Computer Architecture Lecture Notes PDF

Computer Architecture The architecture specifies a connection between the hardware and High performance i9 software. INTEL AMCh...

Computer Architecture The architecture specifies a connection between the hardware and High performance i9 software. INTEL AMCh lowpower > - Atom Many different compatible processors may be implemented, e.g., to meet different power consumption, cost, area, and performance goals. The computer architect must understand all levels of design to deliver the most appropriate design for a particular application and target market. 1 I want 1+1 = ? Hi = & ↑ ↑ 010101011110 0010 Software Hardware Machine code X86ARM Computer Architecture mobile Level of abstraction PC ARM X80 y Architecture ↓ annd INTEL ▪ A set of specifications that allows developers to write software and firmware ▪ These include the instruction set. Microarchitecture ▪ The logical organization of the inner structure of the computer Hardware or Implementation ▪ The realization or the physical structure, i.e., logic design and chip packaging ADD nonlocal set of 101000 specifications sub  Basic Computer Structure ▪ The structure of computer consists of the microprocessor or processing unit (PU). Inside the microprocessor has ALU deployed for arithmetic computation. Register for store data, Control unit (CU). There are 3 buses Address bus, Data bus and Control bus working with memories and peripheral via PIO (Peripheral Input Output) 10& Data bus OSC clk But Program store data mouse I keybo and I wifil monitor store > - Stepl Read Ro : from RAM CPUo SS21 HDD DDR4 Port A address 10 RAM Micro ROM RAM PIO Port B R1 from processor Step 2 : Read 11 & 10) address * Did Address bus R2 = Rot RI rst_n Step 3 Control bus : s writeBto A vdd gnd Address DATA Step 4 : Ic 10 & vdd 11 200 12 320 Basic Computer Structure ▪ Address bus is used for sending the address of ROM, RAM and PIO which the microprocessor want to write or read. This bus has one direction from the microprocessor to memories. For the example, if we want to read RAM address 0x30, the microprocessor will send 0x30 out. Usually, it works with the control bus for selecting targeted device. Data bus OSC clk Port A Micro ROM RAM PIO Port B processor Address bus rst_n Control bus vdd gnd vdd Basic Computer Structure ▪ Control Bus is used to control RAM, ROM and PIO. Usually, it works with the address bus. For the example, if we want to read RAM address 0x30, after it sends address 0x30 out from the address bus, the control address must send a signal to select a specific RAM (Chip Select). Otherwise, ROM and PIO will also work. Control bus can be bi-directional for RAM, ROM and PIO to send some signals back to the microprocessor in some situations. Data bus OSC clk Port A Micro ROM RAM PIO Port B processor a Address bus rst_n Control bus vdd gnd vdd Basic Computer Structure ▪ Data Bus is used to transfer data from the microprocessor to write RAM, ROM and PIO. In the other hand, we used it to read data from those device also. It might be 8, 16, 32 or 64 bit depended on the architecture of microprocessor. Data bus has two direction Data bus OSC clk Read I Port A You write J lines Micro ROM RAM PIO Port B processor Address bus bu has I rst_n Address Control bus direction ; from vdd gnd cou to Roa en RAm vdd 32 bit processor Basic Computer Structure ▪ Oscillator is used to generate a clock signal to control a working sequence of the microprocessor. It might have a frequency from 1 MHz to many GHz depended on the performance to the CPU. ▪ ROM (Read Only Memory) is a memory used for memorize the microprocessor program. This memory can be read only, cannot write. It is because we do not need to change a program during CPU is running. The data inside ROM is still in the memory cell, even if there is no power. Data bus OSC clk litt Port A Micro ROM RAM PIO Port B zir processor Address bus IGHL rst_n Control bus vdd gnd vdd Basic Computer Structure ▪ RAM (Random Access Memory) is a memory that can be written or read. It is used to keep data during the microprocessor process the program. ▪ PIO (Peripheral Input Output) is the port for interfacing with the external peripheral devices. Data bus OSC clk Port A Micro ROM RAM PIO Port B processor Address bus rst_n Control bus vdd gnd vdd  Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) software ▪ An Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) is part of the abstract model of a computer that defines how the CPU is controlled Problem by the software. Algorithm ▪ The ISA acts as an interface between the hardware and the Program Language software, specifying both what the processor can do as well Runtime System as how it gets done. (OS/VM) Architecture (ISA) ▪ The ISA defines the supported data types, the registers, Microarchitecture real hardware - how the hardware manages main memory, key features, Logic and instructions that a microprocessor can execute. The ISA can be extended by adding instructions or other Transistors hardware capabilities, or by adding support for larger addresses and Electrons data values. allo 11 ADD dolla mul instruction set 110111 101ldo Read Ram sub