Communicable Diseases PDF

1 2 GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM 4 3 GROUP 6 5 6 7 8  GROUP MEMBERS: MARY CHANDELL R. VA...

1 2 GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM 4 3 GROUP 6 5 6 7 8  GROUP MEMBERS: MARY CHANDELL R. VASAYA, SN MARHEA ELSIE MAE P, REYES, SN CLAIRE DIANE Q. ENCABO, SN CHED T. TECSON, SN CHELSEA T. OCAÑA, SN ASCARIASIS CAUSATIVE AGENT MODE OF PARASITIC ROUND WORMS TRANSMISSION Ascaris lumbricoides fecal-oral route Contact with contaminated hands or surfaces  SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS MILD INFECTION GASTROINTESTINAL Abdominal pain Nausea and vomiting often asymptomatic RESPIRATORY Diarrhea or constipation Loss of appetite Cough and wheezing or difficulty in breathing GASTROINTESTINAL visible worms in growth stool or vomit retardation SEVERE CASES Intestinal obstruction INCUBATION PERIOD ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES: Approximately 2–8 WEEKS after ingestion of ascaris eggs PRODROMAL PERIOD The prodromal phase is often marked by non-specific symptoms during early larval migration.  DIAGNOSTIC TEST STOOL EXAMINATION BLOOD TESTS IMAGING TESTS SPUTUM OR GASTRIC ASPIRATE  MEDICAL MANAGEMENT ANTHELMINTIC DRUGS (FIRST-LINE TREATMENT) Albendazole Dosage: 400 mg single dose Mebendazole Dosage: 100 mg twice daily for 3 days Ivermectin (alternative option) NURSING MANAGEMENT Monitor for abdominal Ensure proper administration of discomfort, signs of bowel prescribed anthelmintics like obstruction, and nutritional albendazole or mebendazole deficiencies. and monitor for side effects. Teach about hygiene practices, Reinforce stool examination including thorough handwashing post-treatment to confirm before meals and after eradication of parasites. defecation.  PREVENTIVE MEASURES Advocate for improved Promote handwashing sanitation practices, with soap and water. such as avoiding open defecation. Educate about consuming properly washed and cooked food. SCHISTOSOMIASIS  SCHISTOSOMIASIS A parasitic infection caused by Schistosoma species that damages the intestines, liver, or urinary system, depending on the species. CAUSATIVE AGENTS: Schistosoma mansoni, S. haematobium, S. japonicum, S. intercalatum, S. mekongi.  SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS ACUTE PHASE Rash or Itching Fever Chills Muscle Ache Intestinal Form SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS CHRONIC PHASE Hepatic form Urinary form Abdominal Pain Liver enlargement Hematuria Diarrhea Portal hypertension INCUBATION PERIOD Typically 14–84 days (2- 12weeks) after exposure to contaminated water PRODROMAL PERIOD Begins 1-4 weeks post- exposure, often during larval migration.  DIAGNOSTIC MEDICAL MANAGEMENT PROCEDURE First-line treatment Praziquantel (kills adult worms) Symptom management Microscopic Stool/ Urine Examination Anti-inflammatory medications for inflammation. Surgery for severe complications (e.g., bladder obstruction, portal hypertension). Serological tests Ultrasound/CT NURSING MANAGEMENT Observe for signs of hematuria, abdominal pain, or Administer praziquantel as hepatomegaly. Assess prescribed and educate on its laboratory results for liver or use. kidney impairment. Inform patients about the risks Manage skin irritation and of swimming in contaminated pruritus by using antihistamines freshwater and reinforce the or soothing creams. importance of safe water sources.  PREVENTIVE MEASURES Encourage boiling or Avoid swimming or filtering water for wading in potentially drinking and bathing contaminated water. Advocate for water treatment or snail control in endemic areas. ANCYLOSTOMIASIS CAUSATIVE AGENT MODE OF PARASITIC NEMATODES: TRANSMISSION Ancylostoma duodenale direct skin penetration by hookworm larvae. Necator americanus KEY RISK FACTORS: Walking barefoot in areas with poor sanitation. Contact with soil contaminated by human feces.  SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS SKIN GASTROINTESTINAL Abdominal pain Nausea and vomiting Ground itch RESPIRATORY Diarrhea Loss of appetite Cough and wheezing  SYSTEMIC Iron Deficiency Anemia Protein deficiency fatigue and swelling muscle weakness pallor dizziness (edema) wasting SEVERE CASES growth heart retardation failure  INCUBATION PERIOD ANCYLOSTOMA DUODENALE: NECATOR AMERICANUS: Symptoms typically appear Symptoms usually manifest 4–8 WEEKS 6–8 WEEKS after exposure after infection PRODROMAL PERIOD The prodromal phase is often marked by non-specific symptoms as larvae migrate through the body  DIAGNOSTIC TEST STOOL EXAMINATION COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT (CBC) SEROLOGICAL TESTS Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)  DIAGNOSTIC TEST MOLECULAR TECHNIQUES Polymerase Chain Reaction IMAGING AND ADDITIONAL TESTS  MEDICAL MANAGEMENT ANTHELMINTIC THERAPY (PRIMARY TREATMENT) Albendazole (preferred): Dosage: 400 mg once, orally. Mebendazole: Dosage: 100 mg twice daily for 3 days, orally. Pyrantel pamoate: Dosage: 10 mg/kg single dose, orally.  MEDICAL MANAGEMENT IRON AND NUTRITIONAL SYMPTOMATIC TREATMENT SUPPLEMENTATION Antihistamines or topical Iron Supplements: corticosteroids Protein-Rich Diet: Analgesics Folic Acid: NURSING MANAGEMENT Monitor for anemia (pallor, Administer anthelmintic drugs like fatigue) and skin irritation at albendazole or mebendazole. larval entry points. Monitor for side effects. Provide iron and folic acid Educate about proper hygiene supplementation for anemia. and sanitary practices to prevent reinfection.  PREVENTIVE MEASURES Educate about the Promote wearing shoes, importance of washing especially in endemic hands and food. areas. Ensure proper disposal of human waste to prevent soil contamination. HEPATITIS D&E CAUSATIVE AGENTS MODE OF Hepatitis D Virus (HDV), also known as delta agent. TRANSMISSION Requires co-infection with Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) because HDV uses the HBsAg for replication. COMMON TRANSMISSION ROUTES: IV drug use Hemodialysis Multiple blood transfusions Sexual contact with HBV-infected individuals. HEPATITIS D CAUSATIVE AGENTS MODE OF HEPATITIS E (HEV) TRANSMISSION Fecal–oral route, primarily through contaminated water in areas with poor sanitation.  SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS: HEP D SAME WITH HEPB + persistent fatigue RUQ abd discomfort jaundice swelling muscle (edema) wasting INCREASED LIKELIHOOD OF ACUTE HEPATIC FAILURE, CHRONIC ACTIVE HEPATITIS, AND CIRRHOSIS  SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS: HEP E SKIN&EYES GASTROINTESTINAL Abdominal pain Nausea and vomiting Jaundice Resembles HEp A Diarrhea with abrupt onset of symptoms with self-limited course.  INCUBATION PERIOD HEPATITIS D: HEPATITIS E (HEV): 30 TO 150 DAYS. 15 TO 65 DAYS. PRODROMAL PERIOD HEPATITIS D: 3 TO 7 DAYS HEPATITIS E: 1 TO 7 DAYS Non-specific symptoms similar to Abrupt onset of symptoms, Hepatitis B, including malaise, including fever, nausea, fatigue, anorexia, nausea, and anorexia, and fatigue. abdominal discomfort.  DIAGNOSTIC TESTS DETECTION OF ANTI-DELTA ANTIBODIES AND HBSAG. ELISA & clia for HBsAg hdv rdt Polymerase Chain SEROLOGICAL TESTS TO DETECT Reaction (PCR) for HEV ANTIBODIES HDV RNA Anti-HEV IgM-igg Hep D (Confirmatory) ELISA Chemiluminescence Immunoassay (CLIA) HEV Rapid Test HEV Western Blot Hep E Assay  MEDICAL MANAGEMENT HEPATITIS D (PRIMARY TREATMENT) Interferon alfa is the only licensed treatment. High-dose, long-duration therapy (at least 1 year). HEPATITIS E VIRUS (HEV) Supportive care as the infection is self-limiting. Prevention includes good hygiene, especially handwashing. Effectiveness of immune globulin for HEV protection is uncertain. NURSING MANAGEMENT Watch for signs of liver dysfunction, such as Ensure adherence to antiviral jaundice, ascites, or treatment, if prescribed. confusion. Educate patients on avoiding Hepatitis B vaccination to risky behaviors like sharing prevent Hepatitis D co- needles or unprotected sexual infection activity. HEPATITIS D NURSING MANAGEMENT Maintain fluid and Provide supportive care for electrolyte balance, fatigue, nausea, and other especially in severe cases. symptoms. Closely monitor pregnant Emphasize hygiene practices women, as they are at higher and safe water use. risk for complications. HEPATITIS E  PREVENTIVE MEASURES Encourage Hepatitis B Promote regular health vaccination as it checkups in high-risk protects against individuals. Hepatitis D. Educate about avoiding needle-sharing and practicing safe sex. HEPATITIS D  PREVENTIVE MEASURES Encourage the use of Educate about the safe drinking water and importance of avoid undercooked handwashing, meat. particularly in endemic areas Improve sanitation facilities to prevent fecal-oral transmission. HEPATITIS E  1 2 Thank You! 4 3 5 6 7 8  GROUP 5 - A GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM INFECTIONS PART 1  THE REPORTERS ROMERO, CHELZA JUEZAN, EUNICE MILAN, ALFRED CARPE, RONALYN GENOBATIN, JUN PAUL  DISEASES FOR TODAY’S DISCUSSION Typhoid Fever Hepatitis A Leptospirosis Hepatitis B Hepatitis C TYPHOID FEVER Chelza Romero  WHAT IS TYPHOID FEVER? CAUSATIVE AGENT Typhoid fever is a bacterial infection of the GIT affecting the small intestines' lymphoid tissues (Peyer’s patches). MODE OF TRANSMISSION ingestion of contaminated food, water, and milk 5 F’s (fecal-oral transmission) Salmonella typhi (fingers, flies, fields, fluids, food) 5 F’S (FECAL-ORAL TRANSMISSION  SIGNS & SYMPTOMS ONSET TYPHOID STATE by the 4th and 5th day, symptoms worsen Coma vigil furred tongue subsultus rose spots on the abdomen in the 2nd week, symptoms are tendinum more aggravated, and rose Carphologia spots are more prominent  INCUBATION AND Typhidot Test PRODROMAL PERIOD 6 to 30 days 7 to 14 days DIAGNOSTIC TESTS Typhidot ELISA Widal ELISA Test Widal Test  MEDICAL NURSING MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT Ciprofloxacin 1. Provide assistance for ADLs. Ceftriaxone 2. Encourage an increase in fluid Chloramphenicol intake. Ampicillin 3. Improve nutritional intake. Azithromycin 4. Reduce or diminish pain. 5. Continuously monitor the patient’s vital signs. PREVENTION AND CONTROL LEPTOSPIROSIS Eunice Angeli Juezan  HISTORY Disease was first described by Adolf Weil in 1886 It was first observed in 1907 from a post mortem renal tissue slice  LEPTOSPIROSIS a zoonotic disease carried by animals, with epidemic potential, especially after a heavy rainfall whose urine contaminates water or food which is ingested or inoculated through the skin, caused by a bacterium called Leptospira.  Causative agent genus Leptospira (Leptospira interrogans) corkscrew- shaped bacterium (spirochete)  MOST COMMON ENTRY HOW IS LEPTOSPIROSIS POINT TRANSMITTED? Skin abrasions Contact with urine or tissues from Exposed mucous infected animals, usually rodents. membranes Contact with surface water, soil or plants contaminated with the leptospirosis HUMAN TO HUMAN bacteria from the urine of infected TRANSMISSION IS animals. RARE ANIMALS THAT CARRY THIS DISEASE INCLUDES: Dogs Rats Pigs Rabbits Horse SIGNS & SYMPTOMS High fever Abdominal pain Severe headache Diarrhea Chils Rash Muscle aches Vomiting Jaundice yellow eyes Conjunctivitis COMPLICATIONS Weil's Disease Respiratory distress Kidney failure Meningitis  INCUBATION/ PRODROMAL PERIOD 7-10 days  PRODROMAL prodromal phase marks the early symptoms and lasts around 4 to 7 days. It includes nonspecific signs like fever, headache, muscle pain (especially in calves), chills, nausea, and vomiting.  DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) detects antibodies against various Leptospira serovars by observing agglutination patterns in patient serum. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) detect Leptospira DNA in blood, urine, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) during the acute phase. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) detects IgM antibodies against Leptospira, providing a faster result compared to MAT. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT prescribe penicillin or doxycycline Administration of fluid electrolyte and blood as indicated Monitoring liver function tests and providing nutritional support.  NURSING MANAGEMENT For home Practice good Assess Isolate the care, clean personal meticulous patient, in dirty hygiene, Encourage skin care urine must places, washing oral fluid to ease be properly pools, and hands before intake. pruritus. disposed of. stagnant eating and water. after defecating.  PREVENTIVE MEASURES 1 Avoid swimming or wading in flood water. 2 Use boots and gloves 3 Drain potentially contaminated water. 4 Control rodents in the household (rat traps or rat poison). 5 Maintain cleanliness in the house. HEPATITIS A Alfred C. Milan HEPATITIS A CAUSATIVE AGENT Hepatitis A virus MODE OF TRANSMISSION: ingestion of contaminated drinking water or ice, uncooked fruits and vegetables, and fruits fecal-oral pathway infected food handlers SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS 1. Flue-like illness 2. Diarrhea, fatigue, abdominal pain 3. Loss of appetite 4. Nausea 5. Jaundice and dark-colored urine INCUBATION / PRODROMAL DIAGNOSTIC PERIOD TESTS 15- 60 days (3 -5 weeks) 30 days (mean) HAV Liver Function Test Bile Examination SGOT SGPT ALT IgM Level MEDICAL MANAGEMENT No specific treatment, but bed rest is essential Diet: high in carbohydrates, low in fat and protein Vitamin B complex supplements recommended Intravenous therapy may be required Isoprinosine (methisoprenol) may enhance T-lymphocyte immunity Alkalies, belladonna, and anti-emetics for dyspepsia and malaise NURSING MANAGEMENT Isolate the patient (enteric isolation) Encourage rest during the acute phase Improve nutritional status Take measures to prevent disease spread Monitor for melena and check stool for blood Provide optimal skin and oral care Support increase in ability to perform activities PREVENTION AND CONTROL Wash hands thoroughly after using the toilet Travelers should avoid uncertain water and ice Screen food handlers carefully Practice safe food preparation and serving Educate the public on disease transmission HEPATITIS B Ronalyn B. Carpe HEPATITIS B CAUSATIVE AGENT Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Hepatitis B is the inflammation of the liver caused by hepatitis B virus. MODE OF TRANSMISSION: This is considered to be more serious than hepatitis A due to the possibility Hepatitis B is primarily transmitted of severe complications such as massive damage and hepatocarcinoma through contact with infectious body of the liver. fluids. Sexual Contact Mother to Child Blood INCUBATION / PRODROMAL DIAGNOSTIC PERIOD 50 to 189 days (2 to 5 months) TESTS 90 days (mean) Prodromal period: Fatigue, nausea, Serum Transaminase muscle aches, or loss of appetite Liver Function Tests Blood Count Bile Examination Viral Load Testing SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS persistent fatigue RUQ abd discomfort jaundice swelling (edema) muscle wasting MEDICAL MANAGEMENT There is no specific treatment for acute hepatitis B but it requires rest, hydration, and nutritional support. Chronic hepatitis B can be treated with medicines. Vaccination Antiviral Therapy Liver Transplantation NURSING MANAGEMENT Monitor for signs of fever, tachycardia, and hypotension Assess for jaundice, hepatomegaly, ascites, and signs of bleeding make sure the patient is hydrated Encourage bed rest during the acute phase Administer antiviral medications as prescribed Discuss safe sex practices and avoiding sharing personal items that may carry blood PREVENTIVE MEASURES Universal vaccination for infants and at-risk populations Ensuring all blood products are screened for HBV Promoting safe sex practices and avoidance of sharing personal items that may carry blood Administering hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) within 72 hours after potential exposure. HEPATITIS C Jun Paul N. Genobatin HEPATITIS C CAUSATIVE AGENT Hepatitis C virus (HCV) Hepatitis C is a liver disease caused by the Hepatitis C virus (HCV). It leads to inflammation and potential MODE OF TRANSMISSION: damage to the liver, often resulting in chronic infection if left untreated. Hepatitis C is mainly transmitted through infected blood Chronic Hepatitis C can progress to liver via: fibrosis, cirrhosis, or hepatocellular Sharing needles or syringes Blood transfusions or organ transplants carcinoma. Needlestick injuries Mother-to-child transmission at birth Sharing contaminated personal items (rare) Unregulated tattooing or piercing equipment SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Fatigue Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes) Dark urine Light-colored stools Abdominal pain (especially in the upper right quadrant) Nausea and vomiting Loss of appetite Muscle or joint pain Fever  INCUBATION / PRODROMAL DIAGNOSTIC PERIOD Incubation Period: 2 weeks to 6 months (average TESTS 6–7 weeks). Prodromal Period: Mild or absent symptoms like HCV Antibody Test (Anti- fatigue, nausea, muscle aches, or loss of appetite. HCV) HCV RNA Test (PCR) Genotyping Liver Function Tests Liver Biopsy or FibroScan MEDICAL MANAGEMENT Antiviral Therapy: DAAs like Sofosbuvir, Ledipasvir, and Velpatasvir cure most cases by achieving SVR. Symptom Management: Manage cirrhosis with diuretics, beta-blockers, or liver transplant if advanced. NURSING MANAGEMENT Assessment: Monitor vitals, liver function, and signs of damage (fatigue, jaundice, pain, ascites). Interventions: Education: Promote medication adherence, alcohol avoidance, and safe practices. Supportive Care: Advise on diet, rest, and activity. Referrals: Connect with specialists and support groups. PREVENTIVE MEASURES Prevention: Avoid sharing needles/personal items and ensure safe procedures (e.g., blood transfusions, tattoos). Screening: Test high-risk groups (e.g., IV drug users, HIV-positive individuals). Vaccination: No Hepatitis C vaccine; vaccinate against Hepatitis A and B. Awareness: Educate on risks, transmission, and treatments. MINI LESSON COMPLETE THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!  GROUP 4-A RESPIRATORY DISORDERS RACOMA LABORTE MADJUS DOLERA TRIBUCIO GREGORIO DIPHTHERIA  DIPHTHERIA Diphtheria is a disease caused by a bacterium called Corynebacterium diphtheriae that affects the upper respiratory tract or Respiratory Diphtheria and less often the skin or Cutaneous Diphtheria. It also produces a toxin that damages the heart and the nerves.  TIVE AGENT CAUSA Corynebacterium diphtheriae a gram-positive, club-looking bacteria that causes diphtheria infection with a characteristic tough leathery membrane that forms in the pharynx.  ANSMISSION MODE OF TR Diphtheria spreads mainly through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes causing Respiratory Diphtheria. It can also be transmitted through direct contact or entry of bacteria in the body through open lesions on the skin causing Cutaneous Diphtheria. RESPIRATORY CT CONTACT DROPLETS DIRE  SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS RESPIRATORY CUTANEOUS DIPHTHERIA DIPHTHERIA Low grade fever Low grade fever Malaise & Malaise & Weakness Weakness Sore throat Shallow Chronic 2 2 Swollen neck (Bull Skin Ulcers neck) Pseudomembrane Incubation The incubation period for diphtheria is usually 2–5 days, Period but can range from 1–10 days. Prodromal The prodromal period is the short period after the incubation period when someone feels mildly ill, but hasn't Period yet developed a full illness. For diphtheria, the prodromal period is typically 12–24 hours. DIAGNOSTIC TEST Gram stain Toxigenicity and culture testing Identifies the presence of Perform toxigenicity testing using Corynebacterium the Elek test to determine if the C diphtheriae. diphtheriae isolate produces toxin. DIAGNOSTIC TEST Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test The PCR test can detect nonviable C diphtheriae organisms from specimens taken after antibiotic therapy has been initiated.  MEDICAL MANAG EME NT DIPHTHERIA ANTITOXIN ISOLATION Must be given early without waiting Individuals are placed in strict for culture confirmation because isolation or contact isolation a a the antitoxin neutralizes only toxin (cutaneous colonization only). not yet bound to cells.  MEDICAL MANAG EME NT ANTIBIOTIC AGENTS VACCINES Antimicrobial therapy is indicated to Diphtheria toxoid is typically halt toxin production, treat localized combined with tetanus and acellular infection, and prevent a transmission pertussis for children a younger than of the organism to patient 7 years; active immunization contacts. increases resistance to infection.  NURSING MA NAGEME NT Improve thermoregulation. Maintain room temperature; advise the client to wear thin clothes that absorb sweat easily; encourage to increase oral fluid intake, and administer antipyretics as ordered. Improve caloric intake. Monitor calorie intake and quality of food consumption; provide foods that stimulate a the appetite, and measure the bodyweight daily. Improve airway clearance. Place the client in a comfortable position that can aid maximum lung expansion; help performs chest physiotherapy; and suction secretions as needed.  PREVENTIVE MEASURES VACCINATION GOOD AVOID CLOSE EAT A HYGIENE CONTACT HEALTHY DIET PERTUSSIS  PERTUSSIS Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is a highly contagious bacterial infection of the respiratory tract caused by Bordetella pertussis. The disease is characterized by severe coughing fits that produce a high- pitched "whoop" sound during inhalation, especially in children.  TIVE AGENT CAUSA Bordetella pertussis a gram-negative coccobacillus bacterium that infects the respiratory tract. It produces toxins that damage the respiratory epithelium and suppress the immune response.  ANSMISSION MODE OF TR Spread through respiratory droplets expelled during coughing, sneezing, or close contact with an infected individual. Highly contagious, with an infection rate of up to 90% in susceptible close contacts. RESPIRATORY DIRECT CONTACT CONTAMINATED DROPLETS OBJECTS AND SURFACES Incubation Typically 7-10 days, but can range from 4-21 days. During this time, the bacterium is multiplying in the respiratory Period tract, but the person shows no signs of illness. Prodromal marks the onset of early symptoms, which are mild and often resemble a common cold. This stage lasts for about Period 1–2 weeks and is also called the catarrhal stage in pertussis.  SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Pertussis progresses through three stages: CATARRHAL STAGE PAROXYSMAL STAGE CONVALESCENT STAGE (1-2 WEEKS) (2-6 WEEKS) (WEEKS TO MONTHS) Paroxysms of numerous, Runny nose Gradual recovery. rapid coughs Mild cough Long inspiratory effort Persistent cough Sneezing with a high-pitched may continue but is Low-grade fever "whoop" at the end of less severe 2 Highly contagious paroxysmal cough Cyanosis stage. Exhaustion Vomiting DIAGNOSTIC TEST culture test PCR test A nasopharyngeal swab is A rapid test that detects typically used to collect a Bordetella pertussis DNA directly sample from the back of the from a sample, amplifying specific throat and upper airways, genetic material to confirm the where Bordetella pertussis presence of the bacteria in 1-2 resides. hours. DIAGNOSTIC TEST Serology test The blood sample is tested for the presence of antibodies against pertussis toxin (PT) or other Bordetella pertussis antigens.  MEDICAL MANAG EME NT ANTIBIOTICS SUPPORTIVE CARE azithromycin, clarithromycin, or Oxygen therapy erythromycin should be started as a Suctioning fora excessive mucus. soon as possible after a diagnosis Hydration or suspected exposure  NURSING MANAGEME NT Maintain a patent airway: Position patient upright, suction as needed. Administer prescribed antibiotics and monitor for side effects. a Provide oxygen therapy for cyanosis or difficulty breathing. Promote hydration through oral or IV fluids if needed. Minimize exposure to triggers that exacerbate coughing.  PREVENTIVE MEASURE S Pertussis Isolation Hand Respiratory Vaccine hygiene Hygiene PNEUMONIA  PNEUMONIA Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the one or both lungs primarily affecting the small air sacs known as alveoli. The air sacs may fill with fluid or pus. It remains one of the oldest known respiratory conditions in medical history!  TIVE AGENT CAUSA Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumococcus, is a Gram- positive, spherical bacteria, alpha-hemolytic member of the genus. This cells are usually found in pairs and do not form spores and are non motile.  TIVE AGENT CAUSA Viruses Influenza Virus Rhinovirus Respiratory Syncytial Virus Fungi Pneumocystis jirovecii  PNEUMONIA TYPES OF 1.Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) 2. Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (HAP) 3. Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP) 4. Aspiration Pneumonia  ANSMISSION MODE OF TR Pneumonia are contagious, meaning it spreads from person to person. The main modes of transmission includes respiratory droplets and direct contact. RESPIRATORY CT CONTACT DROPLETS DIRE  SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS C - Cough H - High fever E- Exhaustion S - Shortness of breath T - Tight chest pain F - Fast breathing A - Abdominal symptoms S - Sleepiness or Confusion T - Tingling or bluish skin  The time between exposure and symptoms appearing. Incubation Bacterial pneumonia: 1 to 3 days. Period Viral pneumonia: 2 to 10 days. Fungal pneumonia: Several days to weeks. The early stage with mild symptoms before full pneumonia Prodomal develops. Period Bacterial pneumonia: 1 to 2 days. Viral pneumonia: 2 to 3 days.  DIAGNOSTIC TEST Chest X-ray Blood test Leukocytosis = bacterial infections Reveals infiltrates Slight elevated levels = viral causes CRP and procalcitonin = may also or consolidations. be measured to determine the severity. DIAGNOSTIC TEST Sputum Culture Pulse and Gram Stain Oximetry Sputum samples = identify Non-invasive test to measure bacteria & determine the oxygen saturation in the blood. appropriate antibiotic. Low levels (