Clinical and Abnormal Psychology Flashcards PDF Quizlet

8/21/24, 8:59 AM Clinical and Abnormal Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet Social Sciences Psychology Abnormal Psychology Clinical and Abnormal Psychology...

8/21/24, 8:59 AM Clinical and Abnormal Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet Social Sciences Psychology Abnormal Psychology Clinical and Abnormal Psychology Leave the first rating Students also viewed Test Bank for Abnormal Psychology... chapter 15 quiz Anxiety Disorders anxiety 173 terms 10 terms 32 terms 26 terms J-Batts007 Preview Ruby_Nguyen739 Preview aris_bmiller Preview ma Terms in this set (946) Based on what you have learned, if a a. he or she will probably not develop agoraphobia. person were to have panic attacks only within the privacy of his or her own home, we should predict that: a. he or she will probably not develop agoraphobia. b. the panic attacks will become more severe over time. c. the panic attacks will become less severe over time. d. he or she will eventually begin having attacks in public settings. If someone began having panic attacks at b. within the normal range of onset (?) age 14, this is the ________ of the disorder (?): a. much earlier than most people b. within the normal range of onset c. later than most people Which of the following statements is true? c. Some with panic disorder engages in catastrophic thinking. a. A clinically valid panic attacks lasts for at least 30 minutes. b. Panic attacks are predictable, and people usually know when they are going to occur. c. Some with panic disorder engages in catastrophic thinking. d. Annie has strong phobias of things such as spiders and snakes. These fears are stronger than in most people. https://quizlet.com/au/925376686/clinical-and-abnormal-psychology-flash-cards/ 1/138 8/21/24, 8:59 AM Clinical and Abnormal Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet The most effective medical treatments for d. providing medications that increase the firing of GABA neurons. panic disorder and agoraphobia involve: a. reducing the amount of lactate in the blood. b. providing antipsychotic medications that reduce fearful stimuli. c. exposing the person to the threatening stimulus a little bit at a time. d. providing medications that increase the firing of GABA neurons. Which of the following is an example of c. I am feeling dizzy, and that means I am about to have a seizure. catastrophic thinking? a. I need to be keep myself in a safe place in case I have a panic attack. b. I want to avoid going to the store because I might have a panic attack there and that would be embarrassing. c. I am feeling dizzy, and that means I am about to have a seizure. d. If I breath too rapidly, I am likely to hyperventilate. What is the relationship between panic d. Panic disorder and agoraphobia are independent disorders (?) disorder and agoraphobia? a. Everyone who experiences regular panic attacks eventually develops agoraphobia. b. Everyone who has agoraphobia also has panic attacks. c. Panic disorder often causes a person to develop agoraphobia. d. Panic disorder and agoraphobia are independent disorders. Which of the following is NOT a form of b. Interpersonal insight in which the client gains insight into the importance of psychotherapy that is recommended for relationships in their life panic disorder or agoraphobia? a. Cognitive restructuring in which the client learns to recognise and reduce catastrophic thinking. b. Interpersonal insight in which the client gains insight into the importance of relationships in their life c. Understanding bodily sensations in which the client learns to identify normal bodily sensations d. Breathing techniques in which the client learns to avoid hyperventilation Which of the following is not a symptom of c. Flashbacks panic attacks? a. Shortness of breath b. Fear of dying c. Flashbacks d. Dizziness https://quizlet.com/au/925376686/clinical-and-abnormal-psychology-flash-cards/ 2/138 8/21/24, 8:59 AM Clinical and Abnormal Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet Which of the following are proposed head/brain trauma causes for brain abnormalities or genetics neurochemical imbalances that lead to mental disorders? (select more than one) substance abuse physical trauma head/brain trauma genetics Which of the following elements of dysfunction abnormality is most often incorporated into diagnostic criteria? deviance or norm violation statistical rarity distress dysfunction A mental disorder is characterised by thinking patterns clinically significant disturbances in which emotion regulation of the following? (select more than one) occupational performance thinking patterns emotion regulation social interactions Which of the perspectives was the first to biological employ systematic and objective methods to assess symptoms and base classifications on this? cognitive biological behavioural humanistic Initially developed to treat schizophrenia, Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) _______ remains an effective method for managing treatment-resistant depression. Biological perspectives of mental disorders comorbidity are unable to account for the degree of ________ observed between different conditions. One of the key methods of data collection brain-scanning and brain-imaging used by researchers investigating biological contributions to mental disorders are ________ techniques. Psychological perspectives see what as the thoughts primary causes of abnormal behaviour? environmental factors (select more than one) feelings thoughts environmental factors feelings diet https://quizlet.com/au/925376686/clinical-and-abnormal-psychology-flash-cards/ 3/138 8/21/24, 8:59 AM Clinical and Abnormal Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet Rohan enjoys nothing more than online a restricted behavioural pattern gaming. After finishing work he will eat his dinner, do his chores, and then settle in and play online games until after midnight. He looks forward to this each evening, and if he is unable to play for some reason, he can be very disappointed and at times frustrated. On two or three occasions he has been late to work after sleeping in following a marathon gaming session. Based on this description, it is likely that Rohan would be described as having: a problematic gaming addiction a mental disorder a restricted behavioural pattern limited social skills If someone believed that a mental disorder biological was a disease that progressed through increasingly severe symptoms, this is most consistent with the __________ perspective. Psychoanalysis is: (select more than one) a technique to identify why people behave the way they do a theory that explains human behaviour a well validated theory to explain abnormal functioning a treatment for mental disorders a technique to identify why people behave the way they do a theory that explains human behaviour One of the major contributions of the development of effective drug treatments for mental disorders biological perspective is the: development of effective drug treatments for mental disorders acceptance of mental disorders as genuine medical conditions ability to cure some mental disorders ability to identify the causes of mental disorders In contrast to biological perspectives of psychological mental disorders, __________ perspectives emphasise the interaction between environmental factors, learning history and belief systems. Often people will talk about having an id and superego angel on one shoulder and the devil on the other—each telling them what to do. This can be likened to which respective psychoanalytic constructs? ego and superego id, ego and superego id and superego ego and id https://quizlet.com/au/925376686/clinical-and-abnormal-psychology-flash-cards/ 4/138 8/21/24, 8:59 AM Clinical and Abnormal Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet Although the psychoanalytic perspective neuroses broadened the definition of mental illness beyond psychosis, it primarily focused on treating psychoses distress neuroses hysteria The stages of psychosexual development females have less self-control than males imply that: females are morally superior to males females have less self-control than males females do not progress through the same psychosexual stages as males females cannot have male role models According to the psychodynamic anxiety (or abnormal behaviour or distress) perspective, when the id, ego and superego are in conflict, people are likely to experience _________ Rachel loves to hear about people's manifest; latent dreams, and then to analyse them to find their 'true meaning'. In psychoanalytic terms, Rachel is using the _______ content to determine the ________ content of dreams. unconscious; manifest manifest; latent latent; unconscious conscious, unconscious The purpose of __________ is to reduce the defence mechanisms anxiety, guilt and embarrassment that arise from conflict between the id, ego and superego. Carol believes that you have to 'read psychoanalytic (or psychodynamic) between the lines' of what someone says to find out what they actually mean. Carol's belief is akin to that of the __________ perspective. Which of the following techniques are free association commonly used within psychoanalysis? dream analysis (select more than one) (note: NOT transference as this is a focus, not a technique) free association dream analysis free thinking transference The _______ stage is crucial to the phallic development of the superego. https://quizlet.com/au/925376686/clinical-and-abnormal-psychology-flash-cards/ 5/138 8/21/24, 8:59 AM Clinical and Abnormal Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet One of the most influential concepts in object relations contemporary psychodynamic perspectives is: object relations penis envy the superego Oedipus complex An important contribution made by Freud enabling mental health professionals other than psychiatrists to provide treatment that facilitated ongoing developments in the treatment of mental disorders was: using methods other than case studies to investigate symptoms and treatments enabling mental health professionals other than psychiatrists to provide treatment treating clients only within inpatient settings the development of immediately effective treatments Willard subscribes to the psychoanalytic normal behaviour approach to mental disorders. As such, he abnormal behaviour is likely to believe that conflict among the id, ego and superego leads to _______? (select more than one) reliance on defence mechanisms regression through the psychosexual stages of development normal behaviour abnormal behaviour he defence mechanism of reaction acting opposite to unconscious impulses formation is best typified by: acting opposite to conscious behaviour acting opposite to parental expectations acting opposite to unconscious impulses acting opposite to what others expect The 'learning' approach is another term behavioural used to describe the ________ approach/perspective of human behaviour. Fundamentally, psychoanalytic techniques make unconscious thoughts conscious to reduce distress aim to: make unconscious thoughts conscious to reduce distress make distressing thoughts unconscious progress people through the psychosexual stages to reduce distress increase the use of defence mechanisms to reduce distress While Freud emphasised the strivings of id / ego the ________ , contemporary psychodynamic theorists emphasise human behaviour in terms of the processes and development of the ________ https://quizlet.com/au/925376686/clinical-and-abnormal-psychology-flash-cards/ 6/138 8/21/24, 8:59 AM Clinical and Abnormal Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet Within behaviourism, classical conditioning unintentional / intentional results from _______ learning, while operant conditioning results from ________ learning. One of the key criticisms of the falsifiability psychodynamic perspective is its lack of _________ Which two perspectives agree that psychodynamic and behavioural differences between normal and abnormal behaviour are a matter of degree, rather than representing distinctly different constructs? biological and psychodynamic psychodynamic and behavioural behavioural and humanist humanist and cognitive-behavioural Within the behavioural perspective, it is external stimuli argued that the causes of behaviour are directly attributable to: external stimuli internal stimuli intrinsic stimuli extraneous stimuli Researchers have found that behavioural able to achieve client gains in shorter time periods than other treatments treatments for mental disorders are generally: most effective when used in conjunction with medication declining in popularity compared to newer treatment methods such as mindfulness harder for clients to comply with able to achieve client gains in shorter time periods than other treatments In contrast to traditional behaviourists such external reinforcement influences the rate of learning as Skinner, contemporary behaviourists like Tolman argued that: external reinforcement influences the rate of learning internal reinforcement is always needed for learning to occur external reinforcement is always needed for learning to occur internal reinforcement is stronger than external reinforcement when learning new skills The learning principle that relies on classical conditioning automatic, autonomic responses to stimuli is: operant conditioning classical conditioning instrumental conditioning Pavlovian conditioning https://quizlet.com/au/925376686/clinical-and-abnormal-psychology-flash-cards/ 7/138 8/21/24, 8:59 AM Clinical and Abnormal Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet A major contribution made to the discipline the emphasis on experimentation and objective measurement of psychology by the behavioural perspective was: focusing on measurable constructs that could not be refuted by others acknowledgment of the interaction between internal and external states in influencing behaviour the emphasis on experimentation and objective measurement increasing acceptance of psychology as a discipline through its robust methods If a learned behaviour begins to interfere maladaptive with achieving goals, it is said to have become Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck are two cognitive theorists associated with the ________ perspective on mental disorders. Which of the following is not a treatment pharmacotherapy based on learning principles? token economies aversion therapy pharmacotherapy systematic desensitisation Which of the following is not a common selective listening cognitive distortion identified by cognitive theorists? magnification over-generalising catastrophising selective listening The primary difference between traditional non-observable and contemporary behavioural perspectives is the recognition of _________ constructs as necessary, and legitimate, foci of study. A _______ diary is often used in cognitive thought therapy to help identify negative beliefs and thinking patterns. The exclusive focus on reward and decreased/reduced punishment for behaviour modification resulted in ________ use of behaviourist principles in clinical contexts. Within Ellis' ABC model, A refers to _____ ; B event / interpretation / response or behaviour refers to ______ and C refers to ______ The cognitive-behavioural perspective is dominant currently the ______ psychological approach to understanding mental disorders. https://quizlet.com/au/925376686/clinical-and-abnormal-psychology-flash-cards/ 8/138 8/21/24, 8:59 AM Clinical and Abnormal Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet Which treatment approach has been cognitive-behavioural scientifically demonstrated to be effective for a wide variety of disorders across adults, teenagers and children? cognitive cognitive-behavioural psychodynamic humanistic A client has been asked to conduct a cognitive behavioural experiment to test the belief that people are laughing at him. It is likely that his therapist subscribes to which perspective of mental disorders? humanistic behavioural biological cognitive At present, evidence regarding the role of correlational negative cognitions in causing mental disorders is: correlational irrefutable vital growing In contrast to a perceived negative, optimism or hope deterministic view inherent within psychodynamic perspectives, humanistic views of human experience are epitomised by ________ Which of the following perspectives on cognitive mental disorders emphasises the role of biases and selective attention in causing distress? psychodynamic humanistic cognitive behavioural Humanists argue that self-actualisation the amount of unconditional positive regard received during childhood depends largely upon: the presence of an innate actualising tendency the degree of self-actualisation achieved before adulthood the amount of unconditional positive regard received during childhood the amount of person-centred therapy experienced https://quizlet.com/au/925376686/clinical-and-abnormal-psychology-flash-cards/ 9/138 8/21/24, 8:59 AM Clinical and Abnormal Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet The cognitive-behavioural perspective 1970s increased in popularity beginning in which decade? 1960s 1950s 1980s 1970s Rogers labelled his therapeutic approach person-centred as _______ therapy. The scientist-practitioner model of cognitive-behavioural treatment is best exemplified by which approach to the treatment of mental disorders? behavioural biological humanistic cognitive-behavioural Within the humanistic perspective, being non-judgmental (note: communication and empathy are more about unconditional positive regard refers to: METHODS of showing unconditional positive regard) sharing psychological contact with the client being non-judgmental communicating honestly with the client always demonstrating empathy towards the client Despite the disputed role of negative maintaining cognitions in causing mental disorders, cognitive-behaviourists argue that they play a ________ role in such disorders. Which of the following theorists are NOT Thorndike (behaviourist) associated with the humanistic Jung (psychodynamic) perspective? (Select more than one) Thorndike Jung Maslow Rogers Which perspective on human behaviour humanistic emphasises individuality, choice and optimism? behavioural humanistic cognitive-behavioural psychodynamic Rasheed has an incredible talent for interior self-actualised design. He has nurtured this through training and study, and now owns his own interior design business. He loves his work and is proud of what he has achieved, even if it has meant disagreeing with others in terms of what he should do with his life. A humanist would describe Rasheed as ________ https://quizlet.com/au/925376686/clinical-and-abnormal-psychology-flash-cards/ 10/138 8/21/24, 8:59 AM Clinical and Abnormal Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet In line with the sociocultural perspective, responsibility psychologists have a social ____________ to shape social change. According to the humanistic approach, thwarted self-actualisation abnormal behaviour results from: psychopathology conditions of worth not being satisfied a damaged therapeutic relationship thwarted self-actualisation The integrative approach to mental diathesis-stress (Note: NOT the biopsychosocial model as this is just a synonym for disorders is essentially a variant of which the integrative approach, not a variant). theory/model? interactionist diathesis-stress sociocultural biopsychosocial According to Rogers, for therapeutic incongruence; congruence change to occur, the client must be in a state of _________ and the therapist in a state of __________. openness; expertise incongruence; congruence stability; instability conditional regard; unconditional regard Within Australia, the DSM is the _______ primary classification system used for the diagnosis of mental disorders. Identify the correct order in which theories 1. biological on human behaviour were developed, from 2. humanist the earliest to the most recent: 3. psychodynamic 4. behavioural psychodynamic biological (note - this seems wrong??) behavioural humanist The risk of health professionals sociocultural contributing to, rather than reducing, distress is recognised within which perspective? integrative biological cognitive-behavioural sociocultural The integrative, or ___________ approach to biopsychosocial mental disorders holds that human behaviour can be explained by a combination of biological, psychological and sociocultural factors. The ICD provides an alternative __________ classification system for mental disorders. https://quizlet.com/au/925376686/clinical-and-abnormal-psychology-flash-cards/ 11/138 8/21/24, 8:59 AM Clinical and Abnormal Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet A primary advantage of diagnostic labels is increase access to resources that they: (select more than one) guide treatment strategies enhance communication between professionals increase access to resources guide treatment strategies enhance communication between professionals allow for more targeted research Due to the influence of social values and control norms, diagnostic labels have historically been used as a means of _________ The influence of family and other social sociocultural structures on mental disorders is emphasised within the ________ perspective. Diagnostic instability indicates that: there are concerns regarding the validity of the current classification system there are concerns regarding the validity of the current classification system the same treatment is likely to work for a variety of different disorders mental health professionals interpret symptoms in different ways the DSM has not improved communication among clinicians and researchers Proponents of the dimensional model of shared classification argue that high degrees of comorbidity and shared symptoms between mental disorders reflect ________ underlying psychopathology. Despite the manner in which they are often theoretical constructs used by health professionals, diagnostic labels reflect: universally accepted constructs hypothesised constructs empirically validated constructs theoretical constructs A primary criticism of the current the high degree of comorbidity between disorders diagnostic classification system is: (Select the similarity of symptoms between different disorders more than one) the fact that few people will be diagnosed with a mental disorder during their life the high degree of comorbidity between disorders the similarity of symptoms between different disorders the fact that most people will be diagnosed with a mental disorder during their life https://quizlet.com/au/925376686/clinical-and-abnormal-psychology-flash-cards/ 12/138 8/21/24, 8:59 AM Clinical and Abnormal Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet Vulnerabilities that have been identified to psychological factors increase triggering of the alarm reaction biological factors include: (Select more than one): environmental factors psychological factors biological factors social factors The common thread running through expectation that aversive outcomes are probable informational, conditioning and vicarious acquisition of fear is the: expectation that aversive outcomes are probable role of biology in shaping anxiety deactivation of the fight or flight response contribution of Cannon's work in their development Dimensions that appear important in positive affectivity identifying shared and unique factors negative affectivity across anxiety disorders are: (Select more than one): (and autonomic arousal) aetiology positive affectivity negative affectivity epidemiology Which classification system separates ICD-10 phobic from other anxiety disorders: ICD-10 DSM-5 ICD-9 DSM-IV The DSM-5 specifies _____ subtypes of 4 phobias, categorised according to the primary focus of the fear. 7 6 5 4 Fear is the immediate alarm reaction perceived danger triggered by a(n): imminent danger anticipated danger perceived danger actual danger In vicarious conditioning of anxiety, fear modelling responses are learned through _______ https://quizlet.com/au/925376686/clinical-and-abnormal-psychology-flash-cards/ 13/138 8/21/24, 8:59 AM Clinical and Abnormal Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet The dimensions of emotion described by autonomic arousal Brown and Barlow are: (Select more than negative affectivity one) positive affectivity autonomic arousal negative affectivity sympathetic arousal positive affectivity The estimated lifetime prevalence of 7-9 specific phobias is _______%. 18-20 13-15 3-5 7-9 Which of the following are least likely to be driving the focus of a specific phobia? (Select weather more than one) blood/injections driving weather animals Specific phobias comprise fear reactions to intense a specific object/situation that are: (Select consistent more than one) disproportionate intense transient consistent disproportionate Contemporary behavioural theorists inhibitory learning emphasise the role of ________ in reducing phobic responses. flooding inhibitory learning disinhibition extinction Barlow argues that ______ are the hallmark of false alarms anxiety disorders. In previous editions of the DSM, complex phobia agoraphobia was referred to as: claustrophobia complex phobia specific phobia simple phobia The clustering of emotional disorders, neurotic including anxiety, around a common genetic vulnerability has been called the general _______ syndrome. https://quizlet.com/au/925376686/clinical-and-abnormal-psychology-flash-cards/ 14/138 8/21/24, 8:59 AM Clinical and Abnormal Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet The median age of onset for agoraphobia 22 is ______ years. 22 28 25 30 The greater prevalence of specific phobias may remit without treatment in children has led some to suggest that they: need separate diagnostic criteria to avoid overdiagnosis are developmentally normal may remit without treatment are more impacted than adults According to Clark's cognitive model of catastrophic panic disorder, individuals misinterpret the physiological sensations of panic in a ______ way. realistic hypomanic catastrophic efficacious Specific phobias may have their origins in inappropriately (or inaccurately, incorrectly) an accurate appraisal of a past dangerous event that is then _______ applied to current benign events. Effective medications for treating panic benzodiazepines disorder and agoraphobia include which of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors the following? (Select more than one): antipsychotics benzodiazepines selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors monoamine reuptake inhibitors Reviews of treatment studies have found in vivo exposure that _________ therapy is the most effective treatment for specific phobias. habituation flooding extinction in vivo exposure From an inhibitory learning perspective, the identifying prediction errors emphasis of treatment is on: habituation gradual exposure to the feared situation anxiety monitoring identifying prediction errors ________ involves the fear of panic and its Agoraphobia consequences in the external environment. https://quizlet.com/au/925376686/clinical-and-abnormal-psychology-flash-cards/ 15/138 8/21/24, 8:59 AM Clinical and Abnormal Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet Social anxiety disorder is also referred to social phobia as: complex phobia social phobia situational phobia agoraphobia The lifetime prevalence estimate for panic 5 disorder in Australia is ___%. 4 5 2 3 Apart from specific phobia, social anxiety earliest disorder is one of the most common and _______ onset of anxiety disorders. briefest unpredictable earliest most sudden It is estimated that approximately ___% of 10; 3 the general population experience occasional panic attacks; however, only _____% go on to develop panic disorder. 5; 2 2; 1 10; 3 7; 4 Which of the following have been excessive self-focus associated with the development of social excessive parental criticism anxiety disorder? (Select more than one) excessive self-focus excessive parental criticism a highly enmeshed family a highly protective family In the context of social anxiety disorder, a cognitive rationale is provided the effectiveness of exposure therapy is enhanced when: relaxation is concurrently engaged social support is high a cognitive rationale is provided breathing retraining is included _______ exposure involves inducing physical Interoceptive sensations of panic. Graded In vivo Physiological Interoceptive https://quizlet.com/au/925376686/clinical-and-abnormal-psychology-flash-cards/ 16/138 8/21/24, 8:59 AM Clinical and Abnormal Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet Individuals with generalised anxiety catastrophising disorder are particularly prone to which cognitive distortion? all-or-nothing thinking catastrophising mind-reading personalising The anxiety symptoms most troubling to visible to others sufferers of social anxiety disorder are those: visible to others involving a cognitive component involving a physiological component requiring medication The lifetime prevalence rate of GAD for the 6.1 Australian population is ____%. 6.1 0.5 2.1 4.1 Some researchers have reported a mean 25 duration of ______ years for untreated social anxiety disorder. 10 25 20 15 According to the information processing the likelihood of negative events model, individuals with GAD overestimate: the negative consequences of events (Select more than one) the likelihood of negative events the threat posed by others the negative consequences of events their ability to cope with everyday activities Individuals with social anxiety disorder: believe they have social deficits believe they have social deficits demonstrate underdeveloped social skills seek help soon after onset of the disorder create opportunities for social interaction __________ refers to beliefs about one's own Meta-beliefs beliefs and those of others. The treatment with the strongest evidence cognitive behaviour therapy base for managing social anxiety disorder is: exposure-response prevention medication interoceptive exposure cognitive behaviour therapy https://quizlet.com/au/925376686/clinical-and-abnormal-psychology-flash-cards/ 17/138 8/21/24, 8:59 AM Clinical and Abnormal Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet Physiological arousal is lower when people in thoughts worry: in thoughts in images in the early morning at night Despite the diversity of worries that occur social threat in the context of GAD, most can be physical threat categorised as relating to: (Select more than one) fear of abandonment social threat physical threat past negative events The intolerance of uncertainty model attempt to control situations with uncertain outcomes argues that people with GAD will: attempt to control situations with uncertain outcomes be most distressed in situations in which they are able to assume control experience better outcomes through therapies that emphasise ways of gaining control over the environment readily seek treatment due to the impacts of the disorder GAD frequently co-occurs with: (Select panic disorder more than one) personality disorder (dependent) panic disorder psychosis personality disorder physical illness A primary limitation of medication use in a return of symptoms once medication is ceased treating GAD is: the costs associated with prescription medications extreme side effects that impact wellbeing high rates of addiction associated with their use a return of symptoms once medication is ceased In support of the information processing interpret ambiguous scenarios as threatening model of GAD are findings that sufferers: selectively attend to threatening stimuli (Select more than one) frequently engage in avoidance strategies to manage anxiety demonstrate safety behaviours interpret ambiguous scenarios as threatening selectively attend to threatening stimuli https://quizlet.com/au/925376686/clinical-and-abnormal-psychology-flash-cards/ 18/138 8/21/24, 8:59 AM Clinical and Abnormal Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet CBT approaches to generalised anxiety factors that maintain symptoms disorder focus on: factors that maintain symptoms factors that triggered the initial worry removing triggers for worry from the environment removing reactions to worry Negative meta-beliefs: discriminate between GAD and other forms of anxiety are an example of Wells' 'Type 1' worry are present in all anxiety disorders are largely accurate reflections of reality discriminate between GAD and other forms of anxiety Which alternative approach to treating mindfulness meditation GAD has been found to result in improved outcomes compared to CBT? mindfulness meditation interoceptive exposure interpersonal therapy cognitive therapy Barkovec and colleagues argue that is less distressing than processing emotional images worrying in thoughts: emphasises the cognitive basis of GAD takes less effort than worrying in images is less distressing than processing emotional images is an effective treatment for GAD Intolerance of uncertainty is argued to have low problem-solving self-efficacy interact with: (Select more than one) positive meta-beliefs about worry high cognitive capacity have low problem-solving self-efficacy low physiological arousal positive meta-beliefs about worry Due to concerns with tolerance and benzodiazepines dependence, _________ are not considered the prescription of choice for GAD. The technique of worry exposure is often is objectively distressing used in treating GAD when the source of worry: requires strong imaginal exposure skills is not able to be managed in real-life situations has no possibility of ever occurring is objectively distressing https://quizlet.com/au/925376686/clinical-and-abnormal-psychology-flash-cards/ 19/138 8/21/24, 8:59 AM Clinical and Abnormal Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet In mindfulness meditation, people learn to observe be more present-focused and learn to _________ their worries. observe change challenge ignore Which of these does not typically form part c. dream analysis of cognitive-behavioural treatment? a. cognitive restructuring b. behavioural experiments c. dream analysis d. thought diaries e. altering behaviours Which of the following is not one of the b. Psychiatric disorders are separate and independent. reasons experts have proposed a dimensional system of classification for the DSM-5? a. Psychiatric disorders are shown to exist on a continuum of severity. b. Psychiatric disorders are separate and independent. c. There are high rates of comorbidity among psychiatric disorders. d. The point on a continuum at which a diagnosis is made is largely arbitrary. e. It may improve the validity of the diagnostic system. With reference to Wakefield's 'harmful a. where a psychological process has failed to carry out its natural function dysfunction' analysis of mental disorders, what does the word 'dysfunction' refer to? a. where a psychological process has failed to carry out its natural function b. where an individual is unable to function in society c. where an individual is behaving in a threatening manner d. where an individual is unable to empathise e. where an individual is unable to relate to others Psychoanalysts believe that defence b. distorting impulses into acceptable forms or making them unconscious. mechanisms operate by: a. reducing re-uptake of neurotransmitters and hormones. b. distorting impulses into acceptable forms or making them unconscious. c. correcting dysfunctional thought patterns. d. overcoming negative behaviour patterns. e. activating the fight-flight response. https://quizlet.com/au/925376686/clinical-and-abnormal-psychology-flash-cards/ 20/138 8/21/24, 8:59 AM Clinical and Abnormal Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet Prior to the twentieth century, the concept e. insanity of mental illness was virtually identical to the concept of: a. sin. b. neurosis. c. retardation. d. paralysis. e. insanity. The basic principle of classical b. all behaviours can be explained in terms of conditioned and unconditioned conditioning is that: responses. a. all behaviours can be understood in terms of their function. b. all behaviours can be explained in terms of conditioned and unconditioned responses. c. all behaviours followed by positive consequences are likely to be repeated. d. all behaviours can be interpreted as a product of cognitive patterns. e. scientific research must confine itself to events which can be observed. The pattern and rates of co-occurrence c. the existence of higher-order dimensions of psychopathology. among the mental disorders are thought to reflect: a. the presence of personality disorders. b. separate, independent causation. c. the existence of higher-order dimensions of psychopathology. d. classical conditioning. e. clinical bias. Which of the following does not form part b. treatment of the definition of abnormal behaviour? a. rarity b. treatment c. distress d. dysfunction e. norm violation Among mental health professionals, a e. if a person's behaviour interferes with his/her ability to carry on with everyday life. crucial element of defining dysfunctional behaviour is: a. if a person engages in risky behaviours. b. if a person experiences elevated mood, self-esteem and creativity. c. if a person defines his/her own behaviour as abnormal. d. if an individual imposes suffering on his/her own self. e. if a person's behaviour interferes with his/her ability to carry on with everyday life. https://quizlet.com/au/925376686/clinical-and-abnormal-psychology-flash-cards/ 21/138 8/21/24, 8:59 AM Clinical and Abnormal Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet A functional analysis of behaviour: a. describes behaviour and its environmental determinants objectively. a. describes behaviour and its environmental determinants objectively. b. reduces incongruence and results in self-actualisation. c. interprets behaviour in terms of unconscious conflicts. d. associates a relaxation response with imagined feared stimuli. e. connects behavioural responses to cognitive distortions. According to the biopsychosocial d. a variety of biological, psychological and sociocultural factors. approach, human behaviour can best be explained by: a. genetics. b. the diathesis-stress model. c. upbringing. d. a variety of biological, psychological and sociocultural factors. e. an individual's biological and psychological vulnerabilities. Emil Kraepelin classified mental disorders a. causes was INCORRECT. in terms of their: Correct answer might be c. symptoms a. causes. b. severity. c. symptoms. d. adverse life events. e. All of the given options are correct. The key issues raised in the construction of d. the inclusion of a psychoanalytic perspective. the DSM-5 include all of the following except: a. a rating system indicating the extent and quality of empirical research. b. explicit guidelines for changing criteria from one edition of the DSM to the next. c. the possibility of a dimensional approach. d. the inclusion of a psychoanalytic perspective. e. All of the options are key issues relevant to the construction of the DSM-5. Which of the following is not an example of d. repressing a cognitive distortion? a. black and white thinking b. over-generalising c. catastrophising d. repressing e. jumping to negative conclusions https://quizlet.com/au/925376686/clinical-and-abnormal-psychology-flash-cards/ 22/138 8/21/24, 8:59 AM Clinical and Abnormal Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet The behavioural perspective considers all d. learning. behaviour, both normal and abnormal, as the product of: a. genetics. b. brain abnormalities. c. neurotransmitter imbalance. d. learning. e. hormone deficiency. The idea that specific phobias are d. All of the options listed here are correct. classically conditioned is weakened by the fact that: a. not all individuals show phobic responses after a negative encounter with a stimulus. b. the majority of phobic individuals report no memory of a pairing of an aversive event with the phobic object. c. phobic fears are not evenly distributed across possible stimuli. d. All of the options listed here are correct. e. None of the given options is correct. In vicarious acquisition, fear is acquired by: c. observing another person responding with fear to a threat. a. classical conditioning. b. verbal transmission of fear-related information. c. observing another person responding with fear to a threat. d. All of the given options are correct. e. None of the given options is correct. According to Barlow (2002), the hallmark d. false alarms. of anxiety is: a. panic attacks. b. vicarious acquisition. c. true alarms. d. false alarms. e. distorted thoughts. In agoraphobia sufferers avoid being in b. a panic attack may occur and escape from the situation is difficult. situations where: a. there is a need to relate easily to others. b. a panic attack may occur and escape from the situation is difficult. c. others may see them. d. they are far away from home. e. None of the given options is correct. https://quizlet.com/au/925376686/clinical-and-abnormal-psychology-flash-cards/ 23/138 8/21/24, 8:59 AM Clinical and Abnormal Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet Which of the following is not typically true c. It is not comorbid with other disorders. of GAD? a. GAD occurs more often in women than men. b. Without treatment GAD has a chronic course. c. It is not comorbid with other disorders. d. Most sufferers do not seek help. e. None of the given options are correct. What changes to the diagnostic criteria for b. No changes were made in the DSM-5. GAD were enacted in the DSM-5? a. Removed the criterion that worry should be difficult to control. b. No changes were made in the DSM-5. c. Excessive anxiety and worry must be present for three, rather than six, months. d. Reduced the number of associated symptoms. e. Included the presence of behavioural symptoms such as time spent planning for potential threat. A panic disorder differs from a panic attack d. a panic disorder involves worry about having additional panic attacks. in that: a. panic disorders are more extreme. b. panic attacks come 'out of the blue'. c. a panic disorder is more likely to be comorbid with depression. d. a panic disorder involves worry about having additional panic attacks. e. None of the given options is correct. According to the wells meta-cognitive c. both positive and negative beliefs about worrying. model of generalised anxiety disorder (GAD), an individual with GAD is likely to have: a. only positive beliefs about worrying. b. only negative beliefs about worrying. c. both positive and negative beliefs about worrying. d. All of the given options are correct. e. None of the given options is correct. Seligman's preparedness theory suggests a. there is a biological/evolutionary component to phobic fears. that: a. there is a biological/evolutionary component to phobic fears. b. anxiety is due to expectation of negative outcomes. c. phobias are founded in unconscious mental conflicts. d. false alarms lead to heightened vigilance. e. humans are prepared to deal with certain threats. https://quizlet.com/au/925376686/clinical-and-abnormal-psychology-flash-cards/ 24/138 8/21/24, 8:59 AM Clinical and Abnormal Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet People with social phobia avoid situations e. embarrassment and negative evaluation by other people. because they fear: a. panic attacks. b. re-experiencing trauma. c. contamination by other people. d. enclosed spaces. e. embarrassment and negative evaluation by other people. Which of the following is not a change to e. Specific phobia and panic disorder are combined into one diagnosis. anxiety disorders in the DSM-5? a. There is a minimum period to receive a specific phobia diagnosis. b. Agoraphobia has become a distinct disorder from panic disorder. c. A distinction is made between performance social phobia and generalised social phobia. d. OCD is listed within 'Anxiety and Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum'. e. Specific phobia and panic disorder are combined into one diagnosis. An example of a social threat for sufferers c. worrying about not being liked by others. of GAD is: a. worrying about being the victim of a terrorist attack. b. worrying about being involved in a car accident. c. worrying about not being liked by others. d. worrying about developing cancer. e. None of the given options is correct. Individuals with generalised anxiety c. both social threat and physical threat. disorder (GAD) typically experience worries about: a. social threat but not physical threat. b. physical threat but not social threat. c. both social threat and physical threat. d. neither social threat nor physical threat. e. social threat, physical threat and contamination threat. Which of the following is not one of the e. eye movement desensitisation retraining (EMDR) new approaches for helping people with GAD? a. interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) b. mindfulness meditation approaches c. cognitive restructuring d. increasing patient understanding of processes maintaining worry e. eye movement desensitisation retraining (EMDR) https://quizlet.com/au/925376686/clinical-and-abnormal-psychology-flash-cards/ 25/138 8/21/24, 8:59 AM Clinical and Abnormal Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet The relief from escape and avoiding a b. negative reinforcement. feared stimulus is an example of: a. positive reinforcement. b. negative reinforcement. c. reinforcement of avoidance. d. positive punishment. e. None of the given options is correct. The insight of children with OCD is usually c. poor, good _____ and the insight of adults with OCD is usually ______. a. good, good b. good, poor c. poor, good d. poor, poor When a person is constantly thinking about c. obsession, compulsion germs, we would say they have a(n) ________ about cleanliness; if they constantly wash their hands, they are expressing a(n) ________. a. obsession, obsessive behaviour b. compulsion, obsessive behaviour c. obsession, compulsion d. compulsion, obsession Effective medications for OCD were first a. in the 1980s developed _______. a. in the 1980s b. in the 1960s c. in the 1940s d. in the 1920s SSRIs are among the most effective d. preventing the reuptake of neurotransmitters. medications for treating OCD. These medications work by a. adding an antagonist that makes the neurotransmitter less effective. b. increasing the sensitivity of neural receptors. c. decreasing the sensitivity of neural receptors. d. preventing the reuptake of neurotransmitters. Which form of psychotherapy has proven c. Cognitive-behavioural therapy the most effective in the treatment of OCD? a. Humanistic therapy b. Psychoanalytic therapy c. Cognitive-behavioural therapy d. Person-centred therapy https://quizlet.com/au/925376686/clinical-and-abnormal-psychology-flash-cards/ 26/138 8/21/24, 8:59 AM Clinical and Abnormal Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet Among OCD patients who take b. 20, 20 medications, approximately _______% report complete relief from their symptoms and _______% report no relief at all. a. 50, 50 b. 20, 20 c. 5, 50 d. 30, 60 Among those who complete a full course d. 50-80% of cognitive-behavioural therapy, approximately _______ report a reduction in their symptoms. a. 2-5% b. 6-10% c. 15-30% d. 50-80% The three essential aspects of an effective a. family therapy treatment program for OCD include all of the following EXCEPT _____. a. family therapy b. education c. medications d. psychotherapy Which of the following is NOT a feature of c. progressive muscle relaxation cognitive-behavioural therapy for OCD? a. exposure to anxiety-provoking stimuli b. response prevention c. progressive muscle relaxation d. challenging catastrophic thinking People have some degree of choice True regarding their compulsions. True False Obsessions are recurrent and persistent True thoughts, impulses or images that are experienced as intrusive, inappropriate or distressing. True False Any excessive worry can be called an False obsession, whether or not the person recognizes that it is a product of his or her own mind. True False Compulsions are always linked to False obsessions because the compulsive behaviour must have the aim of reducing or preventing anxiety before they can be called compulsions. True False https://quizlet.com/au/925376686/clinical-and-abnormal-psychology-flash-cards/ 27/138 8/21/24, 8:59 AM Clinical and Abnormal Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet Compulsions are repetitive behaviours or True mental routines. True False Compulsions are always the result of an False obsession. True False Obsessions can be excessive worries False about real life problems. True False In systematic desensitization: a. a person reverses the process of classical conditioning. a. a person reverses the process of classical conditioning. b. a person "gets in touch" with the stimuli that cause him to become fearful. c. a person is taught to systematically avoid stimuli that produce fear in him. d. a person explores the irrational elements in his thoughts and emotions. Which of the following is NOT a symptom b. Depression of PTSD? a. Hypervigilance b. Depression c. Insomnia d. Flashbacks _____ is part of the cognitive component of a. Challenging irrational beliefs therapy for PTSD. a. Challenging irrational beliefs b. Progressive muscle relaxation c. Systematic desensitization d. Exposure to traumatic stimuli Exposure therapy is effective for treating b. simple phobia; PTSD both _____ and ______. a. depression; PTSD b. simple phobia; PTSD c. depression; simple phobia d. substance abuse; PTSD A person is experiencing __________ when they c. emotional numbing feel detached from those around them. a. flashbacks b. hypervigilance c. emotional numbing d. limited amnesia https://quizlet.com/au/925376686/clinical-and-abnormal-psychology-flash-cards/ 28/138 8/21/24, 8:59 AM Clinical and Abnormal Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet Which form of therapy is most effective for d. Drug therapy and psychotherapy produce the same rate of initial recovery but depression? psychotherapy is better at preventing remissions. a. Drug therapy produces a higher recovery rate than psychotherapy. b. Psychotherapy produces a higher recovery rate than drug therapy. c. Drug therapy and psychotherapy produce the same rate of initial recovery but drug therapy is better at preventing remissions. d. Drug therapy and psychotherapy produce the same rate of initial recovery but psychotherapy is better at preventing remissions. Which of the following is not one of the a. Confront your nemesis techniques used by cognitive-behaviourists to help people think more rationally about their condition? a. Confront your nemesis b. Reverse the roles c. Define your terms d. Examine the evidence Which of the following is NOT a concern a. It takes too long for it to provide relief associated with ECT? a. It takes too long for it to provide relief b. The patient may suffer memory loss c. The procedure can be used as a means of social control d. It has a high relapse rate Which of the following was not listed a c. Exposure therapy form of treatment for depression? a. Cognitive behavioural therapy b. Electroconvulsive therapy c. Exposure therapy d. Interpersonal therapy Which of the following is NOT a feature of d. Muscle tension depression? a. Decreased interest in sex b. Poor hygiene c. Psychomotor agitation d. Muscle tension _________ percent of Americans will b. One to two experience bipolar disorder in their lifetimes. a. Less than one b. One to two c. Seven to ten d. Fifteen to twenty https://quizlet.com/au/925376686/clinical-and-abnormal-psychology-flash-cards/ 29/138 8/21/24, 8:59 AM Clinical and Abnormal Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet Medications such as lithium d. are able to reduce the symptoms of bipolar disorder in about 40 percent of the cases. a. are able to cure bipolar disorder in about 10 percent of the cases. b. are able to cure bipolar disorder in about 40 percent of the cases. c. are able to reduce the symptoms of bipolar disorder in about 10 percent of the cases. d. are able to reduce the symptoms of bipolar disorder in about 40 percent of the cases. Which of the following statements is TRUE? d. When a person is in the manic state, they sometimes experience psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations. a. If bipolar disorder is left untreated for five or more years, it can grow worse and develop into a case of schizophrenia. b. While a person is in their manic state, they usually recognize that something is wrong. c. Bipolar disorder is usually identified and diagnosed quickly. d. When a person is in the manic state, they sometimes experience psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations. Which of the following is NOT a d. hypervigilance behavioural characteristic of mania? a. racing thoughts b. sleeplessness c. irritability d. hypervigilance At what age does bipolar disorder most d. Late adolescence and early adulthood (ages 17 to 24) frequently emerge? a. Early childhood (ages 2 to 5) b. Middle childhood (ages 5 to 10) c. Puberty and early adolescence (ages 11 to 15) d. Late adolescence and early adulthood (ages 17 to 24) How does a psychiatrist tell the difference b. It is a subjective decision in which the therapist compares the client's behaviour to between a person with a lot of energy and his normal level of activity. a person who is in a manic state? a. The doctor is able to assess the client using paper and pencil tasks such as the MMPI. b. It is a subjective decision in which the therapist compares the client's behaviour to his normal level of activity. c. During a manic state, people emit a different pattern of hormones which can be detected by blood tests. d. Mania is a qualitatively different state with very different patterns of behaviour. https://quizlet.com/au/925376686/clinical-and-abnormal-psychology-flash-cards/ 30/138 8/21/24, 8:59 AM Clinical and Abnormal Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet If bipolar disorder is left untreated, then b. the condition worsens and the duration of the cycles become shorter. a. the condition worsens and the duration of the cycles become longer. b. the condition worsens and the duration of the cycles become shorter. c. the condition becomes less severe and the duration of the cycles become longer.t d. he condition becomes less severe and the duration of the cycles become shorter. What is meant by 'diathesis' in the diathesis- c. A biological vulnerability stress model of bipolar disorder? a. An episode of mania b. A disruption to routine c. A biological vulnerability d. A lack of sleep True or false? Bipolar disorders are thought True to be the result of a circadian system which is highly sensitive to disruption. Which of the following statements is All three: correct about the diathesis-stress model as a. In the diathesis-stress model, the theory is that stressful life events disrupt the it relates to the causes of bipolar disorders circadian system. (Select all that apply)? b. According to the diathesis-stress model, shift work or travelling across time zones or stimulating social events or childcare can all disrupt the circadian system, and a. In the diathesis-stress model, the theory trigger a manic episode. is that stressful life events disrupt the c. The diathesis-stress model suggests that the interaction between biological circadian system. vulnerabilities and stressful life events is the cause of psychological disorders. b. According to the diathesis-stress model, shift work or travelling across time zones or stimulating social events or childcare can all disrupt the circadian system, and trigger a manic episode. c. The diathesis-stress model suggests that the interaction between biological vulnerabilities and stressful life events is the cause of psychological disorders. Obsessions can include recurrent (Select impulses all that apply): images a. responses b. impulses c. behaviours d. images Almost any ___________ can become a behaviour compulsion, even when there is no logical link between it and the prevention of harm. It has been suggested by authors of the a. fourth Epidemiology Catchment Study that OCD is the _______ most common psychiatric condition across the world. a. fourth b. third c. second d. fifth https://quizlet.com/au/925376686/clinical-and-abnormal-psychology-flash-cards/ 31/138 8/21/24, 8:59 AM Clinical and Abnormal Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet Behavioural _________ are complex sets of macros behaviours choreographed for specific situations, such as checking. Cognitive theorists suggest that __________ d. fear of death may mediate some compulsive behaviours. a. fear of fear b. insight c. trauma history d. fear of death A key difference between obsessions and b. try to ignore them without success ordinary thoughts is that, with regard to obsessions, the person must: NOTE: It is NOT d: Individuals with OCD are aware that their obsessions are not rational. This does not necessarily stop them acting on them; however, they generally a. feel in control of their thoughts know that the thought is not helpful, and is not experienced by most people. b. try to ignore them without success c. have them regularly d. be aware that the obsessions are not rational Researchers have demonstrated that a. 75 approximately ____% of individuals suffering from OCD and treated with CBT principles demonstrate and maintain significant improvements. a. 75 b. 80 c. 70 d. 65 Researchers have demonstrated obsessive- d. diverse compulsive disorder to have one of the most __________ presentations between individuals with the same disorder. a. unusual b. similar c. predictable d. diverse Brian has ongoing difficulties with getting b. hoarding rid of possessions, even those that are damaged and useless. His house is overflowing with items, but he cannot cope with the idea of decluttering. Brian would likely be diagnosed with ________ disorder. a. delusional b. hoarding c. obsessive-compulsive d. anxiety It has been suggested that up to _____% of 80% adult sufferers of OCD recall symptom onset before 18 years of age. https://quizlet.com/au/925376686/clinical-and-abnormal-psychology-flash-cards/ 32/138 8/21/24, 8:59 AM Clinical and Abnormal Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet Individuals with body dysmorphic disorder a. excessive reassurance seeking frequently engage in (Select all that apply): c. excessive grooming a. excessive reassurance seeking b. inhibited body focus c. excessive grooming d. inhibited mirror checking According to the neuropsychological d. basal ganglia model, OCD results from a failure of inhibitory pathways in the ____. a. prefrontal cortex b. limbic system c. amygdala d. basal ganglia __________ involves recurrent pulling out of Trichotillomania one's own hair, with hair loss as a result. Proponents of the cognitive model of OCD d. emphasise them suggest that all people suffer from intrusive thoughts; however, individuals with OCD: a. understand them b. forget them c. ignore them d. emphasise them _________ disorder is often seen as a comorbid Excoriation condition in those with OCD or trichotillomania. Danger ideation reduction therapy (DIRT) a. refuse to engage in exposure can be a useful treatment approach for OCD sufferers who: a. refuse to engage in exposure b. seek treatment earlier for their disorder c. want improvements in symptoms d. have tried other therapies without success Individuals with hoarding disorder d. health and safety risks frequently experience: a. satisfaction with their possessions b. high capacity for change c. high social cohesion d. health and safety risks Psychological treatments for OCD-related b. exposure disorders generally include (Select all that d. cognitive restructuring apply): a. safety behaviours b. exposure c. avoidance d. cognitive restructuring https://quizlet.com/au/925376686/clinical-and-abnormal-psychology-flash-cards/ 33/138 8/21/24, 8:59 AM Clinical and Abnormal Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet Evidence suggests that up to _____% of b. 15 individuals seeking cosmetic surgery meet criteria for body dysmorphic disorder. a. 5 b. 15 c. 10 d. 20 The 12-month prevalence of a. 1-2 trichotillomania is approximately __________%. a. 1-2 b. 2-3 c. 3-4 d. 0-1 It is estimated that up to _______% of 75% excoriation disorder sufferers are female. Medications that increase the availability of b. serotonin the neurotransmitter ________ are widely used in the treatment of OCD-related disorders. a. GABA b. serotonin c. dopamine d. norepinephrine The media extensively documented d. body dysmorphic Michael Jackson's seeming obsession with changing his appearance. If this behaviour was due to perceived defects in appearance, it is possible he was suffering from which disorder? a. social anxiety b. delusional c. obsessive-compulsive d. body dysmorphic Someone with no insight into the unreality psychotic of their obsessive-compulsive beliefs may be difficult to differentiate from someone with a ________ illness/disorder. Approximately ____ of OCD sufferers benefit c. 40-60 from pharmacotherapy. a. 50-70 b. 30-50 c. 40-60 d. 60-80 Males with body dysmorphic disorder are a. body hair likely to experience distressing thoughts d. general build regarding their (Select all that apply): a. body hair b. weight c. nose d. general build https://quizlet.com/au/925376686/clinical-and-abnormal-psychology-flash-cards/ 34/138 8/21/24, 8:59 AM Clinical and Abnormal Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet Prior to the DSM-5, obsessive-compulsive anxiety disorder was conceptualised as a __________ disorder. Two of the most common compulsions washing and checking experienced by individuals with obsessive- compulsive disorder are: It is suggested that OCD is a relatively d. 2-3% common disorder, with prevalence rates of approximately: a. 10-11% b. 8-9% c. 5-6% d. 2-3% The lifetime prevalence rate of excoriation 1.5% disorder is approximately ______% A key difference between exposure c. ERP approaches target both obsessions and compulsions response prevention (ERP) and behavioural experiment approaches to treating OCD is that: a. only behavioural approaches address obsessions b. only ERP approaches address obsessions c. ERP approaches target both obsessions and compulsions d. behavioural experiment approaches target both obsessions and compulsions The most common regions targeted by a. head hair sufferers of trichotillomania are (Select all d. eyelashes that apply): a. head hair b. pubic hair c. leg hair d. eyelashes Behaviours associated with both b. boredom trichotillomania and excoriation disorder can be triggered by: a. fatigue b. boredom c. stress d. trauma To meet the criteria of a compulsion, b. prevent threatening outcomes behaviours must be perceived to (Select all d. reduce anxiety that apply): a. not interfere with normal functioning b. prevent threatening outcomes c. be commensurate with the behaviour of others d. reduce anxiety https://quizlet.com/au/925376686/clinical-and-abnormal-psychology-flash-cards/ 35/138 8/21/24, 8:59 AM Clinical and Abnormal Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet t is suggested that the prevalence of c. 2-6 clinically significant hoarding is approximately ___%. a. 3-7 b. 1-5 c. 2-6 d. 4-8 Intrusive memories, flashbacks and c. re-experiencing symptoms nightmares are all examples of: a. negative changes in mood and cognitions b. avoidance symptoms c. re-experiencing symptoms d. alterations in arousal Despite the frequency of exposure to a. develop PTSD potentially traumatising events, few people: a. develop PTSD b. report distress c. are able to cope without intervention d. remember the traumatic event Which of the following disorders is most a. Major depression likely to be comorbidly diagnosed with PTSD? a. Major depression b. panic disorder c. drug use disorder d. alcohol use disorder Most acute stress reactions following b. are transient traumatic events: a. develop into PTSD b. are transient c. persist for more than one month d. become chronic According to cognitive models of PTSD, d. negative appraisals which of the following is pivotal in perpetuating a sense of threat? a. self-efficacy b. access to support c. positive self-talk d. negative appraisals For PTSD to develop, the traumatic event c. threat/actual harm to others must include (Select all that apply): d. threat/actual harm to self a. threat/actual harm to occupational Note: The others may be. but do not have to be, involved. functioning b. threat/actual harm to property c. threat/actual harm to others d. threat/actual harm to self https://quizlet.com/au/925376686/clinical-and-abnormal-psychology-flash-cards/ 36/138 8/21/24, 8:59 AM Clinical and Abnormal Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet Which learning theory has been applied to a. classical conditioning understanding the development of PTSD? a. classical conditioning b. vicarious conditioning c. operant conditioning d. unintentional learning Which of the following has been c. interpersonal violence associated with a greater risk of developing PTSD? a. natural disasters b. motor vehicle accidents c. interpersonal violence d. witnessing trauma Overactivation of which bodily system has a. sympathetic nervous system been implicated in the development of PTSD? a. sympathetic nervous system b. parasympathetic nervous system c. endocrine system d. central nervous system It has been reported that up to ______% of c. 59 individuals with PTSD will also meet criteria for major depression. a. 31 b. 43 c. 59 d. 25 Avoidance impedes the __________ of extinction classically conditioned fear. Which of the following factors have been b. being female associated with an increased risk of c. prior trauma exposure developing PTSD following trauma? (Select all that apply) a. minimal post-trauma stressors b. being female c. prior trauma exposure d. higher intelligence Prolonged exposure to trauma-related b. modification of cognitive fear networks stimuli is an effective treatment approach as it allows for: Note: It is NOT d as this action then facilitates modification of fear networks. a. the therapist to recreate the features of the trauma to better understand the client experience b. modification of cognitive fear networks c. progression through therapy at the client's pace d. people being taken outside their comfort zone https://quizlet.com/au/925376686/clinical-and-abnormal-psychology-flash-cards/ 37/138 8/21/24, 8:59 AM Clinical and Abnormal Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet There is substantial evidence that ______ a. maladaptive thoughts about the trauma predict the development of PTSD a. maladaptive thoughts b. adaptive behaviours c. adaptive processing d. maladaptive actions Early intervention for PTSD is not d. most people go on to experience natural remission of symptoms recommended because: a. often there are insufficient numbers of trained psychologists to assist after mass disasters b. of the risk of vicarious traumatisation for the therapist c. most people are too distressed to benefit at this stage d. most people go on to experience natural remission of symptoms According to learning accounts of the d. unconditioned response aetiology of PTSD, fear is the: a. conditioned response b. unconditioned stimulus c. conditioned stimulus d. unconditioned response It is proposed that the release of stress conditioning neurochemicals into the cortex results in strong fear __________ in people with PTSD. Extinction involves neural plasticity of c. amygdala structures in the: a. caudate b. hippocampus c. amygdala d. pre-frontal cortex Avoidance prevents access to corrective perceived information that ___________ threats are no longer realistically dangerous. CBT for PTSD is also referred to as trauma-focussed _____________ CBT. There is a positive correlation between the PTSD experience of acute stress disorder and the later development of __________ Due to questions regarding the community generalisability of results from clinical trials, the efficacy of CBT for PTSD in _____________ settings remains unclear. https://quizlet.com/au/925376686/clinical-and-abnormal-psychology-flash-cards/ 38/138 8/21/24, 8:59 AM Clinical and Abnormal Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet Chris's daughter nearly died at birth, and c. avoidance had to undergo multiple surgeries to survive. Ever since then, Chris has avoided hospitals even when sick himself. Chris is demonstrating which symptoms associated with PTSD? a. alterations in arousal b. negative mood and cognition c. avoidance d. re-experiencing It is estimated that individuals with PTSD a. 10 are almost ____ times more likely to develop major depression that those without PTSD. a. 10 b. 5 c. 7 d. 2 The psychological treatment of choice for c. cognitive behaviour therapy PTSD is: a. acceptance and commitment therapy b. interpersonal therapy c. cognitive behaviour therapy d. psychodynamic therapy The process of extinction is highly reliant NDMA on ________ receptors. Ever since his car accident, Philip has been c. negative changes in mood emotionally numb—not just to reminders of the accident. Philip is demonstrating which feature of PTSD? a. altered arousal levels b. avoidance c. negative changes in mood d. re-experiencing symptoms Previous __________ increases the risk of psychopathology developing PTSD in response to trauma exposure. The role of avoidance in maintaining PTSD a. biological is recognised within which models b. cognitive describing the aetiology of the disorder? d. learning (Select all that apply): a. biological b. cognitive c. social d. learning https://quizlet.com/au/925376686/clinical-and-abnormal-psychology-flash-cards/ 39/138 8/21/24, 8:59 AM Clinical and Abnormal Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet Which of the following features of CBT for c. psychoeducation PTSD comprises providing information about the nature of the disorder, and validating distress in response to trauma? a. in vivo exposure b. relapse prevention c. psychoeducation d. cognitive restructuring A key difference between the use of c. the degree to which exposure is used to overcome symptoms debriefing and CBT to treat PTSD is (Select d. the amount of time elapsed before commencing intervention all that apply): a. debriefing is an early-intervention approach, whereas CBT is not b. CBT can be implemented only by clinical psychologists, whereas debriefing can be implemented by other professionals c. the degree to which exposure is used to overcome symptoms d. the amount of time elapsed before commencing intervention Since experiencing a robbery in which she b. altered arousal was held at knife point, Sally reports being very 'jumpy' and easily startled. This is an example of what type of symptom associated with PTSD? a. avoidance b. altered arousal c. negative changes in mood and cognition d. re-experiencing symptoms Researchers suggest that _________ are more b. males; females likely to be exposed to trauma than ________. a. females; males b. males; females c. children; men d. children; women Rothbaum and colleagues demonstrated b. halved that the number of people who meet criteria for PTSD approximately __________ between two weeks and 11 weeks post event. a. reduced by a third b. halved c. doubled d. tripled https://quizlet.com/au/925376686/clinical-and-abnormal-psychology-flash-cards/ 40/138 8/21/24, 8:59 AM Clinical and Abnormal Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet When people with PTSD recall past a. heart rate traumatic events, they demonstrate higher b. skin conductance _________ compared to individuals with a similar trauma history who have not developed PTSD (Select all that apply): a. heart rate b. skin conductance c. accuracy of recall d. processing of information Large-scale disasters pose particular resources challenges as no government has the __________ to provide face-to-face interventions for thousands of people. The distinction between depression and c. Karl Leonhand bipolar disorder was first made by: a. Hippocrates b. Emil Kraeplin c. Karl Leonhand d. Edward Thorndike Sam has a recurrent depressive disorder. seasonal Typically, he becomes symptomatic as winter sets in—there are fewer daylight hours, it's colder and he feels miserable. Sam would likely be diagnosed with __________ patterns to his depressive disorder. A mood disturbance characterised by b. disruptive mood dysregulation disorder severe temper outbursts and persistent irritability is referred to as _____. a. PTSD b. disruptive mood dysregulation disorder c. intermittent explosive disorder d. bipolar disorder It is estimated that 1 in ______ Australians are 10 affected by someone close to them suffering from a mood disorder. Which of the following have been a. genetic vulnerability associated with a heightened risk of b. trauma history developing depression in young people? d. substance abuse (Select all that apply): a. genetic vulnerability b. trauma history c. high social connectedness d. substance abuse Historically, the term _________ was used to melancholia describe both mental illness characterised by fear and depression, as well as a depressed personality style. Epidemiological data suggest that the 30 median age of onset for mood disorders is about _______ years of age. https://quizlet.com/au/925376686/clinical-and-abnormal-psychology-flash-cards/ 41/138 8/21/24, 8:59 AM Clinical and Abnormal Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet Major depression is characterised by d. 2 predominantly negative mood for at least ______ weeks, which represents a change in the person's functioning. a. 4 b. 3 c. 6 d. 2 Researchers have demonstrated that up to d. 50 ______% of those with a depressive disorder will recover within the first six months of treatment. a. 60 b. 70 c. 40 d. 50 Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder is children most likely to be diagnosed in _________ who behave in developmentally inappropriate ways. Risk factors for suicide in those with b. stressful life events depression include (Select all that apply): c. male gender a. intelligence b. stressful life events c. male gender d. understanding of death permanence Among Australian adults, the prevalence of a. 3.1 major depressive disorder is estimated to be ___% for men over a 12-month period. a. 3.1 b. 7.1 c. 5.1 d. 1.1 Higher rates of sick leave from work a. financial strain associated with depression can result in b. lowered work productivity (Select all that apply): a. financial strain b. lowered work productivity c. increased social support provision d. increased motivation for change Australian data from 2015 indicates that up c. 5 to ______% of adolescents will experience a depressive disorder within any 12-month period. a. 12 b. 15 c. 5 d. 7 https://quizlet.com/au/925376686/clinical-and-abnormal-psychology-flash-cards/ 42/138 8/21/24, 8:59 AM Clinical and Abnormal Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet Which of the following anxiety disorders c. panic disorder commonly precede the development of d. generalised anxiety disorder depressive disorders? (Select all that apply): a. obsessive-compulsive disorder b. specific phobia c. panic disorder d. generalised anxiety disorder Researchers have identified that adult mental health episodes of depression can be predicted by childhood ___________ problems. Which of the following have been a. earlier age of onset associated with an increased risk of relapse b. ongoing life stressors for major depressive disorder? (Multiple select question): a. earlier age of onset b. ongoing life stressors c. fewer previous depressive episodes d. full resolution of symptoms following the first episode Researchers have found an association a. cardiovascular disease between the experience of depression and b. cancer the following physical health conditions d. diabetes (Multiple select question): a. cardiovascular disease b. cancer c. cerebral palsy d. diabetes Suicidal ______ refers to thoughts about ideation suicide. Serotonin, noradrenaline and dopamine monoamines belong to a family of neurotransmitters called __________ For younger sufferers, depression can performance negatively impact academic ________ It is suggested that environmental factors b. learnt psychological vulnerabilities are more likely to trigger depression when d. biological vulnerabilities they interact with (Multiple select question): a. high social support b. learnt psychological vulnerabilities c. pre-existing resilient capabilities d. biological vulnerabilities According to Beck's theory of depression, b. themselves individuals have dysfunctional negative c. the world beliefs about (Multiple select question): d. others a. the past b. themselves c. the world d. others https://quizlet.com/au/925376686/clinical-and-abnormal-psychology-flash-cards/ 43/138 8/21/24, 8:59 AM Clinical and Abnormal Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet Depression has been correlated with immune poorer ________ functioning, which may increase the risk of physical illness. Behavioural theories of depression focus contingencies on the ________ associated with depressed and non-depressed behaviours. The shorter allele of the 5-HTTLPT gene c. serotonin sequence has been implicated in the development of depression due to lower _________ reuptake at brain synapses. a. norepinephrine b. GABA c. serotonin d. dopamine Psychoanalytic theories of depression c. pathological grief conceptualise the experience as a form of: a. negative behaviour b. melancholia c. pathological grief d. negative cognitions Life events that include a sense of ______ and a. loss _______ are frequently associated with the b. failure onset of a depressive episode (Multiple select question): a. loss b. failure c. empowerment d. satisfaction The absence of an intimate relationship can women be a risk factor for depression, particularly for __________ Which of the following factors may protect b. high family cohesion against the development of depression? d. high social connectedness (Multiple select question): a. high anxiety b. high family cohesion c. high expressed emotion d. high social connectedness Beck argues that there is a relationship a. they perpetuate each other between negative cognitions and depressive symptoms, such that: a. they perpetuate each other b. depressive symptoms will always precede negative cognitions c. negative cognitions cannot occur in the absence of depressive symptoms d. both will respond to the effects of medication https://quizlet.com/au/925376686/clinical-and-abnormal-psychology-flash-cards/ 44/138 8/21/24, 8:59 AM Clinical and Abnormal Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet Compared to tricyclic antidepressants, b. have fewer side effects SSRIs: a. have more side effects b. have fewer side effects c. are markedly more effective in managing symptoms d. are markedly less effective in managing symptoms The purpose of pleasant activity c. improve mood scheduling is to: a. decrease reliance on medication b. improve sleep c. improve mood d. decrease engagement in negative activities Interpersonal psychotherapy focuses on maintain interpersonal problems that may trigger or ________ a depressive episode. As the symptoms of depression can d. isolation negatively impact social interactions, this can lead to greater social ______. a. support b. competence c. interaction d. isolation Psychodynamic therapists assist a client to b. conflicts gain insight into the ______ that underpin their depressive symptoms. a. dysfunctional cognitions b. conflicts c. negative behaviours d. interpersonal stressors Relapse-prevention training in _______ d. CBT focuses on managing future triggers for depressive episodes. a. IPT b. rTMS c. ECT d. CBT The use of ECT is usually reserved for the severe treatment of _______ depressive disorders: Prevention programs for depression have c. has some risk of developing depression been found to be most effective when the targeted group: a. have no history of depression b. is highly educated c. has some risk of developing depression d. has internet access https://quizlet.com/au/925376686/clinical-and-abnormal-psychology-flash-cards/ 45/138 8/21/24, 8:59 AM Clinical and Abnormal Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet In the ABC model, activating events trigger beliefs dysfunctional __________, which result in negative consequences. IPT targets ________ that maintain or a. maladaptive interpersonal skills exacerbate factors contributing to depression. a. maladaptive interpersonal skills b. negative self-referent thoughts c. negative cognitions d. the cognitive triad Many empirically validated methods of a. CBT relapse prevention for depression are based on ______ principles. a. CBT b. IPT c. ACT d. mindfulness Most interventions to prevent depression b. interpersonal skills teach skills in which areas? (Multiple select c. coping skills question): a. sleep management b. interpersonal skills c. coping skills d. meditation CBT interventions for depression usually pleasant begin with _________ activity scheduling. Prevention programs for depression that inconsistent are directed towards all members of a population have shown __________ effects. Persistent depressive disorder was dysthymic previously referred to as ________ disorder. In community samples, suicidal ideation is a. 10 approximately ____ times more common than completed suicides. a. 10 b. 5 c. 7 d. 2 Contemporary theories of depression have receptors implicated abnormalities in the number and sensitivity of __________ available to take up neurotransmitters. The depressive _________ style is one that attributional interprets negative life events as being due to internal, stable, and global factors. The family communication style of expressed emotion _____________ is typified by high levels of criticism, hostility and over/under involvement. https://quizlet.com/au/925376686/clinical-and-abnormal-psychology-flash-cards/ 46/138 8/21/24, 8:59 AM Clinical and Abnormal Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet Repetitive ___________ magnetic stimulation is a transcranial non-pharmacological treatment for depressive disorders. Within interpersonal psychotherapy, key a. life transitions target areas for treatment include (Multiple b. grief from loss select question): d. interpersonal disputes a. life transitions b. grief from loss c. dysfunctional cognitions d. interpersonal disputes Australian researchers have found that b. 25 approximately 20% of individuals who experience depression meet criteria by the age of ______ years. a. 21 b. 25 c. 15 d. 18 Ivy has been diagnosed with a pathological c. inappropriate guilt and self-criticism grief reaction, plus depressive disorder. She is likely to be experiencing what symptoms that differentiate this from normal grief? a. acceptance of the loss, and looking to the future b. recurrent thoughts about the deceased individual c. inappropriate guilt and self-criticism d. able to see a time in the future when she is not so affected Which of the following have been a. hormonal fluctuations proposed to explain the higher prevalence c. body dissatisfaction of depression in female, as opposed to male, adolescents? (Multiple select question): a. hormonal fluctuations b. lower ability to cope with stress c. body dissatisfaction d. stress associated with beginning high school Approximately ______% of depressed b. 15 individuals hospitalised for their disorder successfully complete suicide. a. 35 b. 15 c. 25 d. 45 https://quizlet.com/au/925376686/clinical-and-abnormal-psychology-flash-cards/ 47/138 8/21/24, 8:59 AM Clinical and Abnormal Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet Individuals carrying one or two copies of c. depression the short 5-HTTLPT allele have been shown d. neuroticism to exhibit higher levels of ________ in response to stressful life events (Multiple select question): a. coping b. resilience c. depression d. neuroticism John Cade was an Australian ___________ who psychiatrist found lithium carbonate to be an effective approach for the management of bipolar disorder. A primary difference between depressive b. elevated mood and bipolar disorders is that individuals with bipolar disorders experience pathologically a. irrational thinking b. elevated mood c. depressed mood d. delusional thinking Within manic episodes, individuals a. activity demonstrate an increase in: a. activity b. irritability c. sleep d. insight The key features for diagnosis of bipolar II a. major depressive episodes disorder are the presence of one or more d. hypomanic episodes (Multiple select question): a. major depressive episodes b. manic episodes c. concurrent manic and depressive symptoms d. hypomanic episodes Differential diagnosis between bipolar a. shared features disorders and psychotic disorders is challenging due to: a. shared features b. sex differences in the presentation of symptoms c. an absence of empirically validated assessment measures d. comorbidity of the disorders The term 'bipolar disorder' was coined by: c. Karl Leonhard a. Emil Kraeplin b. Plato c. Karl Leonhard d. Jean-Pierre Falret https://quizlet.com/au/925376686/clinical-and-abnormal-psychology-flash-cards/ 48/138 8/21/24, 8:59 AM Clinical and Abnormal Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet It is estimated that in Australia, the d. 1.3% prevalence of bipolar over the lifetime is approximately: a. 3.9% b. 2.5% c. 0.9% d. 1.3% Within the DSM-5, the term 'bipolar a. cylothymic disorder disorder' embraces a spectrum of disorders b. bipolar I including (Multiple select question): a. cylothymic disorder b. bipolar I c. dysthymic disorder d. schizophrenia Which of the following individuals is least b. Erin, aged 33 likely to experience their first episode of hypomania? a. Ella, aged 22 b. Erin, aged 33 c. Eric, aged 27 d. Elliot, aged 17 Which of the following features are absent c. hallucinations in hypomanic episodes? (Multiple select d. delusions question): a. elevated mood b. risk taking c. hallucinations d. delusions Approximately what percentage of bipolar c. 75 sufferers will relapse within five years? a. 45 b. 65 c. 75 d. 55 Individuals who repeatedly experience cyclothymia sub-clinical levels of elevated and depressed mood would most likely be diagnosed with _____________ The comorbidity between anxiety and a. higher than that between anxiety and depressive disorders bipolar disorders may be: a. higher than that between anxiety and depressive disorders b. higher than that between anxiety and developmental disorders c. lower than that between anxiety and developmental disorders d. lower than that between anxiety and depressive disorders https://quizlet.com/au/925376686/clinical-and-abnormal-psychology-flash-cards/ 49/138 8/21/24, 8:59 AM Clinical and Abnormal Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet Researchers have suggested that d. bipolar II individuals with borderline personality disorder may be misdiagnosed with having which bipolar disorder? a. bipolar I b. hypomania c. cyclothymic disorder d. bipolar II The prevalence of bipolar I disorder: c. is equal in males and females a. is decreasing b. is higher in females c. is equal in males and females d. is higher in males It is thought that individuals with bipolar a. regulate mood disorder use substances such as marijuana, alcohol and amphetamines in an attempt to: a. regulate mood b. escape reality c. induce mania d. mimic mania Which of the following individuals is most b. Jeffrey who demonstrated onset of the disorder at age 17 likely to experience the poorest outcomes associated with their bipolar disorder diagnosis? a. Jenna who demonstrated onset of the disorder at age 25 b. Jeffrey who demonstrated onset of the disorder at age 17 c. Jessica who demonstrated onset of the disorder at age 21 d. Jet who de