Psychology Reviewer PDF

The concept of "self" is defined in contemporary literature and common sense through various characteristics. - Separate: The self is distinct from other selves and possesses its own identity. - Self-contained and independent:means that the self can exist independently, possessing its own thoughts...

The concept of "self" is defined in contemporary literature and common sense through various characteristics. - Separate: The self is distinct from other selves and possesses its own identity. - Self-contained and independent:means that the self can exist independently, possessing its own thoughts, characteristics and volition. - Consistency: refers to the qualities, tendencies, potentialities, and traits of a person. - Unitary: it is the center of all experiences and thoughts. - Private: Individuals organize their thoughts, feelings, and information within themselves. It discusses the origins of the word "personality" and its definition. - Etymology: The word "personality" originates from the Latin word "persona," which referred to the theatrical masks worn by Roman actors in Greek and Latin drama. It also comes from the Latin words "per" and "sonare," meaning "to sound through." - Definition: While there's no single definition of personality, it's generally understood as a set of relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics that contribute to a person's consistent and individual behavior. - Japanese Proverb: The Japanese proverb about three faces suggests that people present different aspects of themselves to different groups: the world, close friends and family, and a hidden self. determinants of personality. It explains that personality is influenced by both environmental and biological factors. Environmental Factors of personality -Surroundings: These include the neighborhood, school, college, university, and workplace. Biological Factors of personality Heredity: This refers to the genetic makeup inherited from parents, which can influence a person's appearance and behavior. Physical Features: These include height, weight, color, sex, and body language. Brain: Research suggests that understanding the brain's electrical activity can provide insights into personality and behavior. comparison of brain scans of people with different mental health conditions.Each brain scan is labeled with the condition it represents, such as ADHD, PTSD, Bipolar Disorder, and Depression. ADHD: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder PTSD: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Bipolar Disorder: A mental health condition characterized by extreme mood swings. Depression: This is a common mental health condition characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest in activities. factors that influence personality. Situational Factors: These factors can temporarily influence a person's behavior and responses. For example, a person might act differently in a formal setting compared to a casual setting. Cultural Factors: Culture plays a significant role in shaping an individual's personality. It influences what a person learns, values, and how they interact with the world. Personality Traits: Personality traits are enduring patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. The Five-Factor Model is a widely accepted system for understanding personality traits. It identifies five core traits: - Openness: A person's willingness to try new things and embrace new ideas. - Conscientiousness: A person's level of organization, responsibility, and self-discipline. - Extraversion: A person's sociability, assertiveness, and energy levels. - Agreeableness: A person's empathy, cooperativeness, and willingness to go along with others. - Neuroticism: A person's tendency to experience negative emotions like anxiety, sadness, and anger. Here is a simple explanation of self-concept Self-concept is how you see yourself. It's your mental picture of who you are, including your personality, abilities, and values. Self-understanding is how you understand your own motives and actions. Self-concept changes over time as you learn and grow. It becomes more detailed and organized as you get older. Self-concept is influenced by many factors, including your relationships with others, your social groups, and your experiences in life. Immanuel Kant - Kant is a German philosopher who made great contributions to metaphysics, epistemology, and ethics. - He is considered one of the greatest philosophers of the modern period. - Kant argued that the self is the product of reason and a regulative principle that makes unified experience possible. Paul and Patricia Churchland - Paul and Patricia Churchland are American philosophers who are interested in philosophy of mind, philosophy of science, cognitive neurobiology, epistemology, and perception. - They believe that the concepts and theoretical vocabulary that people use to think about the self, such as belief, desire, fear, zzz sensation, pain, and joy, actually misrepresent the reality of minds and selves. - They claim that the self is a product of brain activity. - Patricia Churchland coined the term "neurophilosophy," which is the application of neurology to age- old problems in philosophy. - Neurophilosophy aims to explore the relevance of neurolinguistic experiments and studies to the philosophy of the mind. - Paul and Patricia Churchland are eliminative materialists, which means that they believe that there is a need to develop a new vocabulary and conceptual framework that is grounded in neuroscience. - They believe that people's common-sense understanding of the mind is false and that most of the mental states that people subscribe to do not actually exist. This is a biography of Maurice Merleau-Ponty, a French philosopher and phenomenologist. It describes his ideas on the relationship between mind and body, the concept of self-subject, and his critique of Cartesian Dualism. It also explains how phenomenology provides a direct description of human experience.