being produced  Problem Identification – how to do this and measure it?  Design  Quality metrics  Standard guidelines  Tool/process for tracking quality  Reporting systems ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  Example – Process Engineer  Job: working for a company that helps build mines  Responsibilities: environmental compliance  Problem identification:  Have a given process for processing metal ore  Pollutants come off BUT  Have to meet environmental regulations  Design:  Identification of pollutants and regulations  Identify equipment that can remove/treat pollutants  Size and link equipment together to allow for safe release of exhaust  Performance parameters ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  Example - Construction  Job: Managing a construction site  Responsibilities: worker safety, material and work management  Problem identification:  New project starting that must align with company values  Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) criteria  Design:  Develop work practices – integrate automation or building information modeling (BIM) tools  Material receiving and waste management practices  Ex. types of packaging, disposal standards ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  Example – Operations Manager  Job: working at a factory and responsible for all operations  Responsibilities: operation, production, safety  Problem identification: need to make the facility more efficient and sustainable  Design:  Development of key performance indicators (KPIs)  Design process for assessing facility KPIs  Identification of areas where KPIs can be approved  Design solutions for meeting KPIs ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  Example – Ask GPT ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  Let’s try it…  You are presented with a problem:  Student X: “I am always thirsty at the end of ENGN 1410”  Your task:  Figure out a way of approaching this problem  Design a solution ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  ENGN 1410 – State of the World Dr. Stephanie Shaw, P.Eng. September 9, 2024 ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  Road Map for ENGN 1410 Sustainability in Engineering Design Sustainability Solutions: What are the tools we Sustainability have to account for sustainability in Design: What’s being Sustainability: What it is done? Challenges: How is State of the World: the problem Understanding the root presenting itself of the problem ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  State of the World ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  1.6-1 billion years ago 2.5-1.6 billion years ago 1 billion – 542 million years ago 541 - 252 million years ago 4-2.5 billion years ago Image from: https://www.visualcapitalist.com/cp/nature- timespiral-the-evolution-of-earth-from-the-big- 252 - 66 million years ago bang/  Timeline Image from: https://education.natio nalgeographic.org/resou rce/age-earth/ ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw Image from: https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/age-earth/ Image from: https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/age-earth/  ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw Image from: https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/age-earth/  Key Terms  Epoch :  the beginning of a distinctive period in the history of someone or something.  an extended period of time usually characterized by a distinctive development or by a memorable series of events  Holocene :  the present epoch or the system of deposits laid down during this time.  of, relating to, or being the present or post-Pleistocene geologic epoch  Anthropocene :  the current geological age, viewed as the period during which human activity has been the impact on climate and the environment.  the period of time during which human activities have had an environmental impact on the Earth regarded as constituting a distinct geological age  Definitions taken from Oxford Languages: https://languages.oup.com/google-dictionary-en/ and Merriam-Webster Dictionary: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw Holocene vs. Anthropocene  Holocene: 11,700 years ago, after most recent ice age event  Anthropocene:  Unofficial, until recently  Humans are making an impact on climate, environment, and ecosystems  Debate as to when it started  Holocene vs. Anthropocene  Theory 1: After Industrial Revolution (1800’s)  Carbon & Methane concentration changes in atmosphere  Theory 2: Atomic Era (1945)  Radioactive particles in soil  Theory 3: Start: 1950’s = Great acceleration.  Anthropocene Working Group  Significant change in human activity that impacts the environment  2016: Anthropocene is different than Holocene → Now officially regarded as a new time in the earth’s history Image from: https://medium.com/@storyofawakening/the- man-vs-nature-game-d1b84122a483  Industrial Revolution “most profound revolution in human history, because of its sweeping impact on people’s daily lives” ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  Industrial Revolution  18th Century Great Britain  Innovations in technology allowed for the Speed of change to accelerate  Tech was developed before, but this was a significant combination of tech with industry  Involved impacts on:  resource use ,  manufacturing/production/operation,  and Social (labour) Image from: https://media.hswstatic.com/eyJidWNrZXQiOiJjb250ZW50Lmhzd3N0YXRpYy5jb20iLCJrZXkiOiJnaWZcL2 ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw dldHR5aW1hZ2VzLTEyMDQ0MjYzNzUuanBnIiwiZWRpdHMiOnsicmVzaXplIjp7IndpZHRoIjoiMTIwMCJ9fX0= Industrial Revolution – continued  Agriculture:  Increase in productivity due to several factors  1701 – Seed drill by Jethro Tull  Agricultural practices: irrigation, crop rotation  Increased Production.  → Feed a bigger population  → shift to large-scale farming  → rural workers moved to cities and got jobs in industry  Textiles  Cotton Industry.  Small scale (rural) → large scale (powered by steam) industrial equipment ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw Industrial Revolution – continued  Energy  Pre-IR – Biomass was primary energy source  Deforestation (16th century) led to a shift towards coal  Coal-fired steam engine is regarded as an instrumental transition for the IR (~1750)  James Watts and Matthew Boulton – increased versatility and efficiency  Steam power, replaced wind, for pumping water  Metallurgy.  Transition from wood to coke in metal manufacturing  Enabled more production of wrought (vs. cast) iron, which is more suitable for a larger number of applications ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  Industrial Revolution – continued  Transportation.  Increased production → need a means to transport more goods  Steam engines  Boats in early 1800’s  Trains starting in 1825 ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  Atomic Era “Shall we put an end to the human race; or shall mankind renounce war?” ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw Atomic Era  “Trinity”: 5:30 a.m. on July 16, 1945  US detonated an atomic bomb in New Mexico  August 6, 1945  Uranium atomic bomb dropped on Heroshima, Japan killing more than 200,000 people  Cold War  Nuclear arms race between US, USSR, and other countries: 1950s and 1960s  New era of political and military activity  “Shall we put an end to the human race; or shall mankind renounce war?”  Russell-Einstein Manifesto 1955 ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw The Great Acceleration ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  The Great Acceleration  Post World War II  3/4 of human contribution to atmospheric CO2  Population has approximately tripled ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  Figure 4. Data representing the Great Acceleration plus superimposed 1964 peak in radionuclide fallout.Source: All data from Steffen et al. (2015) were normalised, right axis. Radiocarbon from nuclear weapons testing, rela-tive to an international standard, from Rakowski et al. (2013), left axis. Lewis and Maslin. 2015. A transparent framework for defining the Anthropocene Epoch. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277941473_A_transparent_framework_for_defining_the_Anthropocene_Epoch#fullTextFileContent [accessed Aug 15 2024]. ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  Steffen et al – 2015 - The trajectory of the Anthropocene: The Great Acceleration General Trends  Biomass and renewable fuels → Fossil Fuels  Manual vs. Machine  Increase in Production,  Movement of Labourers from Farm to Industry  Migration of people from rural to urban  Domestic to Industrial Production  More goods = need for transportation  Higher Standard of living.  More resource consumption  increased ecological disruption ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  What’s the point?  Regardless of when the “Anthropocene” started:  Humans are having a measurable. impact. accelerating environmental changes  Fossil fuels are playing a dominant role in CO2 emissions  BUT Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions are cause for concern  The world is actually facing a “Triple Planetary Crisis”  Climate Change.  Biodiversity loss.  Pollution and waste. ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  “The triple planetary crisis … is driven from a crisis of unsustainable consumption and production. We must work with nature, instead of merely exploiting it,” “Reducing the resource intensity of mobility, housing, food, and energy systems is the only way we can achieve ultimately a just and liveable planet for all.” ~ Inger Andersen, Executive Director of UNEP. ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  ENGN 1410 – Resource Use Dr. Stephanie Shaw, P.Eng. September 11, 2024 ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  Road Map for ENGN 1410 Sustainability in Engineering Design Sustainability Solutions: What are the tools we Sustainability have to account for sustainability in Design: What’s being Sustainability: What it is done? Challenges: How is State of the World: the problem Understanding the root presenting itself of the problem ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  “The triple planetary crisis … is driven from a crisis of unsustainable consumption and production. We must work with nature, instead of merely exploiting it,” “Reducing the resource intensity of mobility, housing, food, and energy systems is the only way we can achieve ultimately a just and liveable planet for all.” ~ Inger Andersen, Executive Director of UNEP. ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  Population ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  2023 = 8.09 Billion 2030 = 8.5 Billion 2050 = 9.7 Billion 2100 = 10.4 Billion 1950 = 2.49 Billion ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  Human Needs – Maslow’s Hierarchy love and belonging Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychologi cal Review, 50, 370– 396. physiological needs ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw Physiological Needs  Essentials for Human Survival 1. Air. 2. Food → Resource – agriculture 3. Water → Resource – fresh water 4. Shelter → Resource – timber, cement, etc. Depletion 5. Clothing → Resource – cotton, wool, polymers, etc. Pollution and Waste Generation 6. Warmth. → Resource – fossil fuels 7. Sleep → Resource – shelter, bedding 8. Health → Resource – pharmaceuticals, hospitals ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  Question….  Can the earth support meeting the basic physiological needs of:  8.09 Billion People?  10.4 Billion People in 2100? ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  People and the Earth  Carrying Capacity.  “maximum population size an environment indefinitely” ~Thomas Malthus  Challenges:  Widely varying estimates  Challenges :  Demographics  Resource availability  Human behaviour  Technological advances  Economic development  Environmental trends – what happens when we push our environment too far?  Fluctuates with time ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  The majority of studies estimate that the Earth's capacity is at or beneath 8 billion people. Data source: UNEP Global Environmental Alert Service / One Planet, How Many People? ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw Ecological Footprint  Ecological Footprint  Measure of the demand. being made from nature. by human activities  1990 ~ Mathis Wackernagel and William Rees at the University of British Columbia ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw Ecological Creditors and Debtors Map 2024 Global Footprint Network https://data.footprintnet work.org/#/ ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  Ecological Footprint  What is an Ecological Footprint?  Measure of draw on.  Ecosystem – Earth’s biocapacity  Forces compete for biocapacity (bioproductive space)  Food, fibre, timber, etc.  Roads and structures  Energy production  Absorb and neutralize waste https://www.footprintnetwork.org/what-ecological-footprints-measure/ ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  Resource Use ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw Resource Use  2017 – World Resource use was at 90 billion tonnes  That will double between now and 2050  1970 = 23 kg /person/day  Present = 39 kg /person/day ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw Resources  60% of warming emissions  40% of health issues are due to impacts of air emissions  Biomass Extraction  Agriculture, forestry  90% of:  Biodiversity loss  water Stress  1/3 of emissions  Mining, Processing  Fossil fuels, metals, and non-metallics (ex. sand, gravel)  35% of global emissions ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw Inequalities  Low-income countries  Consume 6 less material  Generate 10 less climate impact  Per capita resource use and impact remains relatively unchanged  Upper-middle income countries  Resource consumption has doubled in last 50 years  Growth of infrastructure  Relocation of resource-intensive processes from high-income countries Ecological Footprint Calculator  https://www.footprintcalculato r.org/home/en ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  What does this mean?  Earth Overshoot Day  When human consumption of ecological resources and services in a given year surpasses what the earth can regenerate in a year ′ 𝑠 𝐵𝑖𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 earth biocapacity 𝐸𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ  𝐸𝑂𝑆 =human ecological ′ footprint X #days×per #𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 year 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝐻𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑠 𝐸𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑡  2023 → August 2  2024 → August 1.  Can improve resource security in 5 main areas: healthy planet, Food , energy, space , and population ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw When’s our overshoot day? ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  Overshoot Day  Per country ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw How to Help #MoveTheDate  Space.  Population  70-80% population living in cities by  Women rights 2050  Family planning  Smart urban planning and development  Planet  Energy  Protecting and regenerating natural  Switching to renewables ecosystems  Food.  Diet and cutting waste ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw #MoveTheDate  https://www.overshootday.org/power-of-possibility/movethedate-visual/  “We should not accept that meeting human needs must be resource intensive, and we must stop stimulating extraction-based economic success. With decisive action by politicians and the private sector, a decent life for all is possible without costing the earth,” Janez Potočnik, International Resource Panel’s Co-Chair ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  Resources ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  Water  1% of Earth’s water is available for use. Remainder is:  Inaccessible, in glaciers, or salt water  Water usage by sector:  72% for agriculture,  16% by municipalities, and  12% by industries. (UN-Water, 2021)  people experience severe 4 billion water scarcity during at least one month of the year. (Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2016)  Manufacturing water usage is expected to increase 500% between 2000 and 2050 https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/water-scarcity ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw https://www.agu.org/share-and-advocate/share/policymakers/position-statements/fact-sheet-natural-resources  Fossil Fuels  Coal.  Peak demand is estimated between 2025 and 2048  Reserves for current global demand for next 188 years  Oil.  2010 – estimated that ~188.8 million tons left in reserves  With current demand – only ~46 years of supply left  Natural gas.  2010 – estimated only 58.6 years of supply left ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw Fish  Fish  Many species are at risk of extinction  47 percent of major basins important to inland fisheries are under “low pressure”,  40 percent under “moderate pressure” and  13 percent under “high pressure” ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw FAO. 2024. In Brief to The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2024. Blue Transformation in action. Rome. Fish – Required Growth ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw FAO. 2024. In Brief to The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2024. Blue Transformation in action. Rome.  Forests  Deforestation has begun Slow in some countries  Climate Change is making forests vulnerable to fires and pests  Forest fires are a significant contributor to GHGs  Ex. 2021 – Boreal forest fires emitted ~6,700 Mt CO2 = 2x EU emissions from fossil fuels  Global demand could increase by 49% between.  Forests sustain more than just wood → A number of non-timber based forest products ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw Forests ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw Source: FAO. 2023. FAOSTAT: Crops and Livestock Products. [Accessed on 29 December 2023]. https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL. Licence: CC-BY-4.0. Food  2022  – could not 2.8 billion people afford a healthy diet  2023  an estimated 30% of the global population – 2.33 billion people – were moderately or severely food insecure  need to accelerate the transformation of agrifood systems to Strengthen their resilience. to the major drivers and address inequalities to ensure that healthy diets are affordable ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  Critical Minerals  Li, Ni, Co, Mn, C.  battery performance  Rare Earth Elements = 17 total = 15 lanthanides + scandium (Sc) + yttrium (Y)  Permanent magnets = wind turbines and EV motors  ~110 million MT reserve  China = 44 million MT  240,000 MT production in 2023  Cu.  Electrical ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw Critical Minerals  Main driver for mining → clean energy transition  2022 vs 2023  EV sales = 14 Million = 35% increase from 2022 (6x increase from 2018)  Solar PV increasing by 85%  Wind increasing by 60%  Battery storage increasing by 40 GW (doubling the capacity from previous year)  Li demand is increasing by 30%; Ni, Co, C increasing by 8-10% ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  Market value of key energy transition minerals in the Critical Announced Pledges Scenario and the Net Zero Scenario, 2023- 2040 Minerals Billion USD IEA (2024), Market value of key energy transition minerals in the Announced Pledges Scenario and the Net Zero Scenario, 2023-2040, IEA, Paris https://www.iea.org/data-and- statistics/charts/market-value-of-key- energy-transition-minerals-in-the- announced-pledges-scenario-and-the- net-zero-scenario-2023-2040, Licence: CC BY 4.0 ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  Critical Minerals NZE Scenario = surge in demand for critical minerals, nearly 3x by 2030 3.5x the current levels by 2050 ~40 Mt. ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw IEA (2024), Global Critical Minteral Outlook 2024. IEA, Paris https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/ee01701d-1d5c-4ba8-9df6- abeeac9de99a/GlobalCriticalMineralsOutlook2024.pdf - Page 92  Mt Global lithium demand in the Net Zero Scenario, 2023-2040 Critical Minerals – Example  IEA (2024), Global lithium demand in the Net Zero Scenario, 2023-2040, IEA, Paris https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/global- lithium-demand-in-the-net-zero-scenario-2023-2040, Licence: CC BY 4.0 ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/critical-minerals-data- explorer ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  ENGN 1410 – Planet and People Dr. Stephanie Shaw, P.Eng. September 13, 2024 ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  Road Map for ENGN 1410 Sustainability in Engineering Design Sustainability Solutions: What are the tools we Sustainability have to account for sustainability in Design: What’s being Sustainability: What it is done? Challenges: How is State of the World: the problem Understanding the root presenting itself of the problem ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  Planetary Boundaries ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw What We Now Know  Humans are making significantly impacts on the world  Triple Planetary Crisis  Climate Change  Biodiversity Loss  Pollution in Waste  Main driver is.  Question is…how are these problems surfacing? ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  What’s Intuitive .  Supply = Comes from somewhere  Use = Offers values, meets a need/demand  Often can be measured  May or may not be.  Question  What do you think of when we think of:  Supply?  Use?  Supply vs. Use?  Problem → Often supplies are and/or have a set.  This represents a threshold/limit/boundary for the use of a resource  Use outpaces supply and therefore we surpass a threshold  This is when problems happen ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw What are the Earth’s Thresholds?  Planetary Boundaries  Environmental challenges → 9 Planetary Boundaries  2009: Johan Rockstrom and colleagues at . the Stockholm Resilience Centre,  Safe Sweden.  Critical  Uncertainty in the space between Planetary Boundaries  9 Boundaries  Climate Change  Biosphere Integrity  Land-System Change  Freshwater Use  Biogeochemical Flows  Ocean Acidification  Atmospheric Aerosol Loading  Stratospheric Ozone Depletion  Novel Entities (ex. pollution) ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw Azote for Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University. Based on Richardson et al. 2023, Steffen et al. 2015, and Rockström et al. 2009)  How Things Have Changed ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw Azote for Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University. Based on Richardson et al. 2023, Steffen et al. 2015, and Rockström et al. 2009) https://www.stockholmresilience.org/research/planetary-boundaries.html ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  It’s not all bad news .  Ozone layer  10 – 50 km above Earth’s surface  Absorbs out UV light  1970-1990’s  Humans emit Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other...  Often used for refrigeration  1987 – Montreal Protocol  Banned use of CFCs and other ODSs  1992 – Copenhagen Amendment ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  Let’s see the impacts  https://ourworldinda ta.org/ozone- layer#introduction ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  What are your thoughts? ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw Social Foundations  Social Foundations  provide the essential social foundation for all people to lead lives of..  social foundation  sets out the of every human’s claims.  Sustainable development envisions people and communities prospering far beyond this, leading lives of creativity and fulfilment  Raworth. 2012. A Safe and Just Space for Humanity. Oxfam Discussion Papers ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw Social Foundations  11 Indicators 1. Health 2. Food 3. Water 4. Income 5. Education 6. Resilience 7. Voice 8. Jobs 9. Energy 10. Social Equity 11. Gender Equity  Raworth. 2012. A Safe and Just Space for ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw Humanity. Oxfam Discussion Papers  Raworth. 2012. A Safe and Just Space for Humanity. Oxfam Discussion Papers ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  Raworth. 2012. A Safe and Just Space for Humanity. Oxfam Discussion Papers ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw The Dilemma  How does humanity co-exist with our planet?  Balance between: planetary boundaries AND social foundations ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw The Dilemma  How does humanity co-exist with our planet?  Balance between: planetary boundaries AND social foundations ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw Doughnut Model  Depicts both.... on a single image  “Doughnut” = Safe and Just Space for Humanity  Question…is it possible to achieve? ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw https://www.kateraworth.com/doughnut/  Some of My Research Capmourteres V, Shaw S, Miedema L, Anand M. A complex systems framework for the sustainability doughnut. People Nat. 2019;00:1– 10. https :// doi.org/10.1002/ pan3.10048 Inequalities  Low-income countries  Consume 6x less material  Generate 10x less climate impact  Per capita resource use and impact remains relatively unchanged  Upper-middle income countries  Resource consumption has doubled in last 50 years  Growth of infrastructure  Relocation of resource-intensive processes from high-income countries  But resource use is the main driver for the “triple planetary crisis” → so what do we do Take Aways  Complex  Interrelationship between the planet and its people  No easy solution  Consider both people and planet  Do our best ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  ENGN 1410 – Global Challenges – Part 1 Climate Change Dr. Stephanie Shaw, P.Eng. September, 2024 ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  Road Map for ENGN 1410 Sustainability in Engineering Design Sustainability Solutions: What are the tools we Sustainability have to account for sustainability in Design: What’s being Sustainability: What it is done? Challenges: How is State of the World: the problem Understanding the root presenting itself of the problem ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  Triple Planetary Crisis ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw “The triple planetary crisis … is driven from a crisis of unsustainable consumption and production. We must work with nature, instead of merely exploiting it,” “Reducing the resource intensity of mobility, housing, food, and energy systems is the only way we can achieve ultimately a just and liveable planet for all.” ~ Inger Andersen, Executive Director of UNEP. ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw Linking Concepts Together  (Excessive) Resource Consumption  Planetary Boundaries is contributing to: 1. Climate Change  Triple Planetary Crisis 2. Biosphere Integrity  Climate Change 3. Land-System Change  Biodiversity Loss 4. Freshwater Use  Pollution and Waste 5. Biogeochemical Flows 6. Ocean Acidification 7. Atmospheric Aerosol Loading 8. Stratospheric Ozone Depletion 9. Novel Entities (ex. pollution) ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  Climate Change ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw What is Climate Change  What it is  Long term shifts in temperature and weather patterns  What causes it  Natural: sun activity or large volcanic eruptions  Since 1800 → main driver is human activity  Burning of fossil fuels  Greenhouse Gases – stay in atmosphere and trap heat  Carbon Dioxide, Methane, nitrous oxide (N2O), Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydroCFCs (HCFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), sulphurhexafluoride (SF6) → CO2 and CH4 are main contributors ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw Climate Change – GHG Emissions  Greenhouse gas (GHG) is any gas capable of. energy and trapping heat in the atmosphere.  Sources of GHG;  Scope 1 emissions are direct emissions from sources that are owned or controlled by the entity.  Scope 2 emissions are indirect emissions from sources that are owned or controlled by the entity.  Scope 3 emissions are from sources not owned or directly controlled by the entity but related to their activities. ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw Image from: https://www.circularise.com/blogs/scope-1-2-3-emissions-explained https://ghgprotocol.org/sites/default/files/standards/Scope3_Calculation_Guidance_0.pdf ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  GHG – by Country  In 2021  China  27.9% of global GHG  Increased by 86.9% since 2005  Canada  1.4% global GHG  12th largest emitter  Share expected to decrease because of rapidly increasing emissions from... ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/environmental-indicators/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions.html  GHG – by Country  By Country  By Capita  Canada  Canada  Canada  2nd highest emitter  Decreased by 16.96%  12th largest emitter since 2005  17.7 t CO2 eq/year  US – decreased by 23.6%  Driving around the world twice (~73,500 km)  EU – decreased by 24.6%  3x Global Average ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/environmental-indicators/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions.html ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  GHG – By Sector (Canada)  2022  Oil and Gas =.  Transportation =.  → together.  2021 → 2022  GHG emissions in all sectors grew by 0.3-4.2%, except for electricity (-7.7%)  1990 → 2022  Increases  Oil and Gas (+83%),  transport (+33%),  buildings (+23%),  agriculture (+39%)  Decrease  Electricity (-50%),  heavy industry (-19%), ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  Waste and other (-12%) https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/environmental-indicators/greenhouse-gas-emissions.html  GHG – By Province or Territory  2005 → 2022  Alberta  Increased activity of oil and gas industry  Ontario  -23%  closure of electricity  Quebec  -8%  Decrease from:  residential,  Al production,  petroleum refining  Saskatchewan  -6%  Emissions reductions from. ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw. sector https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/environmental-indicators/greenhouse-gas-emissions.html  https://www.epa.gov/energy/greenhouse-gas-equivalencies- calculator#results ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw GHG Emissions  Emission: burning fossil fuels (such as oil, coal, and natural gas) for energy leads to gas emissions, mainly CO2  𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛 𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙 + 𝑂𝑥𝑦𝑔𝑒𝑛 → 𝐶𝑂2 + 𝐻2 𝑂 + 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 3𝑛+1  𝐶𝑛 𝐻2𝑛+2 + 𝑂2 → 𝑛 + 1 𝐻2 𝑂 + 𝑛𝐶𝑂2 2  Apart from CO2, other GHGs include methane, water vapor, nitrous oxide, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs).  CO2 absorbs than methane and nitrous oxide, but it’s. ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw GHGs → Global Warming Potential  Global Warming Potential (GWP)  How much energy 1 ton of gas absorbs over a given period of time (usually 100 years), relative to 1 ton of CO2  GWP = CO2-equivalent (CO2 eq or CO2 e)  𝐶𝑂2 𝑒𝑞 = 𝐺𝑊𝑃𝑗 × 𝑚𝑗  = equivalent mass of CO2 emitted to achieve the same warming effect  𝐺𝑊𝑃𝑗 = GWP of GHG species ‘j’  𝑚𝑗 = mass of GHG species ‘j’  𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑂2 𝑒𝑞 = σ𝑗(𝐺𝑊𝑃𝑗 × 𝑚𝑗 )  GHGs → Global Warming Potential  Not all emissions are equivalent! Name Chemical GWP Formula Carbon Dioxide CO2 1 Methane** CH4 27.9 Nitrous Oxide N2 O 273 HFC-32 CH2F2 CFC-11 CCl3F Sulphur SF6 24,300 Hexafluoride **CH4 acts as a precursor for ozone, Source: IPCC another GHG AR6 GWP values ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw https://www.nrdc.org/stories/greenho use-effect-101#gases  GHGs – how much of each type? ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw https://www.nrdc.org/stories/greenho use-effect-101#gases GWP - Example  Consider two factories that emit the following: Species Factory A Factory B CO2 25 kg 20 kg CH4 4 kg 6 kg N2 O 1.3 kg 1.5 kg  Which factory has greater CO2 equivalent emission? ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw GWP Example - Solution  𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑂2 𝑒𝑞 = σ𝑗(𝐺𝑊𝑃𝑗 × 𝑚𝑗 )  Factory A  𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑂2 𝑒𝑞 =  Factory B  𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑂2 𝑒𝑞 ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw GHGs – What do they do?  Solar radition – energy reaches earth, some is reflected back to space  GHGs can absorb some of this radiation and it back to Earth  Greenhouse Effect: of warming the Earth’s surface resulting from gases in the atmosphere trapping heat from the sun that would have otherwise escaped into space  for life on earth  Without it, too much heat would radiate away from Earth and surface temperatures would be. ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw https://www.nrdc.org/stories/greenhouse-effect-101 https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/greenhouse-effect/ ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw https://www.nrdc.org/stories/greenhouse-effect-101#causes GHG → Climate Change  If the Greenhouse Effect is a natural process, what’s the problem?  Emissions are increasing  Blanket of GHGs is continuing to thicken  Trapping more and more heat → Earth becomes warmer  Warmer Earth → Climate Change  Temperature rise  rise  Change in weather patterns (heat waves, heavy rain, drought)  Other impacts → , etc. ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  1850 – Present = average warming = 0.06' C 0.06 C per decade  1982 – Present = average warming = per decade  10 warmest years on record occurred in the last decade ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-global- temperature#:~:text=Earth's%20temperature%20has%20risen%20by,2%C2%B0%20F%20in%20total. Climate Change  State of Climate Change  Temperature of Earth has increased by 1.2°C  Temperature is not only problem  → ecosystems = everything is connected  Impacts: health, ability to grow food, housing, safety, and work ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw Drought ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw Wildfire ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw Flood ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/time-series  ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw Figure: An overview of climate-sensitive health risks, their exposure pathways and vulnerability factors. Climate change impacts health both directly and indirectly, and is strongly mediated by environmental, social and public health determinants. World Health Organization. Climate change. 2023. Accessed: 2024-09-07  ENGN 1410 – Global Challenges – Part 2 Dr. Stephanie Shaw, P.Eng. September, 2024 ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  Fresh Water Use ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  Fresh Water Use  Consumption of blue water use (km3 y-1)  Blue water = lakes, rivers, aquifers  Green water = plants, soil, rain  Fresh water = blue + green water  Currently at = 4 trillion m3 = 4000 km3  PB = < 4000 km3 y-1  Impacts: regional climate, moisture, biomass production, biodiversity ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw https://ourworldindata.org/water-use-stress ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw Biodiversity Loss ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  What is Biodiversity Loss  What it is  “reduction of any aspect of biological diversity (i.e., diversity at the genetic, species and ecosystem levels) in a particular area through:  death (including extinction),  destruction, or  manual removal ”  Indicator = Measured in Extinctions per million species per year (E/MSY)  2009 → >100 E/MSY *  Planetary Boundary = Economy in term of Importance  Environment is of highest Importance , because Environment a healthy environment/ecosystem is required to support life and a robust society. Society  Secondarily, for human life there needs to be a Economy society and social responsibility.  Finally, the third lever is the economy, where a prosperous economy cannot exist without a healthy and just society ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw https://umaine.edu/sustainability/what-is-sustainability/ Sustainability – At different levels  Global Level  Ozone Depletion, Climate Change, Air pollution  Ex. Paris Agreement  Regional, National Level  Water Pollution, Water Depletion, Deforestation, Fisheries Depletion, Biodiversity, Erosion  Ex. Clean Water Act, Energy Start or LEED certifications  Local, Area Level  Soil Losses, Loss of Soil Quality (chemical or physical), Loss of Farm Income. ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  UN Millennium Development Goals  Goal: alleviate extreme poverty.  embody basic human rights  the rights of each person on the planet to health, education, shelter and security  timebound targets allow progress to be measured  reduce income poverty, hunger, disease, lack of adequate shelter and exclusion  promote gender equality, health, education and environmental sustainability ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/ UN Millennium Development Goals 1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger 2. Achieve universal primary education 3. Promote gender equality and empower women 4. Reduce child mortality 5. Improve maternal health 6. Combat disease – ex. HIV/AIDS, malaria 7. Ensure environmental sustainability 8. Global partnership for development ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development  September 2015  Goal – a world  193 UN member states  free of Poverty and Zero Hunger ,  15-Year framework  With:  17 Sustainable Goals  full and productive employment,  access to quality education, and  169 targets  universal health coverage,  230+ indicators  the achievement of gender equality,  and the empowerment of all women and girls,  and an end to environmental degradation https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/issues_development- enjeux_developpement/priorities-priorites/agenda-programme.aspx?lang=eng ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  Metrics Human Development Index https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/human-development-index#/indicies/HDI ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  Human Development Index IMPORTANT  HDI was devised by United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).  HDI = summary measure of average achievement of key dimensions of human development  It measures development by considering people and their capabilities, not. economic growth alone.  Does not reflect on inequalities, poverty, human security, empowerment, etc.  HDI is based on UN annual data  The HDI can be used to question national policies by comparing HDI of two countries with the same level of gross national income (GNI) per capita. ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/human-development-index#/indicies/HDI Human Development Index  It is based on three factors:  Health: Assessed by life expectancy at birth.  Education: Measured by mean of years of schooling for adults aged 25 years and more, and expected Classification HDI years of schooling for children of school entering age.  Income: Measured by the gross national income (GNI) Very high human ≥ 0.800 per capita to indicate the standard of living. development High human 0.700 – 0.799 1Τ development  𝐻𝐷𝐼 = 𝐼𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑡ℎ × 𝐼𝐸𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 × 𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 3 Medium human 0.550 – 0.699  = 𝐿𝐸𝐼 × 𝐸𝐼 × 𝐼𝐼 1Τ 3 development  LEI = Life Expectancy Index Low human ≤0.550 development  EI = Education Index  II = Income Index ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw Human Development Index (HDI) Country Specific min and max is UN BASED [𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 −𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒] [𝐿𝐸 −20]  𝐿𝐸𝐼 = = [𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 −𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒] [85 −20]  LE = life expectancy at birth Country GNI PER PERSON NOT COUNTRY [ln 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐺𝑁𝐼 − ln(𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒)] [ln(𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐺𝑁𝐼) − ln(100)]  𝐼𝐼 = = [ln(𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒) − ln(𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒)] [ln(75,000) − ln(100)]  GNI = Gross national income per capita 𝑀𝑌𝑆𝐼+𝐸𝑌𝑆𝐼  𝐸𝐼 = 2 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑌𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔  𝑀𝑌𝑆𝐼 = 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑌𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑙 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 = 15  For adults 25 years of age and older 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑌𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔  𝐸𝑌𝑆𝐼 = 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑌𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑙 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 = 18  Of children when they enter the school system  HDI – Key Values Dimension Indicator Minimum Maximum Average Health LE (years) 20 85 65.3 Education EYS (years) 0 18 7.9 MYS (years) 0 15 3.8 Standard of Living GNI per capita 100 75,000 3,829 (2017 PP$) We will use country specific calculation for averages ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2023-24_HDR/hdr2023-24_technical_notes.pdf  GRASP: GIVEN REQUIRED ASSUMPTION SOLUTION PARAPHRASE HDI Example Required HDI (LEI X II X EI)^1/3  Calculate the HDI for Nigeria, using the 2022 data provided Assumptions: below Solution: LEI= (53.6-20)/(85-20)= 0.517 Indicator Minimum II= (In(4755)-In(100)) / (In(75000)-In(100)) 0.584 LE (years) 53.6 Given EI= 7.6 + 10.8 EYS (years) 10.5 = 0.545 15 18 MYS (years) 7.6 2 GNI per capita 4,755 HDI: (O.517 X 0.545 X 0.584)^1/3 (2017 PP$) P: Therefore, the HDI for Nigeria in 20222 is 0.5458, classified as low human development index ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  Metrics Emission Intensity and Rate Emission Intensity = Emission Factors  Average emission of a specified pollutant from a given source per unit specific activity or output. 𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑  𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝐸𝐹 = 𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦  Example pollutants: CO2, SO2, NOx  Example activities:  kWh electricity produced  MJ energy produced  Mass of material produced/consumed  $ or GDP produced by a country  Km driven  Km of walking ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw Carbon Emission Intensity  Carbon emissions are the most commonly talked about emissions.  Generally expressed as CO2 emitted.  Note: For every 12 kg of carbon consumed, 44 kg of CO2 is emitted.  1:1 mole ratio for mole its 1:1 but for mass its 12 to 44 kg  Carbon emission intensity is measured as the release of CO2 per unit of energy produced or per unit of activity.  GHG emission intensity is found by converting all GHG emissions into CO2 equivalence by using their GWP factors. ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw Emission Rate Calculations  Rate = quantity per time  𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝐸𝑅 = 𝐸𝐹 × 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐿𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 (𝐴𝐿)  Represents the total emissions released from an activity EF ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw Example – Emission Rate  An engineering firm in the United Kingdom with over 10,000 employees. To determine the distance and mode of transport of employee travel, it refers to the UK Department of Transport’s information regarding average commute choices and distances of commuters.  National statistics show that UK workers work on average 235 days a year. The example assumes that employees do not share rides. The results of the study are shown in the table below. Calculate the total CO2 eq. of employee travel in a year. Transit % of total Average one-way EF (kg CO2 commuters distance (km) eq/km traveled) Rail 50 10 0.1 Car 30 15 0.2 Foot 15 1 0 Bus ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw 5 5 0.1  Emission Rate – Example G: 10000 People, 1 year, 235 days per year. R: Total co2 eq for 1 year A: Transit % of total Average one- EF Calculation commuters way distance (kg CO2 eq/km EF x AL (km) travelled) (kg CO2 per KM) X (KM travelled) = #people * Km per trip * trip per year Rail 50 10 0.1 Car 30 15 0.2 Foot 15 1 0 Bus 5 5 0.1 S: 0.1 X ((10000 X 50%)(2 X10) X 235)) = 2,350,000 Car 4,230,000 Foot 0 Bus 117,500 Therefore, the total CO2 eq emission is about 6.7 X 10 ^6 Kg CO2 eq ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw Metrics IMPACT Impact of Human Activities (ImPAcT)  Impact results from the combination of technological and socioeconomic factors.  In 1972, Paul Ehrlich and John Holdren developed a simple equation that shows how environmental change or impact (I) is related to population (P), affluence (A), and technology (T).  The IPAT equation can be applied to different environmental issues such as CO 2 emission, water consumption, resource extraction, etc.  𝐼 =𝑃 ×𝐴 ×𝑇  I = Impact  P = Population, the number of people  A = Affluence, consumption per person  T = Technology stands for resources utilized and substances emitted to produce goods and services. ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw Application of the IPAT equation  For CO2 Emission:  𝐼 =𝑃 ×𝐴 ×𝑇  I = Total CO2 emitted  P = population  A = $GDP per capita  T = CO2 per $GDP  Other variations of IPAT  Total impact = population x consumption per person x impact per unit of consumption.  Total impact = population x goods & services per person x impact per goods & services.  Total impact = population x number of units of technology per person x impact per unit of technology. ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw IPAT Example  The annual GDP per capita of a country is $50,000. The population of the country is 250 million. If the total CO2 emission for the year is estimated to be 100 teragram (Tg). Calculate the value of CO2 emitted per $GDP.  𝐼 =𝑃 ×𝐴 ×𝑇  Total CO2 emitted = number of people x $GDP per capita x CO2 emitted per $GDP P: 250 million A: GDP: 50000 per capita I: 100 Tg P is person Solve for T 100X10^12 g T= I/(PA) = (250X10^6 X50000) = Gram per GDP p X GDP/P T= 8g CO2 eq Per $GDP P: Therefore, the technological contribution is 8g CO2 per $GDP ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw How can we reduce the “I”?  We need technologies that can reduce our impacts (I).  Population controlling  Design for the environment  More efficient systems and processes  Move from linear economy to circular economy  Fossil-based energy to renewable energy  Wasteful to waste-free  Individual consumption to shared consumption  Design for reuse and recycling  Public awareness. ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw Criticisms against the IPAT Equation  Oversimplification.  Does not illustrate that P, A, and T are interdependent  Ex. if technology efficiency increase 2x (thus reducing T by 50%), you don’t necessarily see I decreasing by 50% because that increased efficiency may stimulate more consumption, A.  Fails to take into account:  Conservation efforts  Political or social context  Varying degrees of power, influence, and responsibility over environmental impact  Places undo ownership on the global poor ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  Other Perspectives ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw Trade-offs: Interplay between sustainability indicators Enhanced Biodiversity i.e. Less Deforestation Energy Ex. Coal Increased Climate Impact i.e. More GHG emissions ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  Rebound Effect  Rebound effect = difference between Expected and Actual environmental savings from efficiency improvements once other mechanisms have been considered “the rebound effect deals with the fact that improvements in efficiency often lead to cost reductions that provide the possibility to buy more of the improved product or other products or services.” Thiesen et al. 2008 Vivanco, D.F., McDowall, W., Freire-González, J., Kemp, R., van der Voet, E. 2016. The foundations of the environmental rebound effect and its contribution towards a general framework, Ecological Economics, Volume 125, 2016, Pages 60-69, ISSN 0921-8009, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.02.006. Thiesen, J., Christensen, T.S., Kristensen, T.G., Andersen, R.D., Brunoe, B., Gregersen, T.K., Thrane, M., Weidema, B.P. (12 December 2006). "Rebound effects of price differences". The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. 13 (2): 104 – 114. doi:10.1065/lca2006.12.297. S2CID 154530285.  Rebound Effect  Ex. Increase a car’s fuel efficiency  Makes driving more affordable  Extra income  Driving more  Consuming other products  Increases energy and fuel consumption  Mechanisms = behaviour or other systemic responses ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  Environmental Kuznets Curve Economic development initially causes deterioration in the environment. Later, due to economic growth, society begins to improve the relationship with the environment, and environmental degradation is reduced. Thus, the economic growth is middle class gets Good for the environment.. most available system High Class people buys more Low class country ecofriendly and Criticism – no guarantee. efficient system Majeti Narasimha Vara Prasad, Chapter 1 - Bioremediation, bioeconomy, circular economy, and circular bioeconomy—Strategies for sustainability, Editor(s): Majeti Narasimha Vara Prasad, Bioremediation and Bioeconomy (Second Edition), Elsevier, 2024, Pages 3-32,ISBN 9780443161209, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-16120-9.00025-X. Kuznet Curve Examples  Total Material Consumption  GHG emissions  Developing and emerging countries are rapidly increasing their GHG emissions ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  Examples from Steph’s Research ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw Shaw and Van Heyst. 2022. NOx as an Indicator for Sustainability. Environmental and Sustainability Indicators. 100188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indic.2022.100188 ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  Take Aways  Sustainability – using resources (planet, people, profit) to meet current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs  Many priorities  Environmental  Social  Complex Interactions ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  ENGN 1410 – End of Life Dr. Stephanie Shaw, P.Eng. October, 2024 ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  Road Map for ENGN 1410 Sustainability in Engineering Design Sustainability Solutions: What are the ways we Sustainability are trying to be more sustainable in Design: What’s being Sustainability: What it is done? Challenges: How is State of the World: the problem Understanding the root presenting itself of the problem ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw End-of-Life EOL ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  The “Worlds Largest Dump”  Bantargebang Trash Mountain  Indonesia – receives waste from Jakarta  ~7,500 tonnes of trash/day  Size of >160 football fields  2018 = 40m tall  Waste pickers = paid a few dollars a day to look for recyclables and other high value material  Residents receive $63.87 USD every three months as “stink money”  Compensation for living without clean air https://www.vice.com/en/article/the-worlds-largest-dump-is-in-indonesia-and-its-a- ticking-time-bomb/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VIEwXYAWgUE  End-of-Life – Waste Hierarchy  End of Life (EOL) = What happens to a product or material at the end of. Its useful lifetime.  Waste hierarchy  Prevention: avoiding things from becoming a waste in the first place  Extends back to our “a student is thirsty at the end of 1410” example  Re-use:  Cleaning, repairing, refurbishing ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw What is the Waste Hierarchy? (ismwaste.co.uk) EOL – Waste Hierarchy  Recycling: turning waste into new. items or products  Common examples: paper, cardboard, glass, wood, metal and some plastics  Recovery:  Recovering waste = waste to energy, incineration  Recovering nutrients = composting  Disposal  Landfill  Last resort ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw EOL – Waste Hierarchy  Disposal – Landfill  Landfills require a large land size  Contribute to methane emissions  Soil contamination, water contamination, and air pollution.  Represents a loss of useful chemicals, materials, energy, etc..  Should be avoided at all costs.  Recovery - Incineration  Burning of organic materials found in waste.  Thermal treatment method to produce heat and power (i.e., waste-to-energy).  Contributes to GHG emissions, harmful ash by-products ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw EOL – Waste Hierarchy  Recycling  Converting waste into a new or reusable material  Mechanical or chemical form (for plastics)  Mechanical – crushing material and remelting it into pellets  Washing, drying, separating, re-granulating  Downgrades plastic products each time the process happens  Chemical – splits molecular structures and returns high quality material building blocks  Returns oils, gases, fuels, or chemicals  Requires more energy and generates more CO2 emissions.  Separation is not necessary  from an environmental point of view, it is better than landfilling and incineration ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  EOL – Calculations Energy Consumption Energy Saving ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw www.grantadesign.com/education/resources EOL – Calculations  Once collected and sorted, the material is then 'processed' according to the selected end of life strategy.  The energy (Hcredit) and CO2 footprint (CO2 credit) associated with future environmental savings is dependent on both the end of life route and the material type.  In calculating this end of life 'credit', the following assumptions are made:  The recovered material is used to replace material of the same grade (i.e. credit is only given for recovering the virgin content of the component).  Where there is no option to specify a recovery ratio at end of life, it is assumed to be 100% (i.e. r = 100). This leads to a 'best case scenario' as, in practice, not all material will be collected and most recovery processes are not 100% efficient. ENGN 1410 - F24 - SShaw  EOL ?