Class 12 Substance Dependence and Addiction 2023 PDF

Substance Dependence and Addictions Afternoon Overview ◦ Discussion of 12/5 and 12/12 schedules ◦ Substance Use and Addictions discussion: ◦ Statistics ◦ Addiction: Choice or Disease? ◦ Types of addictions ◦ Types of Treatment ◦ Treatment Settings ◦ Stigma ◦ Discussion of f...

Substance Dependence and Addictions Afternoon Overview ◦ Discussion of 12/5 and 12/12 schedules ◦ Substance Use and Addictions discussion: ◦ Statistics ◦ Addiction: Choice or Disease? ◦ Types of addictions ◦ Types of Treatment ◦ Treatment Settings ◦ Stigma ◦ Discussion of films ◦ Group Activity  Substance Use and Mental Health Services Administration ◦ Taken from: ◦ https://www.hhs.gov/about/news/2023/11/13/hhs-samhsa-release-2022-national-survey- drug-use-health- data.html#:~:text=In%202022%2C%2048.7%20million%20people,an%20AUD%20and%20a %20DUD. ◦ National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): ◦ Annual survey since 1971 ◦ Provides national data on use of tobacco, alcohol, illegal drugs, substance abuse disorders, suicidal thoughts and behaviors, and treatment for substance sue and mental health concerns.  ◦ An estimated 168.7 million people aged 12 or 2022 older in the United States (60.2 percent) used substances in the past month (i.e., tobacco, SAMHSA alcohol, or illicit drugs) Survey Of the 164.8 million past month substance users: ◦ 137.4 million people drank alcohol ◦ 50.98 million people used a tobacco product ◦ 23.5 million people vaped nicotine ◦ 46.6 million people used an illicit drug.  Certain illegal drugs can cause people with an addiction to experience one or more symptoms of a mental health problem. Substance Mental health problems can sometimes lead to alcohol or drug use, as some people Use & Mental with a mental health problem may misuse these substances as a form of self- Health medication. Mental and substance use disorders share some underlying causes, including changes in brain composition, genetic vulnerabilities, and early exposure to stress or trauma. (SAMSHA)  Is addiction a choice or a disease? ◦ Disease? ◦ Choice? ◦ Belief based on idea that addiction ◦ Belief based on the idea that any activity that changes the brain. causses pleasure or stress relief can be addictive. ◦ Progressively forcing the individual to ◦ Enjoyable activity triggers pleasure in the brain crave the drug until use eventually and becomes habitual. becomes an unconscious act. ◦ May not be pleasure in traditional sense, may be ◦ Develop increased tolerance over time. providing relief from negative feelings. ◦ Become dependent; then unable to ◦ Addiction is making the same choice repeatedly, function without the substance. and not a disorder. ◦ Part of the brain responsible for use shifts and abuse becomes fundamentally linked to brain.  People can develop an addiction to: Alcohol Marijuana PCP, LSD and other hallucinogens Inhalants Opioid pain killers, such as codeine and oxycodone, heroin Sedatives, hypnotics and anxiolytics Cocaine, methamphetamine and other stimulants Tobacco This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA Other addictions ◦ Gambling ◦ Shopping ◦ Sex ◦ Caffeine ◦ Sugar ◦ Food ◦ Any substance or activity that causes an alteration of brain chemistry that a person finds enjoyable.  Substance Use Disorder Substance use disorder Substance use becomes is considered a an addiction when the dependence when a person cannot stop using person undergoes the drug even though it withdrawal if they do not interferes with many engage in using. aspects of his or her life.  ADDICTIONS ONCE SOMEONE IS ADDICTED, THEY’RE NOT USING DRUGS TO FEEL GOOD — THEY’RE USING DRUGS TO FEEL NORMAL ◦ Affects areas of brain involving ◦ Complex illness reward & motivation, learning & ◦ Characterized by intense, memory, control over behavior uncontrollable craving ◦ Some more vulnerable than others; ◦ Compulsive seeking and use of the combination of genetic make-up, substance or behavior age of exposure, and other influences ◦ Creates far reaching health and social consequences Hijacking the Brain https://www.shatterproof.org/blog/ad diction-hijacks-brain  Substance use may: Be integral to Be integral to the financial issues, Blur any joy or destruction of an restraining orders, enjoyment. individual’s roles loss of child custody, and relationships. decreased health. Lead to isolation or “burned bridges” with family and friends supports Culture & Substance Use ◦ Alcoholic beverages made from fruits plants since at least 7000 BC ◦ Early references to alcohol in ancient Sumerian clay tablets. ◦ Opium poppy, “hul gil”, plant of joy, and used for medicinal properties ◦ Marijuana origins in China, more than 4000 years ago. ◦ Tobacco- approximately 5000 BC  Opium Dens ◦ Established to buy and sell opium. ◦ Found in China, Southeast Asia, the United States, and parts of Europe. ◦ Chinese immigrants came to the United States in the Mid-1800s to work for railroads and the Gold Rush. ◦ Brought the habit of opium smoking with them. ◦ Opium dens sprang up in San Francisco's Chinatown and spread eastward to New York. ◦ (taken from :https://www.deamuseum.org/ccp/opium/history.html)  Substance use/dependence is the norm in some communities. Impact of Returning to the same community after seeking treatment may endanger the Culture on individual’s newly found sobriety. Treatment Individuals should be able to access treatment within their own communities. Seeking treatment may be difficult for some if there is no staff of the same ethnic background.  Treatment Options: Inpatient ◦ Restricted Facility ◦ 24 hours ◦ 30 days This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY Community Based Intervention ◦ Individual counseling ◦ Outpatient programs ◦ Self-help groups/peer support ◦ Online groups This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY Treatment Evolution ◦ Co-occurring disorders: Addiction/substance dependence in conjunction with mental health concerns. ◦ Consecutive Model: Treatment for one issue first, then treatment for then treatment for the other issues. ◦ Integrated Dual Disorder Treatment (IDDT): Treatment that addresses all issues simultaneously. Abstinence Models ◦ AA/ NA ◦ SMART - Sobriety management and recovery treatment ◦ Life Ring: sobriety, secularity, & self help. ◦ SOS – Secular Organizations for Sobriety This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA Alcoholics Anonymous ◦ Public, global, community-based organization ◦ Started in 1935 ◦ Common community referral ◦ Daily meetings in many, many locations worldwide ◦ Closed v. Open meetings ◦ 12 step program  Syringe Access Programs: ◦ Reduce transmission of disease Harm Reduction ◦ Injecting drugs most common way of contracting Hepatitis C ◦ Enable healthcare provider to oversee overall health ◦ Provide additional services including HIV testing, wound care, counseling, education, ◦ Benefits as well as consequences condoms. ◦ Focus is on decreasing harm. ◦ Highlights choice and access to options ◦ Addresses individual goals. ◦ Small gains add up over time  Stigma “a mark of disgrace” ◦ Is it a barrier to treatment? ◦ Affects perception of others ◦ Self-stigmatization This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY  Key points ◦ Addiction occurs when a body repeatedly seeks actions/substances that cause specific chemical effects ◦ Mental illnesses frequently coincide with substance use disorders ◦ Heavy stigma is a barrier to treatment ◦ Several forms of treatment can be successful. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC How can we intervene? ◦ Focus on life skills and engagement in meaningful activities: ◦ Structuring time ◦ Cooking ◦ Developing healthy interests ◦ Vocational skills ◦ Job application ◦ Managing finances ◦ Relapse prevention ◦ Developing support system  Yalom’s Therapeutic Factors Taken from: https://www.goodtherapy.org/famous-psychologists/irvin-yalom.html ◦ The instillation of hope creates a feeling of optimism. ◦ Universality helps group members realize that they are not alone in their impulses, problems, and other issues. ◦ Imparting information helps to educate and empower people with knowledge pertaining to their specific psychological situation. ◦ Altruism allows clients to gain a sense of value and significance by helping other group members. ◦ Corrective recapitulation provides for the resolution of family and childhood events within the safety of the group family. ◦ Socializing techniques promote social development, tolerance, empathy, and other interpersonal skills. ◦ Through imitative behavior group members learn to adopt the coping strategies and perspectives of other group members. ◦ Interpersonal learning teaches clients how to develop supportive interpersonal relationships. ◦ Group cohesiveness gives members a sense of acceptance, belonging, value, and security. ◦ Catharsis releases suppressed emotions and promotes healing by disclosing information to group members. ◦ Existential factors incorporate learning how to exist as part of something larger than oneself. Increases awareness that life will continue, with pain, death, sadness, regret, and joy. Need to learn how to accept these conditions without escaping from them. Instead, they learn how to live with them and through them.  Resources ◦ https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/culture-and-substance-abuse-impact-culture-affects-approach-treatment ◦ https://www.shatterproof.org/learn ◦ https://www.originsrecovery.com/our-programs/ ◦ https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/e-cigarettes.html ◦ https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/basic_information/e-cigarettes/Quick-Facts-on-the-Risks-of-E-cigarettes-for-Kids- Teens-and-Young-Adults.html?s_cid=OSH_emg_GL0001 ◦ https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/culture-and-substance-abuse-impact-culture-affects-approach-treatment ◦ https://www.mentalhealthfirstaid.org/external/2019/03/is-addiction-a-choice/ ◦ file:///F:/spring%202021.revsm/class%2011/National%20Institute%20on%20Drug%20Abuse%202018.pdf ◦ https://www.drugabuse.gov/about-nida/noras-blog/2020/04/addressing-stigma-surrounds-addiction ◦ https://www.centerforebp.case.edu/practices/sami/iddt ◦ The Science of Addiction (shatterproof.org) ◦ https://www.hhs.gov/about/news/2023/11/13/hhs-samhsa-release-2022-national-survey-drug-use-health- data.html#:~:text=In%202022%2C%2048.7%20million%20people,an%20AUD%20and%20a%20DUD.  Resources ◦ https://www.smartrecovery.org/about-us/ ◦ https://www.aa.org/ ◦ https://lifering.org/ ◦ https://www.alcoholproblemsandsolutions.org/secular-organizations-for-sobriety-sos-save-our-selves/ ◦ https://moderation.org/ ◦ https://americanaddictioncenters.org/therapy-treatment/12-step-alternatives ◦ https://www.deamuseum.org/ccp/opium/history.html ◦ https://www.socialworktoday.com/archive/102708p14.shtml Group Activity: Posted on Blackboard