CHNLEC_L2 FINALS

cyst from water, food, and WATER AND FOOD DISEASES hands. 3. Less common through sexual AMOEBIASIS contact. CHOLE...

cyst from water, food, and WATER AND FOOD DISEASES hands. 3. Less common through sexual AMOEBIASIS contact. CHOLERA 4. Vectors, such as flies, coach BACILLARY DYSENTERY roaches, and rodents can also TYPHOID FEVER transmit infection. HEPATITIS A PARALYTIC SHELLFISH Source of infection: Human Excreta POISONING Period of Communicability: For AMOEBIASIS (Amoebic Dysentery) duration of the illness. ETIOLOGIC AGENT: Entamoeba DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE histolytica 1. Stool exam (cysts, pus maybe Two developmental stages: white or yellow with plenty of amoeba). 1. Trophozoites - are the 2. Blood exam (leukocytosis) facultative form of the parasite 3. Liver scan via MRI that may invade tissues. They are 4. Proctoscopy/sigmoidoscopy is found in the parasitized tissues carried out by a specialized and liquid colonic contents. physician to prevent perforation. 2. Cysts - are passed out with 5. Barium enema formed stools and are resistant to environmental condition: This are Treatment Modalities: considered the infective stage in the life cycle of E. histolytica. 1. Metronidazole (Flagyl) 800 mg TID for five days INCUBATION PERIOD 2. Tetracycline 250 mg every 6 hours Usually one to four hours but 3. Ampicillin, quinolones, may be shorter. Hepatic sulfadiazine amebiasis can present longer, 4. Streptomycin sulfate, from two to five months later chloramphenicol. exposure. 5. Fluid and electrolytes should be replaced. MODE OF TRANSMISSION: NURSING MANAGEMENT 1. Fecal - oral transmission 2. Humans most commonly acquire 1. Isolation, enteric precautions the disease by ingesting viable  2. Educate patients, their families PATHOGNOMONIC SIGN: Rice watery and communities. Emphasize the stool points limited below. Treatment Modalities: ❖ Boil water for drinking/drink purified water IVF ❖ Avoid washing food with the Oral therapy water taken from open drums or Maintenance pails Antibiotics ❖ Cover leftover foods ❖ Wash hands after defecation or a. Tetracycline 500mg every 6 before eating hours for adults and 125 mg/kg ❖ Avoid ground vegetables (lettuce, body weight for children every 6 carrots etc.) hours for 72 hours. b. Furazolidone - 100 mg for CHOLERA OR CHOERA - EL TOR adults and 125mg/kg for children ETIOLOGIC AGENT: Vibrio cholerae, every 6 hours x 72 hours Vibrio Comma. b. Chloramphenicol - 500mg for MODE OF TRANSMISSION adults and 18 mg/kg for children every 6 hrs. x72hrs. 1. Fecal - oral route 2. Ingestion of food or water c. Co-trimoxazole 8 mg/kg for contaminated with stools or 72hrs. vomitus of the patient NURSING MANAGEMENT 3. Flies, soiled hands, and utensils can also harbor V.cholerae 1. Carry out strict medical aseptic practices as protective care. INCUBATION PERIOD 2. Implement enteric isolation From few hours to 5 days 3. Obtain accurate vital signs and usually 3 days record accordingly. 4. Ensure accurate measurement of Period of communicability: the time intake and output to determine the stool tests positive for the organism. the level of hydration. 5. Provide thorough and careful DIAGNOSTIC TEST personal hygiene. 6. Proper disposal of excreta 1. Stool culture 7. Carry out concurrent disinfection 2. rectal swab 3. Dark field or phase microscopy  8. Instruct the patient and significant DIAGNOSTIC EXAM other about proper preparation and storage of food. Fecalysis or microscopic 9. Maintain environmental examination of the stools sanitation. Isolation of the causative organism from rectal swab or BACILLARY DYSENTERY Other name culture Shigellosis Peripheral blood examination Blood culture ETIOLOGIC AGENT Sheets of polymorphonuclear leukocytes seen in staining with 1. Shigella flesneri (common in the methylene blue Phil) 2. S. Boydii Treatment Modalities: 3. S. Connel 4. S. Dysenterae Antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, or Considered as the most azithromycin infectious iodoquinol and co-trimoxazole Their habitat exclusively maybe useful in severe cases GIT of human IV infusion with normal saline Like other Gram-negative (with electrolyte) to prevent bacilli, they develop dehydration resistance against A bland diet (bananas, rice, soda antibiotics, and that crackers) is recommended. They rarely invade the AVOID MILK PRODUCTS bloodstream Anti-diarrheal drugs are contraindicated INCUBATION PERIOD NURSING MANAGEMENT Seven hours to seven days the average of three to five days Maintain fluid and electrolyte balance to prevent profound MODE OF TRANSMISSION dehydration Fecal - oral route, 5 F's - Finger, Restrict food until nausea and foods, Feces, Flies, Fomites vomiting subside Carry out enteric isolation PATHOGNOMONIC SIGN through medical aseptic technique Abdominal cramping, bloody Maintain personal hygiene mucoid stool, Tenesmus. Observe proper disposal of excreta  Implement concurrent and Prevention: terminal disinfection. Proper handwashing TYPHOID FEVER Proper food and water sanitation ETIOLOGIC AGENT: Salmonella HEPATITIS A typhosa, typhoid bacillus. Other names - hepatitis, epidemic MODE OF TRANSMISSION hepatitis, catarrhal jaundice Ingestion of food or drink ETIOLOGIC AGENT: Hepatitis A virus contaminated by feces or urine. of contaminated. MODE OF TRANSMISSION Source of infection: 5F's feces, flies. Ingestion of contaminated food food, fingers, fomites and water through direct contact with contaminated people. INCUBATION PERIOD INCUBATION PERIOD 5-40 days; mean 10 - 20 days 15 - 50 days, depending on dose, PATHOGNOMONIC SIGN average of 20 - 30 days. Rose spots in the abdomen - due PATHOGNOMONIC SIGN: Icteric sclera to bleeding cause by the Peyer's patches SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Fever Anorexia (early sign) Fever Headache Headache Jaundice (late sign) Abdominal pain Clay colored stool Fatigue Lymphadenopathy Rash Management and Treatment: DIAGNOSTIC TEST Prophylaxis - "IM" injection of Typhi dot - confirmatory test, gamma globulin. specimen is feces Complete bed rest Widal's test - agglutination of Low fat but high sugar patient's serum Avoid alcohol Drug of choice: Chloramphenicol Prevention and Control: Rapid pulse Difficulty of speech (ataxia) and Ensure safe water for drinking. difficulty of swallowing Sanitary method in preparing, (dysphagia). handling and serving food. Total muscle paralysis with Proper disposal of feces and respiratory arrest and death urine. occur in severe cases. Washing hands very well before eating and after using toilet. Treatment: Separate and proper cleaning of articles used by patient. No definite medication indicated Induce vomiting PARALYTIC SHELLFISH POISONING - Drinking pure coconut milk (PSP | Red Tide Poisoning) weakens toxic effect of red tide. Sodium bicarbonate solution (25 ETIOLOGIC AGENT: Dino flagellates, grams in ½ glass of water). Plankton MANAGEMENT MODE OF TRANSMISSION Avoid eating shellfish such as Ingestion of raw or inadequately tahong, talaba, halaan etc. cooked seafood usually bi -valve Don't mix vinegar to shellfish it shellfish or mollusk during red will increase toxic effect 15 times tide season. greater INCUBATION PERIOD NOTE: Persons who survived the first 12 hours after ingestion have a greater 30 minutes to several hours after chance of survival. ingestion of poisonous shellfish. PATHOGNOMONIC SIGN numbness of the face especially around the mouth. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Vomiting and dizziness Headache Tingling sensation, paresthesia and eventual paralysis of hands and feet. Floating sensation and weakness