CMPE 101 Past Paper PDF 2024-2025

CMPE 101 Pedrito M. Tenerife Jr. | 1st Semester | A.Y. 2024 - 2025​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ CEAD ★​ Charles Babbage’s Analytical Engine (1837) COMPUTER ENGI...

CMPE 101 Pedrito M. Tenerife Jr. | 1st Semester | A.Y. 2024 - 2025​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ CEAD ★​ Charles Babbage’s Analytical Engine (1837) COMPUTER ENGINEER -​ introduced concepts like the CPU and memory ★​ Herman Hollerith’s Punch Card System (1890) Develops and operates computer systems, focuses on link -​ mechanical system that automated the processing of between hardware and software data using punched cards COMPUTER SCIENTIST 1ST GENERATION: VACUUM TUBE COMPUTERS (1940s - 1950s) Develops programs and computers, focuses on data and ★​ The first electronic computers used vacuum tubes which algorithms were large, power-hungry, and unreliable but marked a significant leap forward in computational power ★​ Computer Engineering ★​ ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) -​ degree holders often land in enterprises as -​ built in 1945, considered the first general-purpose software engineers or programmers, software electronic digital computer developers, or project managers ★​ UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer) ★​ Computer Software Engineer -​ built in 1951, the first commercially available computer in -​ develop, design, and test software or the United States construct, maintain computer networks, programs for companies Processor Characteristics ★​ Computer Hardware ○​ Vacuum Tubes - these were large and fragile, -​ research, develop, and test hardware or leading to frequent failures computer equipment including chip-set, ○​ Clock Speeds - slow, measured in kilohertz motherboard, etc. ○​ Storage - used punch cards and magnetic drums for storage 5 GREATEST COMPUTER ENGINEERS OF ALL TIME 1.​ Tim Berners Lee 2ND GENERATION: TRANSISTOR COMPUTERS (1950s - 1960s) - a famous British computer scientist who created the ★​ The invention of the transistor at Bell Labs in 1947 by World Wide Web John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley 2.​ Dennis Ritchie revolutionized computing - known as the inventor of the C programming language 3.​ Linus Benedict Torvalds ★​ IBM 1401 (1959) - developed the Linux kernel -​ one of the most popular computers of its era, used 4.​ Donald Knuth transistors making it smaller, more reliable, and faster - the “Father of Algorithms” ★​ DEC PDP-1 (1960) 5.​ James Gosling -​ known for being an interactive system, introduced - the creator of the Java programming language concepts such as the time-sharing system that allowed multiple users to use a single computer simultaneously COMPUTER HARDWARE FUNDAMENTALS Processor Characteristics ★​ Basic Computer Architecture ○​ Transistors - smaller, more reliable, and much ○​ Von Neumann vs Harvard Architecture more energy-efficient ○​ CPU, Memory, Input/Output ○​ Performance Improvement - operated at ★​ Hardware Components megahertz (MHz) ○​ Central Processing Unit (CPU) ○​ Storage - used magnetic core memory that ○​ Memory: RAM, ROM, Cache allowed faster access and higher capacity ○​ Storage Devices: HDD, SSD, NVMe ○​ Peripherals and I/O Devices: Keyboard, Mouse, Display 3RD GENERATION: INTEGRATED CIRCUIT COMPUTERS (1960s - 1970s) ○​ Power Supply, Motherboard ★​ The development of Integrated Circuits (ICs), or microchips, during the 1960s allowed for the integration ★​ Central Processing Unit (CPU) of thousands of transistors on a single silicon chip -​ microprocessors (CPUS located on small chips) -​ most important component of the computer ★​ IBM System/360 (1964) a.​ Control Unit -​ one of the first computers to use IC technology, used b.​ Arithmetic Logic Unit backward compatibility which is essentially running ★​ Main Memory various software programs on the same machine -​ stores a program while a program is running ★​ Intel 4004 (1971) a.​ RAM (volatile/power dependent) -​ the first commercially available microprocessor, packed -​ 2300 transistors on a single chip and could perform b.​ ROM (non/volatile) 60000 operations per second c.​ Cache ★​ I/O Devices Processor Characteristics -​ Input: Data​ Output: Information ○​ Integrated Circuits - more transistors packed a.​ Modem onto a single chip, drastically increasing ★​ Storage Devices computational power and reducing costs a.​ Hard Disk Drive (HDD) ○​ Microprocessors - marked the beginning of -​ data are being burned modern processor design b.​ Solid State Drive (SSD) ○​ Speed - operated at megahertz speeds with -​ uses flash memory much greater reliability c.​ NVMe (Non-Volatile Memory Express) ○​ Storage - introduction of magnetic disks, d.​ Motherboard improving capacity and access times e.​ Power Supply Unit ★​ Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) ★​ Cooling Systems 4TH GENERATION: MICROPROCESSOR-BASED SYSTEMS (1970s - 1980s) a.​ Cooling Fan ★​ The 1970s saw the rise of microprocessors—single-chip CPUs that became the foundation for personal EVOLUTION OF COMPUTING SYSTEMS AND PROCESSORS computers (PCs) ★​ From early mechanical devices to today’s advanced ★​ Intel 8080 (1974) multi-core processors -​ one of the first commercially successful microprocessors, powered Altair 8800 EARLY MECHANICAL COMPUTERS (PRE-1940s) ★​ Apple II (1977) -​ powered by a 1 MHz MOS Technology 6502 processor, ★​ Abacus (circa 2500 BC) was one of the first mass-produced personal computer -​ the earliest known computing device Sandrine Nayana S. Mabaquiao | BSCpE 1-5​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 1 CMPE 101 Pedrito M. Tenerife Jr. | 1st Semester | A.Y. 2024 - 2025​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ CEAD ★​ IBM PC (1981) -​ powered by the Intel 8088 processor, set a standard for TYPES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS personal computing Based on Performance and Functional Requirements Processor Characteristics ★​ Real-Time Embedded Systems ○​ Microprocessors - processors were not -​ must respond to inputs or events within a specified time integrated onto a single chip frame ○​ Clock Speeds - reached speeds of up to ○​ Hard Real-Time Systems several megahertz (MHz) -​ require a strict time-bound response ○​ Storage - the floppy disk was introduced, (pacemaker, automotive control allowed portable data storage and transfer systems) ○​ Soft Real-Time Systems 5TH GENERATION: RISE OF MULTI-CORE AND PARALLEL -​ allow for some flexibility in timing PROCESSING (1990s - Present) (streaming media players) ★​ Standalone Embedded Systems ★​ The late 20th and early 21st centuries saw exponential -​ can function independently without external control growth in processor speed and capabilities (digital cameras, washing machines) ★​ Networked Embedded Systems ★​ Intel Pentium Series (1993) -​ connected to a network, often as part of the Internet of -​ milestone in the evolution of consumer processors, Things (IoT) (smart thermostats, home automation introduced the superscalar architecture that allowed systems) multiple instructions to be processed simultaneously ★​ Mobile Embedded Systems ★​ AMD Athlon and Intel Core Series (2000s) -​ designed for portability (smartphones, wearable -​ brought multi-core technology to the mainstream devices, tablets) ★​ Apple M1 Chip (2020) Based on Complexity -​ marked a major shift in processor architecture, built on ★​ Small-Scale Embedded Systems the ARM architecture which integrated CPU, GPU, and -​ use 8-bit or 16-bit microcontrollers, have simple memory into a single system-on-a-chip (SoC), functionalities, and relatively inexpensive significantly improving energy efficiency and ★​ Medium-Scale Embedded Systems performance -​ use 16-bit or 32-bit microcontrollers and are more complex Processor Characteristics ★​ Large-Scale Embedded Systems ○​ Multi-Core Architecture - allowed parallel -​ use high-performance processors, multiple interfaces, processing and more efficient multitasking and an RTOS ○​ Increased Clock Speeds - while clock speed improvements have slowed due to physical limitations (heat), processors now operate at APPLICATIONS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS gigahertz (GHz) ★​ Consumer Electronics ○​ Quantum Computing - promises to solve ○​ smartphones, smart home devices, digital complex problems that are currently beyond cameras the reach of classical computers ★​ Automotive ○​ anti-lock braking systems (ABS), infotainment EMBEDDED SYSTEMS systems, airbags, GPS navigation systems, engine control units (ECU) ★​ A combination of hardware and software designed to ★​ Healthcare perform a specific function or set of functions ○​ medical devices, insulin pumps, MRI machines ○​ Task-Specific - designed for a specific task ★​ Industrial Automation ○​ Real-Time Operation - must process data and ○​ robotics, conveyor belt systems, temperature respond within a strict time frame controllers ○​ Resource Constraints - operate with limited ★​ Aerospace resources, such as memory, processing power, ○​ flight control systems, satellites, unmanned and energy aerial vehicles ○​ Low Power Consumption - designed to be energy-efficient ○​ Reliability and Stability - operate in critical DESIGN CHALLENGES IN EMBEDDED SYSTEMS environments ★​ Power Efficiency -​ must operate on limited power resources COMPONENTS OF AN EMBEDDED SYSTEM ★​ Real-Time Constraints -​ meeting strict timing requirements is crucial Hardware Components ★​ Security ★​ Microcontroller (MCU) or Microprocessor (MPU) -​ as embedded systems become increasingly connected, -​ integrates a CPU, memory, and input/output (I/O) security concerns become critical interfaces on a single chip ★​ Scalability and Cost ★​ Memory -​ designs must balance performance with cost -​ have a combination of read-only memory (ROM) for ★​ Telecommunications storing the operating software and random-access -​ routers and modems, base stations memory (RAM) for temporary data storage ★​ Retail Systems ★​ Input/Output Interfaces -​ Point-of-Sale (POS) systems, barcode scanners -​ interact with the external world via sensors (inputs) and actuators or displays (outputs) ★​ Timers and Counters TRENDS IN EMBEDDED SYSTEMS -​ include built-in timers to keep track of operations, ★​ Internet of Things (IoT) manage delays, and handle real-time tasks -​ the rise of IoT has led to an explosion in networked ★​ Power Supply embedded systems that collect, transmit, and process -​ require energy-efficient power sources, such as data batteries or renewable energy in IoT (Internet of Things) ★​ Edge Computing devices -​ allows embedded systems to process data locally, Software Components reducing latency and bandwidth usage ★​ Firmware ★​ AI and Machine Learning -​ specialized software written for the embedded system, -​ to perform tasks like image recognition and natural stored in non-volatile memory (like flash memory) language processing ★​ Real-Time Operating System (RTOS) ★​ Wearable Technology -​ manage tasks, prioritize processes, and handle real-time -​ plays a pivotal role in the development of health and constraints fitness tracking devices ★​ Device Drivers ★​ Energy Harvesting -​ allows the embedded system to communicate with -​ like solar power or kinetic energy for sustainable energy hardware peripherals like sensors, actuators, and usage communication modules Sandrine Nayana S. Mabaquiao | BSCpE 1-5​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 2 CMPE 101 Pedrito M. Tenerife Jr. | 1st Semester | A.Y. 2024 - 2025​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ CEAD INTEGRATED CIRCUITS KEY FUNCTIONS OF OPERATING SYSTEMS ★​ A semiconductor device that contains multiple electronic ★​ Process Management components, such as transistors, diodes, resistors, and -​ manages the execution of processes capacitors, all miniaturized and interconnected on a ★​ Memory Management single chip -​ allocates and deallocates memory to programs ○​ Analog ICs - process continuous signals ★​ File System Management (amplifiers, voltage regulators) -​ organizes and stores files on storage devices ○​ Digital ICs - handle digital signals ★​ Device Management (microprocessors, memory chips) -​ controls peripherals like printers, keyboards, and ○​ Mixed-Signal ICs - handle both analog and monitors digital signals (analog-to-digital converters) ★​ Security and Access Control -​ ensures data privacy and restricts unauthorized access MICROCONTROLLERS ★​ A specific type of digital integrated circuit that TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS integrates a processor, memory, and input/output (I/O) ★​ Real-Time OS (RTOS) peripherals on a single chip -​ used in embedded systems where timely execution is ○​ Processor (CPU) - executes instructions critical (automotive systems) ○​ Memory - includes both volatile memory (RAM) ★​ General-Purpose OS for temporary data storage and non-volatile -​ for personal computers (Windows, macOS, Linus) memory (flash/EEPROM) for storing the program code ○​ I/O Ports - allows interaction with external VARIABLES devices ★​ Variables are a part of a program structure ○​ Timers/Counters - essential for handling ○​ Name real-time tasks ○​ Data Type ○​ Communication Interfaces - support protocols ○​ Value like UART, SPI, and I2C for data exchange GLOBAL vs LOCAL VARIABLES SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT IN COMPUTER ENGINEERING ★​ Software development involves creating, designing, ★​ Global variables are for main functions testing, and maintaining software programs or ★​ Local variables are for a specific function applications ○​ Memory Allocation - a variable must be ★​ Crucial for building systems, applications, and declared on a specific function its meant to be embedded systems ○​ Constant Variable - never changing or static SOFTWARE vs HARDWARE IN SYSTEM DESIGN KEY PHASES OF SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT ★​ Hardware refers to the physical components of a ★​ Requirement Analysis computer system, such as the processor (CPU), memory -​ understanding what the software must do (RAM), storage (HDD/SSD), and peripherals ★​ Design ★​ Software is a set of instructions or code that tells the -​ structuring how the software will work hardware how to perform tasks ★​ Implementation (Coding) -​ writing the actual code ★​ Testing POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS -​ ensuring the software functions as expected ★​ Deployment ★​ System Software (OS, Utilities, Firmware) -​ making the software available for use ★​ Real-Time Software ★​ Maintenance ★​ Business Software (POS - Point of Sale) -​ updating and fixing the software over time ★​ Engineering and Scientific Software ★​ Embedded Software ★​ Personal Computer Software TOOLS USED IN SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT ★​ IDEs (Integrated Development Environments) SOFTWARE CHARACTERISTICS -​ tools like Visual Studio, Eclipse ★​ Logical rather than physical systems ★​ Version Control Systems ★​ Developed or engineered, NOT manufactured -​ Git for tracking changes in code ★​ Does not “wear out” but deteriorate ★​ Programming Languages -​ C, C++, Python, Java EVOLUTION OF SOFTWARE ROLE OF PROGRAMMING IN COMPUTER SYSTEMS DESIGN ★​ Early Teams (1950 - 1960) ★​ Programming as the Backbone of Computer Systems ★​ Second Era (1960 - 1970) -​ essential for defining the behavior of a system and ★​ Third Era (1970 - 1980) automating tasks ★​ Fourth Era (1980 - 1990) ★​ Levels of Programming ★​ Fifth Era (1990 - 2000) ○​ Low-Level Programming - close to hardware (Assembly, C) SOFTWARE DISADVANTAGES ○​ High-Level Programming - more abstract, deals with logic and operations (Python, Java) 1.​ Implementation time is protected by the complexity of ★​ Application of Programming in System Design the language ○​ Operating Systems Development - built using 2.​ Resilient programs are difficult to read low-level programming 3.​ Testing is difficult ○​ System Performance - efficient code can lead 4.​ Maintenance is difficult to faster and more reliable systems 5.​ Portability between different processors is not possible OPERATING SYSTEMS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS SOFTWARE CRISIS ★​ An operating system is a system software that manages hardware and software resources and provides PROBLEMS common services for computer programs 1.​ Schedule and cost estimates are often grossly inaccurate 2.​ Quality of softwares is less than adequate Sandrine Nayana S. Mabaquiao | BSCpE 1-5​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 3 CMPE 101 Pedrito M. Tenerife Jr. | 1st Semester | A.Y. 2024 - 2025​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ CEAD efficient design and construction of usable devices 3.​ Productivity of software people hasn’t kept pace with ★​ Technologist demand for their service -​ focused on direct application of established engineering principles and processes CAUSES ★​ Technician -​ completes a 2-year degree in a narrow technical area 1.​ Character of software itself such as electronics, drafting, or machining 2.​ Failings of the people charged with software ★​ Artisans development -​ training may be a combination of schooling and work experience (ex. welders) FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO SOFTWARE CRISIS ENGINEERING DISCIPLINES 1.​ Larger problems ★​ Aerospace 2.​ Lack of adequate training in software engineering ★​ Agricultural 3.​ Increasing skill shortage ★​ Chemical 4.​ Low productivity improvements ★​ Civil ○​ Environmental SOFTWARE PRODUCT ○​ Ocean ★​ Computer Science and Engineering ★​ May be developed for a particular market or customer ★​ Electrical and Computer Engineering ★​ May be: ★​ Engineering Technology and Industrial Distribution ○​ Generic - to be sold to a range of different ★​ Industrial customers ○​ Biomedical ○​ Bespoke - custom, developed for a single ★​ Mechanical customer according to their specification ★​ Nuclear and Radiological Health Safety SOFTWARE ENGINEERING ENGINEERING FUNCTIONS ★​ Engineering discipline concerned with software ★​ Research production -​ explore, discover, and apply new principles ★​ Development SOFTWARE ENGINEERS -​ transform ideas or concepts into production ★​ Design ★​ Should adopt a systematic approach to their work -​ link the generation of ideas and production ★​ Use appropriate tools and techniques ★​ Production and Testing ★​ Use resources available -​ manufacture and assemble components and products ★​ Sales 1.​ Methods -​ market engineering products -​ provide the technical “how to’s” ★​ Operations -​ project planning and estimation -​ maintain equipment and facilities 2.​ Tools ★​ Construction -​ provide automated or semi-automated support for -​ prior to construction, organizes bids, during construction methods (IDEs) supervised certain components of process -​ computer-aided software engineering (case) ★​ Management -​ optimize the use of resources (equipment, labor, ★​ CASE finances) -​ combines software, hardware, and software ★​ Education engineering database to create a software engineering -​ teach engineering principles in university and industrial environment settings ★​ Consulting -​ provide specialized engineering services for the clients ENGINEERING ETHICS may work alone or in partnership with other engineers The field of applied ethics which examines and sets standard for engineers obligations to the public, their clients, employers, CAREER PATHS FOR ENGINEERS and the profession 1.​ Corporate Ladder 2.​ Independent Entrepreneur 3.​ Military or government WHY STUDY ENGINEERING? 4.​ Engineering and Social Services abroad ★​ Moral Sensibility 5.​ Professor/Engineers -​ the ability to recognize social and ethical issues in 6.​ Graduate work outside engineering technology 7.​ A mix of first six options ★​ Moral Analysis Skills -​ the ability to analyze moral problems in terms of facts, ENGINEERING AS A PROFESSION values, stakeholders, and their interests ★​ Moral Creativity ★​ Engineering possesses attributes that typically -​ the ability to think out different options for actions in characterize a profession the light of conflicting moral values ★​ Satisfies an indispensable and beneficial need ★​ Moral Judgment Skills ★​ Requires the exercise of discretion and judgment and is -​ the ability to give a moral judgment on the basis of not subject to standardization different ethical theories or frameworks ★​ Involves activities that requires knowledge and skills not ★​ Moral decision-making skills commonly possessed by the general public -​ the ability to reflect on different ethical theories and ★​ Has group consciousness for the promotion of frameworks to make a decision based on that reflection knowledge and professional ideas and rendering social ★​ Moral Augmentation Skills services -​ the ability to morally justify one’s actions and to discuss and evaluate them together with other engineers and non-engineers INVENTIONS THAT WENT BAD 1.​ Ecstasy ENGINEERING PROFESSION 2.​ Concentration Camps 3.​ Rockets ★​ Scientist 4.​ Nuclear Fusion -​ expansion of knowledge and understanding physical 5.​ Sarin Gas - insecticide processes 6.​ Leaded Petrol - gasoline ★​ Engineer 7.​ TNT (Trinitrotoluene) - explosive chemical -​ applies knowledge of math and physical sciences to the 8.​ Gatling Gun - rapid-firing multiple-barrel firearm Sandrine Nayana S. Mabaquiao | BSCpE 1-5​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 4 CMPE 101 Pedrito M. Tenerife Jr. | 1st Semester | A.Y. 2024 - 2025​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ CEAD 9.​ Agent Orange - speeds up growth of plants with protocols like firewalls and VPNs ensuring safe data 10.​ Zyklon B. - poisonous gas used in concentration camps transmission 4.​ Internet of Things (IoT) ★​ 3 TYPES OF BUSES -​ where interconnected smart devices communicate with ○​ Address Bus - from one device to another each other, providing innovations in healthcare, (route) transportation, and industrial automation ○​ Data Bus - carries data (passenger) ○​ Control Bus ★​ PROCESS OF INPUTTING DATA WIRED NETWORKS ○​ arithmetic (numerical) ○​ logical (letters) Use physical cables (e.g. Ethernet) to connect devices ○​ relational (letters) ★​ high reliability, faster speeds, and security ★​ Direct Memory Access ★​ limited mobility and higher installation costs -​ allows subsystems to access the main system ★​ Most computers follow the Von Neumann Architecture WIRELESS NETWORKS -​ stored program architecture/fetch-decode-execute architecture Use radio waves to transmit data, enabling mobility. Wi-Fi, -​ program and data store in a single company Bluetooth, and cellular networks (e.g. 4G, 5G) are common ★​ Concatenation wireless technologies -​ combining strings to other strings ★​ flexibility, ease of installation, and mobility ★​ susceptible to interference, lower speeds compared to wired networks SOFTWARE a.​ Application software b.​ System software EMERGING NETWORKING TECHNOLOGIES -​ control and manage basic operation ★​ 5G Networks -​ high-speed mobile networks offering faster data ★​ Storing numbers transmission and low latency -​ each character is represented by 8 bits ★​ Software-Defined Networking (SDN) ★​ Byte -​ provides centralized control over the network through ○​ 8 bits = 1 byte software, improving flexibility and management ○​ 4 bits = nibble ★​ Network Function Virtualization (NFV) ○​ 0 bits = all bits off -​ allows network functions (e.g. firewalls, routers) to be ○​ 255 bits = all bits on virtualized, reducing the need for dedicated hardware INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER NETWORKS AND THE INTERNET ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) AND MACHINE LEARNING (ML) ★​ A computer network is a group of interconnected ★​ Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of devices that share resources and data using human intelligence in machines that are programmed to communication protocols think and learn ○​ Local Area Networks (LANs), which cover small ○​ allows systems to perform tasks such as geographical areas speech recognition, decision-making, and ○​ Wide Area Networks (WANs), such as the visual perception Internet, which span the globe ★​ Machine Learning (ML) is a subset of AI, focusing on ★​ The Internet is the world’s largest public WAN, enabling machines to learn from data without being connecting billions of devices worldwide using the explicitly programmed TCP/IP protocol ○​ ML algorithms improve automatically as they ○​ enables the use of services such as email, web are exposed to more data browsing, cloud storage, and more ★​ Its key components are: APPLICATIONS OF AI AND ML IN COMPUTER ENGINEERING ○​ routers - forward data between networks ○​ switches - connect devices within a network ★​ Autonomous Vehicles ○​ servers - provide resources to other devices -​ AI is critical in self-driving cars, allowing them to perceive the environment and make driving decisions ★​ Speech and Image Recognition BASICS OF DATA COMMUNICATION AND NETWORK TOPOLOGIES -​ ML models, such as neural networks, are used to ★​ Data communication refers to the transfer of data identify objects in images and convert speech to text between devices via a communication medium (e.g. ★​ Predictive Maintenance copper wires, fiber optics, wireless signals) -​ AI systems are used in industrial automation to predict ○​ sender - device that transmits data equipment failures and reduce downtime ○​ receiver - device that receives the data ★​ AI in Healthcare ○​ transmission medium - path through which -​ AI models assist in diagnosing diseases and data travels (e.g. cables, air) personalizing patient care ○​ protocol - set of rules for data transmission (e.g. TCP/IP, HTTP) BIG DATA AND CLOUD COMPUTING ★​ Network topologies ○​ bus topology - all devices are connected to a ★​ Big Data refers to the large volume of structured and single communication line unstructured data generated by various sources, such ○​ star topology - all devices connect to a central as social media, sensors, and transaction logs hub or switch ○​ volume: large amount of data ○​ ring topology - devices are connected in a ○​ velocity: speed at which data is generated and circular manner processed ○​ mesh topology - every device is connected to ○​ variety: different types of data (e.g. text, every other device, providing redundancy and video, images fault tolerance ★​ Cloud Computing provides on-demand computing services (storage, processing power, and networking) over the Internet, enabling flexible resource allocation ROLE OF NETWORKING IN MODERN COMPUTER ENGINEERING without needing physical infrastructure ○​ IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service) offers 1.​ Enabling Communication virtualized computing resources (e.g. AWS EC2) -​ enabling systems to exchange data and share resources ○​ PaaS (Platform as a Service) provides such as printers, servers, and storage devices platforms for developing and deploying 2.​ Distributed Systems applications (e.g. google app engine) -​ allows multiple computers to work together, splitting ○​ SaaS (Software as a Service) delivers software complex tasks across a network (e.g. cloud computing) applications over the Internet (e.g. Gmail, 3.​ Network Security Dropbox) -​ networking plays a critical role in computer security, Sandrine Nayana S. Mabaquiao | BSCpE 1-5​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 5 CMPE 101 Pedrito M. Tenerife Jr. | 1st Semester | A.Y. 2024 - 2025​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ CEAD APPLICATIONS OF BIG DATA AND CLOUD COMPUTING IN COMMON BUSINESS MODELS IN TECHNOLOGY COMPUTER ENGINEERING 1.​ SaaS (Software as a Service) ★​ Data Analytics -​ companies provide software to customers over the -​ big data analytics help in extracting useful insights from internet on a subscription basis (e.g. Microsoft 365) large datasets, driving innovation in sectors like 2.​ Freemium healthcare, finance, and marketing -​ basic services are provided for free, but users can pay ★​ Cloud-based Development for premium features (e.g. Spotify, LinkedIn) -​ engineers use cloud platforms for software 3.​ E-commerce development, collaborative coding, and scalable -​ companies sell products or services directly to deployment of applications consumers online (e.g. Amazon, Shopify) 4.​ Platform Models -​ these connect different user groups, such as buyers and INTERNET OF THINGS AND ITS IMPACT ON SOCIETY sellers (e.g. Uber, Airbnb), earning revenue through ★​ The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the network of transaction fees or advertising physical devices embedded with sensors, software, and connectivity that allows them to collect and exchange REVENUE STREAMS IN TECH data ○​ IoT allows everyday objects to be connected 1.​ Subscription to the internet and interact with the world in -​ regular income from users who subscribe to a service intelligent ways (e.g. Netflix) ★​ Impact of IoT on Society: 2.​ Transaction Fees ○​ smart homes: devices like thermostats, -​ small fees from each transaction, often used by security cameras, and refrigerators are platforms (e.g. PayPal, eBay) connected and controlled remotely via 3.​ Advertising smartphones -​ companies generate revenue by displaying ads to users ○​ smart cities: IoT enables cities to monitor (e.g. Google, Facebook) traffic, manage waste, and optimize energy use through connected sensors ○​ healthcare: wearable devices monitor vital INNOVATION AND STARTUP CULTURE signs, improving patient care by providing ★​ Innovation involves developing new ideas, products, or real-time data to healthcare professionals processes that solve existing problems in novel ways ★​ Security and Privacy Concerns: ○​ product innovation: new or improved products ○​ with more devices connected to the internet, (e.g. Tesla’s electric cars) security vulnerabilities and data privacy issues ○​ process innovation: improved methods of have increased, requiring robust solutions to production or delivery (e.g. Amazon’s protect sensitive data automated warehouses) ○​ business model innovation: introducing a new ROBOTICS AND AUTOMATION way to generate revenue or reach customers ★​ Startups are small, fast-moving companies focused on ★​ Robotics involves the design, construction, and bringing innovative solutions to market operation of robots, which are programmable machines ○​ agility: startups must adapt quickly to market capable of performing tasks autonomously or demands or technological changes semi-autonomously ○​ risk-taking: entrepreneurs must be willing to ○​ robots are used in various fields, including take calculated risks to succeed in a manufacturing, healthcare, exploration, and competitive market domestic services ○​ collaboration: teams often work in open, ★​ Automation refers to using control systems, such as collaborative environments computers or robots, to handle tasks with minimal ★​ Challenges for Startups human intervention ○​ funding: raising capital is one of the biggest ○​ e.g. assembly lines in factories, automated challenges testing in software development, and data ○​ competition: companies must differentiate entry automation themselves through unique value propositions ★​ Impact on the Workforce: ○​ while robotics and automation increase efficiency and reduce costs, they also raise ROLE OF ENGINEERS IN TECHNOLOGY-DRIVEN BUSINESSES concerns about job displacement in industries ★​ Engineers as Innovators that rely heavily on manual labor ○​ engineers: are often at the core of ★​ Emerging Trends: technological innovation ○​ collaborative robots (cobots): robots designed ○​ entrepreneurial engineers: starting companies to work alongside humans in factories that focus on technology-based products or ○​ autonomous drones: used for surveillance, services delivery, and industrial inspections ★​ Collaboration Between Engineers and Business Leaders ○​ engineers work closely with business teams to BASICS OF TECHNOPRENEURSHIP IN COMPUTER ENGINEERING ensure that technological solutions align with market needs ★​ Technopreneurship refers to entrepreneurship within the ○​ they must understand both the technical technology sector aspects and the business implications of their ★​ Technopreneurs are individuals who identify work technological gaps or needs and create solutions by ★​ Skillsets Engineers Bring To The Table building companies or launching startups ○​ problem-solving: engineers are trained to approach problems methodically, using data and logic to find solutions WHY TECHNOPRENEURSHIP MATTERS ○​ innovation: their deep understanding of ★​ Economic Growth technology enables them to push the -​ technology-driven businesses are often high-growth boundaries of what is possible ventures that create jobs and drive economic ○​ leadership in tech companies: guiding teams development through product development and innovation ★​ Innovation ★​ Ethical Responsibilities -​ technopreneurship is a key driver of innovation, pushing ○​ engineers must also be aware of their ethical boundaries in emerging fields like AI, IoT, and machine responsibilities, ensuring that their innovations learning do not harm society or the environment BUSINESS MODELS IN THE TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRY ★​ A business model describes how a company creates, delivers, and captures value Sandrine Nayana S. Mabaquiao | BSCpE 1-5​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 6 CMPE 101 Pedrito M. Tenerife Jr. | 1st Semester | A.Y. 2024 - 2025​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ CEAD ○​ trademarks: protect brand names, logos, and ETHICAL ISSUES IN COMPUTER AND ENGINEERING symbols associated with products or services ★​ Ethics refers to a set of moral principles that govern ○​ trade secrets: protect confidential business behavior. In the field of computing and engineering, it information from being disclosed or used by involves making decisions that protect public safety, competitors privacy, and welfare IMPORTANCE OF PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS COMMON ETHICAL ISSUES IN COMPUTING ★​ Professional organizations offer networking ★​ Privacy and Data Security opportunities, career development, and access to -​ engineers must ensure that personal data is handled industry knowledge securely, protecting users from breaches and misuse ★​ They also set ethical standards and provide ★​ Artificial Intelligence and Automation certifications that validate skills and expertise -​ ethical concerns about job displacement, decision-making by AI, and the potential for bias in AI KEY PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS FOR COMPUTER ENGINEERS systems ★​ Cybersecurity 1.​ IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) -​ ethical responsibilities in designing secure systems to -​ the world’s largest technical professional organization prevent hacking, data theft, and cyberattacks dedicated to advancing technology ★​ Environmental Impact 2.​ ACM (Association for Computing Machinery) -​ the sustainability of computing systems, especially with -​ a leading organization for computing professionals, the rising energy demands of data centers and promotes computing research, education, and ethical electronic waste practice EXAMPLES OF ETHICAL DILEMMAS CERTIFICATIONS FOR COMPUTER ENGINEERS ★​ Case Study 1.​ Certified Information Systems Security Professional -​ the Cambridge Analytica scandal, where unethical use (CISSP) of personal data on Facebook influenced political -​ a globally recognized certification in cybersecurity, campaigns, raising concerns about user privacy which demonstrates expertise in designing and ★​ Software Piracy managing security programs -​ the illegal copying and distribution of software, which 2.​ Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) raises ethical and legal concerns -​ a certification that validates skills in networking fundamentals, IP connectivity, and network access 3.​ Project Management Professional (PMP) ETHICAL FRAMEWORKS -​ a certification that is valuable for engineers involved in managing large-scale technology projects, focusing on ★​ Utilitarianism project leadership and execution -​ the principle of maximizing the overall good or minimizing harm ★​ Deontology -​ following ethical rules and duties regardless of the outcome ★​ Virtue Ethics -​ focusing on the moral character of individuals rather than rules or consequences PROFESSIONAL CODES OF ETHICS ★​ Organizations like the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) and the ACM (Association for Computing Machinery) have established codes of ethics to guide engineers in making ethical decisions LEGAL ASPECTS AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS ★​ Engineers must understand and comply with relevant laws and regulations that govern their work ★​ These laws ensure that technology is developed responsibly and fairly KEY LEGAL ISSUES IN COMPUTING ★​ Data Protection Laws -​ regulations like the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in the EU protect the privacy of individuals by controlling how companies collect and use personal data ★​ Software Licensing -​ legal frameworks that dictate how software can be used, distributed, or modified (e.g. open-source vs proprietary software) ★​ Cybercrime and Digital Laws -​ laws addressing online activities such as hacking, identity theft, and the distribution of malicious software INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS (IPR) ★​ Intellectual Property (IP) refers to the creations of the mind, such as inventions, literary works, and symbols used in commerce ○​ patents: protect inventions and grant the holder exclusive right to use, sell, or license the invention for a period of time ○​ copyrights: protect original works of authorship, such as software code, written documents, and designs Sandrine Nayana S. Mabaquiao | BSCpE 1-5​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 7