CLSU ABE Review Class 2021 PDF

ENGINE NOMENCLATURE, CONSTRUCTION AND DESIGN EMMANUEL V. SICAT, PhD Principal Engine Parts 1. Cylinder and cylinder block – provides space in w/c the piston operates. 2. Cylinder head – provides pocket or space above the cylinder and piston known as combustion chamber. 3. Piston and rings...

ENGINE NOMENCLATURE, CONSTRUCTION AND DESIGN EMMANUEL V. SICAT, PhD Principal Engine Parts 1. Cylinder and cylinder block – provides space in w/c the piston operates. 2. Cylinder head – provides pocket or space above the cylinder and piston known as combustion chamber. 3. Piston and rings – a device that is used to draw in fuel, compress, and receive the power impulse of the expanding gas. 4. Piston rings – are used to retain compression and reduce wall contact to a minimum. Principal Engine Parts 5. Piston pin – tubular steel w/c attaches the piston to the upper end of the connecting rod. 6. Connecting rod – transmit the power received from the piston to the crankshaft. 7. Crankshaft – receives the power from the connecting rod and transforms the reciprocating motion of the piston into rotary motion. 8. Flywheel – acts as balance wheel to make the engine turn evenly. Principal Engine Parts 9. Crankcase – supports and encloses the crankshaft and camshaft and provides a reservoir for lubricating oil. 10.Valve system – provides the engine with openings or gates for the entry of fresh fuel and air, and exhaust of the products of combustion. 11.Fuel supply system – provides for uninterrupted supply of clean and combustible mixture of fuel and air (gasoline engines) Principal Engine Parts 12.Ignition and electrical system – provides for the supply of low and high voltage electricity needed to operate the spark plugs and produce combustion. 13.Cooling system – maintains engine’s operating temperature, it also assist in the rapid engine warm up. 14.Lubrication system – reduce friction and wear on moving engine parts. 15.Governing system – maintains engine speed and power at any operating condition. Engine Types and Design a) According to the number of cylinder single multi-cylinder b) According to arrangement of cylinders in-line radial v type Engine Types and Design c) According to method of cooling air cooled water cooled combination of air and water cooling d) According to fuel used gasoline fed engines diesel fed engines Engine Types and Design e) According to source of electricity used battery operated magneto f) According to valve system used L head valve system (flat head) I head valve system (valve in head) g) According to method of starting manually started (rope, crank lever, kick) electrically started Parts of the Valve System intake and exhaust valves valve spring retainer valve lock valve seat tappet camshaft, cam, cam gear rocker arm* push rod* intake and exhaust manifolds Valve System Related Terminologies a) Timing gears – the crankshaft gear (1D) and the camshaft gear (2D). ( Timing belt and pulleys or chain and sprockets) b) Timing marks – marks at the crankshaft and camshaft gears to maintain the timing of the valves relative to piston movements. c) Valve timing – the arrangement of the valve operating parts so that the valves act at the correct position.  Parts of the Fuel Supply System Gasoline engines Diesel engines o fuel tank and cap o fuel tank and cap o fuel line and filter o fuel line and filter o fuel pump* o fuel pump* o carburetor o injection pump o air cleaner o injection nozzle o high pressure line(s) Fuel Supply System Terminologies a) Air fuel ratio – the proportion of air and fuel mixture maintained by the fuel supply system for maximum power and economy (15:1). b) Lean mixture – mixture of fuel when the air is more than what is desired (ex. 18:1) c) Rich mixture – mixture of fuel when air is less than what is desired (ex. 10:1) d) Octane rating – anti-knock quality of gasoline determined by comparing it with standard reference fuel (isooctane + heptane) Fuel Supply System Terminologies e) Cetane Rating – ignition quality of diesel fuel determined by comparing it with standard reference fuel (cetane + aphamethyl napthalene). f) Catalytic converter – a device added to the exhaust system to reduce hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide pollutants in the exhaust gas. g) Turbocharger/supercharger – a device that forces more air or fuel mixture into the cylinder than would be drawn under normal condition, thus increasing the volumetric efficiency and power output of the engine. Fuel Supply System Terminologies h) Euro emission standard – seek to limit the vehicle’s toxic gas in hope to attain a cleaner, breathable air. i) Euro 1 was introduced in 1992 as an initiative by the EU. j) Euro 6 was the latest and was introduced in 2014. k) DENR pushed for the implementation of Euro4 in July 2015. Oil and car manufacturers preferred to follow DOE timeline – Jan 2016 Fuel Supply System Terminologies l) Euro 4 emission standard for gasoline; CO – 1.0g/km, THC – 0.10g/km, NOx – 0.08g/km. For diesel; CO – 0.50g/km, HC+NOx -0.30g/km, NOx – 0.25g/km, PM – 0.025g/km (CO – Carbon Monoxide, HC – Hydrocarbon, THC – Total Hydrocarbon, Nox- Nitrogen Oxide, PM – Particle matter) m) Euro 2 emission standard for gasoline; CO – 2.2g/km, HC+NOx – 0.5g/km. for diesel; CO – 1.0g/km, HC+NOx – 0.7g/km, PM – 0.08g/km Fuel Supply System Terminologies n) Catalytic converter – are used in exhaust systems to provide a site for the oxidation and reduction of toxic by-products (CO, NOx and HC) into less hazardous substance such as carbon dioxide, water vapor and nitrogen gas using redox reaction (redox reaction – oxidation reaction and reduction reaction occurring simultaneously). Parts of the Ignition and Electrical System Gasoline engines Diesel engines o Spark Ignition o Heat of Compression uses: spark plug, breaker uses: heat produced by system, ignition coil, high compressing air at very tension wire, battery, high pressure, CR:16 or charging unit higher Ignition and Electrical System Terminologies a) Primary cell – a type of cell that is when fully discharged or dead, can only be restored to its original condition by renewing the materials that had been so changed (e.g. common dry cells). b) Secondary cell – a type of cell that can be restored to its original condition by sending an electric current through it in the direction opposite to that of discharge. c) Lead acid battery – a type of battery commonly used on tractors. 2 volts/cell (2.2volts max’m) Ignition and Electrical System Terminologies d) Electrolyte – solution used on lead acid batteries. It consist of 2 parts sulfuric acid (SG = 1.835) and 5 parts distilled water (SG=1). The specific gravity equals 1.300 at 21*C. e) Sulfation – most common type of battery trouble. It is the formation of lead sulfate (discharged battery) at the bottom of the container due to delayed charging. f) CDI – capacitor discharge ignition g) Ignition voltage requirement – 25,000 to 40,000 volts Ignition and Electrical System Terminologies d) Cold plug – a type of spark plug used on high compression, high speed engines with short heat path for quick heat dissipation. e) Condenser/capacitor – a device connected to the ignition that eliminates arcing of the breaker points. f) Distributor – a device necessary in multi cylinder ignition system to distribute the secondary voltage to each spark plug. Parts of the Cooling System a) Air cooled system: cooling fins Shroud fan b) Water cooled system water tank (or radiator*) water hoses and clamps water jacket water pump* Parts of the Cooling System c) Combination of air and water cooling radiator water hoses and clamps water jacket water pump thermostat* fan (belt or motor driven) Cooling System Related Terminologies a) ICE Heat balance – (TE = 23%), 5% friction, 30% cooling, 35% exhaust gases, 7% radiation and other losses. b) Range of operating temperature – 76.6ºC to 93.3ºC (170 to 200ºF) c) Thermostat – a heat sensitive device installed along the flow of coolant. It restricts the flow of coolant depending on water temp. Parts of the Lubrication System a) mixed lubrication (2SCE) oil tank metering device b) splash type oil pan dipper or oil ring gear Parts of the Lubrication System c) full pressure type oil pan oil pump oil filter oil pressure gauge by-pass or safety valve oil lines Lubricants and Lubrication Terminologies a) Grease – a semi solid or non flowing lubricant used on wheel bearings, universal joints, and shackles. b) Motor oil – relatively thin, free flowing oil for engines. c) Gear oil – heavier, high viscosity oil for transmission gears and bearings. d) Viscosity – most important quality of lubricating oil. Lubricants and Lubrication Terminologies e) SAE number – Society of Automotive Engineers viscosity number for lubricating oils. f) Single grade oil – winter or summer oils with only one viscosity classification number (SAE 30, SAE 15W). g) Multi grade oil – oils with viscosity classification numbers for winter and summer use (SAE 15W-40). h) API – American Petroleum Institute, ASTM – American Society for Testing Materials Lubricants and Lubrication Terminologies i) API Engine Oil Service Classification – oil classification to provide the specific quality of oil for different types of engines, various conditions under which engines are operated, and kind and quality of fuel used. (SA,…SE, SF or CA,…CD,CF) j) Oil additives – chemicals added to oil that improve its lubricating properties (oxidation inhibitor, corrosion and rust inhibitor, detergents, etc). k) Synthetic lubricant – non-naturally occurring product made by chemical reaction of two or more simpler chemical compounds. Parts of the Governing System a) mechanical type governing system (centrifugal type) weights thrust collar speed change lever/shaft control arm throttle shaft Parts of the Governing System c) Vacuum governor vacuum sensitive unit rubber hose diaphragm throttle arm Governor Hunting – the uneven or irregular speed of the engine caused by the governor, quick speed and sudden drop in engine speed. Basic Engine Data and Measurement a) bore – diameter of the cylinder. (mm, cm, inch) b) stroke – length of stroke, distance between top and bottom dead center positions. (mm, cm, inch) c) engine or crankshaft speed – speed of rotation of the crankshaft (rpm). d) piston displacement = area of piston * stroke (sq. mm, sq. cm, sq. inch). e) total piston displacement = piston displacement * no. of cylinders. Basic Engine Data and Measurement a) bore – diameter of the cylinder. (mm, cm, inch) b) stroke – length of stroke, distance between top and bottom dead center positions. (mm, cm, inch) c) engine or crankshaft speed – speed of rotation of the crankshaft (rpm). d) piston displacement = area of piston * stroke (sq. mm, sq. cm, sq. inch). e) total piston displacement = piston displacement * no. of cylinders. Basic Engine Data and Measurement l) specific fuel consumption = the quantity of fuel consumed by an engine on the basis of horsepower-hr. expressed in terms of kg/hp-hr or lb/hp-hr. ENGINE CYCLES a) 4 stroke cycle gasoline engine complete its cycle in 2 revolutions of the crankshaft. uses gasoline or petrol as fuel. uses carburetor for air and fuel mixing. uses L or I head valve system takes in air and fuel mixture during the intake stroke. ENGINE CYCLES a) 4 stroke cycle gasoline engine uses spark plug for ignition uses splash type lubricating system on single cylinder engines. can be fabricated from light materials such as aluminum alloy. moderate compression ratio, (CR= 5 to 9). ENGINE CYCLES a) 4 Stroke cycle Diesel engine completes its cycle in 2 revolutions uses diesel fuel uses injection pump to apply pressure to the diesel fuel and injection nozzle to deliver the fuel into the cylinder. takes in air during the intake stroke uses I-head valve arrangement for increased compression ratio (16:1 to 24:1) and pressure (500psi) ENGINE CYCLES a) 4 Stroke cycle Diesel engine uses the heat of compression to burn the injected fuel in the combustion chamber. requires positive lubrication of moving parts (pressurized lubrication) requires strong materials for fabrication requires heavy duty air cleaners and oil filters. Diesel Engine Terminologies a) Direct or solid injection – the mechanical injection of each fuel charge into the hot compressed air. b) CRDI – (common rail direct injection) – used on modern high speed automotive diesel engines (less noise, more fuel economy) c) glow plugs – cold weather starting aid. Electrically operated heater placed in the intake manifold or pre-combustion chamber. END OF PART III