Construction Materials And Testing - Chapter 2 PDF

**Construction Materials and Testing** Chapter 2 ========= **Familiarization of** Chapter 2 --------- Introduction ------------ Specific Objectives ------------------- Duration -------- Chapter/Lesson 2: Familiarization with Apparatus = 6 hours ------------------- --------------------...

**Construction Materials and Testing** Chapter 2 ========= **Familiarization of** Chapter 2 --------- Introduction ------------ Specific Objectives ------------------- Duration -------- Chapter/Lesson 2: Familiarization with Apparatus = 6 hours ------------------- -------------------------------- -------------------------- and Equipment Used in (5 hours discussion; 1hr Testing of Materials assessment) LESSON PROPER ------------- ### 1. SIEVE SET a. A set of IS Sieves of sizes -- 80mm, 63mm, 50mm, 40mm,31.5mm, 25mm, 20mm, 16mm, 12.5mm, 10mm, 6.3mm,4.75mm, 3.35mm, 2.36mm, 1.18mm, 600µm, 300µm, 150µm and 75µm. b. Balance or scale with an accuracy to measure 0.1 percent of the weight of the test sample. The weight of sample available should not be less than the weight given below iii. iv. v. #### Reporting of Results i. ii. ### 2. BALANCE ### 3. GRADUATED BEAKER - Standard or \"low-form\" (A) beakers typically have a height about 1.4 times the diameter. Low form beakers are likely to be used in some way when performing a chemical experiment. - \"Tall-form\" (B) beakers have a height about twice their diameter. These are sometimes called - Flat beakers (C) are often called \"crystallizers\" because most are used to perform crystallization, but they are also often used as a vessel for use in hot-bath heating. These beakers usually do not have a flat scale. ### 4. CALCULATOR ### 5. SLUMP CONE #### Concrete Slump Test #### Procedure ### 6. VARIOUS MOULDS a. **CUBE MOULDS -** Plastic or Steel Concrete Cube Molds are used to form specimens for concrete compressive strength testing. They can also be used as sample containers in the determination of mortar set times - **Plastic Concrete Cube Mold, 150x150mm** is a one-piece mold made of rugged plastic with reinforced construction. Allows for easy specimen removal. - **Steel Concrete Cube Mold, 6x6in** molds specimens for strength testing or used as a container to hold test samples. Easy assembly and de-molding. b. **CYLINDER MOULDS -** are used to create cylinder test specimens. The cylinder molds are constructed of plastic or steel. The plastic concrete cylinder molds are disposable, while the steel molds are reusable. The molds come in a variety of sizes including: 2″ x 4″, 3″ x 6″, 4″ x 8″, and 6″ x 12″. 1. The concrete cylinder is cast for standard size and allowed to cure for 28 days. Three specimens of the same dimension are cast for testing. 2. Takeout the specimen from the curing tank. 3. Wipe out the excess water from the surface of the specimen. 4. Place the specimen vertically on the platform of compression testing machine. Uniform load application and distribution is facilitated by having pad caps at the ends of the cylinders. 5. Before starting to apply the load, make it sure that the loading platforms touch the top of the cylinder. 6. Apply the load continuously and uniformly without shock at the rate of 315 kN/min. And continue the loading until the specimen fails. 7. Record the maximum load taken. 8. The test is repeated for the remaining two specimens.  c. **BEAM MOULDS -** are used to test concreteflexural strength. They are made from either plastic or steel depending on preference and standards. ### 7. HYDROMETER ### 8. UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE #### A. THE LOADING UNIT #### B. THE CONTROL PANEL 1. **The Hydraulic Power Unit.** 2. **The Load Measuring Unit.** 3. **Control Devices.** - **The Electric Control Devices** are in the form of four switches set on the left side of the panel face. The upper and lower push switches are for moving the lower crosshead up and down respectively. The remaining two are the ON and OFF switches for the hydraulic pump. - **The Hydraulic Control Devices** are a pair of control valves set on the table or the control panel. The right control valve is the inlet valve. It is a pressure compensated flow control valve and has a built-in overload relief valve. If this valve is in the closed position, while the hydraulic system is on, oil flows back into the sump. Opening of the valve now, cause the oil to flow into the main cylinder in a continuous non- pulsating manner. The left control valve is the return valve. If this valve is in the closed position, the oil pumped into the main cylinder causes the main piston to move up. The specimen resists this, movement, as soon as it gets loaded up. Oil pressure inside the main cylinder (and elsewhere in the line) then starts growing up until either the specimen breaks or the load reaches the maximum value of the range selected. A slow opening of this valve now causes the oil to drain back into the sump and the main piston to descent. - **The Load indicating Devices** consist of a range inflating dial placed behind a load indicating dial. The former move and sets itself to the range selected when the range adjusting knob is turned. The load.on the specimen at any stage is indicated by the load pointer which moves over the load indicating dial and harries forward with it a dummy. ### 9. CONCRETE MIXER #### 1) Mobile Concrete Mixers #### 2) Stationary Concrete Mixers ### 10. PRESSURE GAUGE #### 1) Standard pressure gauges #### 2) Integrated pressure gauge #### 3) Flange pressure gauge #### 4) Red-green pressure gauge #### 5) Plug-in pressure gauge ### 11. TAMPING ROD ### 12. THERMOMETER ### 13. VIBRATOR #### TYPES OF CONCRETE VIBRATORS FOR COMPACTION a. b. #### c) Surface Vibrators #### d) Vibrating Table ### 14. VICAT APPARATUS ### 15. ELECTRIC OVEN ### 16. STOP WATCH ### 17. FUNNELS 18. **WIRE BASKET** 19. **HYDRAULIC JACK** ### 20. BRUSHES 21. STEEL PAN 22. SHOVEL 23. TROWEL 24. WHEEL BARROWS #### References/Additional Resources/Readings 1. Zhang, Haimei. 2011. Building materials in civil engineering. Woodhead Publishing Limited and Science Press. 2. Use of Balances in Material Testing for Construction.