Class2_Self_StudentCopy_2 (2).pptx

Health & Illness II CLASS 2 NRSG3301 C RY S TA L T R E I G E B S C N R N M N N P DEVELOPED BY C.TREIGE JAN.2024 Concept(s) & Exemplar(s) Concept(s): Self Exemplar(s): Eating disorders (anorexia nervosa & bulimia nervosa) D...

Health & Illness II CLASS 2 NRSG3301 C RY S TA L T R E I G E B S C N R N M N N P DEVELOPED BY C.TREIGE JAN.2024 Concept(s) & Exemplar(s) Concept(s): Self Exemplar(s): Eating disorders (anorexia nervosa & bulimia nervosa) DEVELOPED BY C.TREIGE JAN.2024 Learning Objectives Discuss the concept of self Discuss eating disorders theories Discuss anorexia nervosa Discuss bulimia nervosa Discuss the clinical manifestation/management of each eating disorder Identify the complications of each eating disorder Group case study & review DEVELOPED BY C.TREIGE JAN.2024 Concept: Self Principles related to the concept of self include an individual’s overall self- image. In contrast to identifying discrete abnormalities within the physiological realm, identification of abnormal psychological function requires a different approach. Development of self is a dynamic process that is influenced by interpersonal interactions throughout an individual’s life-time 3 major components of self include: self-concept, self-esteem, and self- awareness DEVELOPED BY C.TREIGE JAN.2024  Self-Concept Self-concept is the personal perception of self that forms in response to interactions with others and the environment throughout the course of an individual’s life-time. Components of self-concept include: Personal Identity Body Image Role Performance Ideal self – qualities the An individual’s mental The demonstration of individual believes they picture of their physical self. behaviours or actions should possess & those they associated with a given role aspire to develop Real self – the perceived Perception of the appearance Teaching and modeling the true self and size of their body and behaviours needed to the emotional reaction to successfully assume a role that perception are part of role development Public self – how the individual wishes they were perceived DEVELOPED BY C.TREIGE JAN.2024 Self-Esteem An individual’s opinion of themselves. The degree to which the individual approves of, values, or likes themselves. Global self-esteem (global evaluative dimension of the self) – is the degree to which an individual likes themselves overall, as a whole being. Specific self-esteem – reflects an individual’s positive regard for certain aspects of themselves, such as physical appearance, athletic ability, parental skills, or academic ability. *As self concept is an individuals’ opinion of themselves, self esteem is the evaluative component of self concept and it describes the individuals judgements and opinions about those perceived characteristics. DEVELOPED BY C.TREIGE JAN.2024 Self-awareness Development begins in infancy, as infants learn to distinguish themselves from other individuals in their environment Requires introspection which is the exploration and evaluation of one’s own thoughts, emotions, behaviours, and values. This incorporates both verbal and non-verbal feedback from others DEVELOPED BY C.TREIGE JAN.2024 Eating Disorders Anorexia Nervosa Bulimia Nervosa Eating Disorder not yet specified (which includes binge disorder) Eating Disorders DEVELOPED BY C.TREIGE JAN.2024 Overview Common problem in adolescents and young adults (Early teens to mid 20’s) Bulimia tends to occur later (>12 years old) and anorexia nervosa earlier (7-12 years old) More common in countries influenced by social media More prevalent in females May be life-threatening without early intervention May occur simultaneously with another eating disorder Common co-morbid conditions include anxiety, depression, bipolar, & personality disorder Suicide risk increases 6.7% compared to others in same age group Sexual abuse & trauma are common DEVELOPED BY C.TREIGE JAN.2024 Eating Disorder Psychological - anorexia (control); bulimia (affective instability and impulse) Sociocultural – Has become normalized to record weight, use terms such as overweight loosely, be on diets, yet a small % have a diagnosed eating disorder. Constant messages re: body image. Biological predispositions: ◦ Bulimia cholecystokinin may be low (binge eating) ◦ Altered serotonin (impulse control, appetite and mood) DEVELOPED BY C.TREIGE JAN.2024 Co-Morbidities Depression and anxiety are common comorbid conditions. Estimated lifetime prevalence of mood disorders in anorexia nervosa ranges from 31% to 89%; and in bulimia nervosa ranges from 24% to 90 The incidence of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has been reported to be as high as 25% in patients with anorexia nervosa. OCD behaviors include: ◦ Collecting cookbooks ◦ Preparing elaborate meals for others ◦ Hoarding foods (Godart et al., 2007). DEVELOPED BY C.TREIGE JAN.2024 Etiology Eating disorders are entities or syndromes and are not considered to be specific diseases. It is not known if they share a common cause and pathology; therefore, it is more appropriate to conceptualize them as syndromes on the basis of the cluster of symptoms they present. Several theories have been put forth to explain these disorders DEVELOPED BY C.TREIGE JAN.2024 Theories Biological Factors ◦ Genetic ◦ Neurobiological Psychological Factors Environmental Factors DEVELOPED BY C.TREIGE JAN.2024 Theories Biological Theories ◦Genetic ◦Strong genetic link ◦Community-based twin studies have suggested that the heritability is greater than 50% ◦Neurobiological ◦Altered brain serotonin function contributes to dysregulation of appetite, mood, and impulse control in the eating disorders DEVELOPED BY C.TREIGE JAN.2024 Theories Psychological Factors ◦ Cognitive-behavioral theorists suggest that eating disorders are based on learned behavior that has positive reinforcement. ◦ For example, an adolescent loses weight and receives a compliment such “Wow, you look great”- positive reinforcement, behavior likely to continue DEVELOPED BY C.TREIGE JAN.2024 Theories Environmental Factors ◦Culture influences the development of self-concept and satisfaction ◦Beauty is equated with being tall and thin ◦Record number of people are on diets ◦No causal link between cultural norms of thinness and eating disorders have been proven, patients with eating disorders tend to have low self-esteem. DEVELOPED BY C.TREIGE JAN.2024 Eating Disorders Anorexia Nervosa Bulimia Nervosa Binge Eating 1.5% Female 1.5% Female 3.5% Female 0.3% Males 0.5% Male 2% Male Recurrent episodes of uncontrollable binging without compensatory behaviours Binging episodes induce guilt, depression, embarrassment, or disgust and are often preceded by feelings of emotional distress with poor coping DEVELOPED BY C.TREIGE JAN.2024 Diagnostic Criteria: AN DSM V Disorder class: Feeding & eating disorders Diagnostic criteria Subtype designation Restriction of energy intake relative to requirements, Restricting type: During the past 3 months, the patient has leading to significantly low body weight for the patient’s not engaged in recurrent episodes of binge-eating or age, sex, developmental trajectory, and physical health. purging behavior (i.e., self-induced vomiting or the misuse Significantly low weight is defined as a weight that is of laxatives, diuretics, or enemas). Weight loss is accomplished primarily through dieting, fasting, excessive less than the minimal normal weight or, in children and exercise, or all of these methods. adolescents, less than the minimal expected weight. Binge-eating and purging type: During the past 3 months, Intense fear of gaining weight or of becoming fat, or the patient has engaged in recurrent episodes of binge- persistent behavior that interferes with weight gain, eating or purging behavior (i.e., self-induced vomiting or the even though the patient has a significantly low weight. misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or enemas). Disturbance in the way in which one’s body weight or Current severity shape is experienced, undue influence of body weight Mildly severe low body weight is defined as a BMI of ≥17.† or shape on self-evaluation, or persistent lack of recognition of the seriousness of the current low body Moderately severe low body weight is defined as a BMI of weight. 16–16.99. Severe low body weight is defined as a BMI of 15–15.99. (American Psychiatric Association, 2013 Extremely severe low body weight is defined as a BMI of