Introduction to Medical & Public Health Parasitology Lecture 1 PDF

abilityto diagnose INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL & PUBLIC HEALTH PARASITOLOGY Adrian Lui Dasigo Course Instructor public health community  01 1625 What to expect i...

abilityto diagnose INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL & PUBLIC HEALTH PARASITOLOGY Adrian Lui Dasigo Course Instructor public health community  01 1625 What to expect in Med Para AZO4211 4212 Prof ADRIANLuiD Dasioo TYPE OF EXAMS QUIZZES A40yroldwomangave SOLUS prelim casestudy 1 etc birthwlpinformygmp Parasite microscope setA medications preventthe spread Ign Ig CONSORTIUS practical setting inthecommunity NOTE Recitation t pointsforquizzes Palestine dharac identifythespecies pointsdependsonthedifficulty of parasite ofthe question indexcardbasis SETA MEDICALDOCTOR SETB PUBLICHEALTH SPECIALIST knowledge in immuno diagnose treat prognosis program proposal threat immunology why patients die Immunesystem Address the prob in a morerealistic way basedonthe socioeconomic status ofPH molecularmimicry cytokines RANDOM assignment perstudent youcan't pick LABdissect'intestine pigs gettheparasite identifymalefemale applicatorsticksslides thinzip lockforphone used for documentation FINALS PRELIMS MIDTERMS reporting defense type quizzes moremore4 highestscore exempted RemovalExams Prelims Finals Wala fornowhaha LEC scientific  canbein agriculture MEPPARA indiv diagnose lowkeyepidem p What is Parasitology? DUBIELTEE H community lol is the area of biology concerned with the phenomenon of dependence of one living organism on another. Medical Parasitology concerned primarily with parasites that affect humans and their medical significance as well as their importance in human communities. Tropical medicine is a branch of medicine that deals with tropical diseases and other special medical problems of tropical regions. e g Philippines wet f dry A tropical disease is an illness that is indigenous to or endemic in a tropical area but may also occur in sporadic or epidemic proportions in areas that are not tropical. all parasites thatSIGNIFICANTLYaffectthe community Parasites egg intropical provenbystatistics 43 6months tropicalconditions NeglectedTropicalDiseases creates a favorable condition for parasites  Biological Relationships Organisms may develop unique relationships due to their habitual and long associations with one another Symbiosis - living together of unlike organisms which might involve protection or other advantages to one or both organisms. Broad term  species is2 Biological Relationships S 52 t Onw o harming benefittheother Commensalism - symbiotic relationship in which two species live together and one species benefits from the relationship without harming or benefiting the other. Example: Entamoeba coli in the intestinal lumen  S 52 Biological Relationships t t Mutualism - is a symbiosis in which two organisms mutually benefit from each other. Termites and flagellates in their digestive system Andy Gliveintermites intestine release enzymesenablingthe anay to digest thewood  p compensated resources isbeingused in Biological Relationships t Is favorof the otherparty Parasitism - a symbiotic relationship where one organism, the parasite, lives in or on another, depending on the latter, for its survival and usually at the expense of the host. E. histolytica, C. exigua can'tbeidentified if histo ordispar E histolyticaldispat servesas t tongueof t fish t.is thetongueo 0 me 7 eatsthe tissue thetongue 1 Dispar non parasitic how toidentify differentiate E exigua parasite Premembertheseterms Willbeused incasestudies PARASITES are often described according to their habitat or mode of development. Endoparasite - parasite that lives inside its host Ectoparasite - parasite that lives outside its host Presence of endoparasite is called infection Presence of ectoparasite is called infestation leech lice ENDO OR ECTOPARASITE? A B C ECTOPARASITE ENDOPARASITE ECTOPARASITE infested infected infested  ahost PARASITES to have required M Most parasites are obligate parasites as they needed a host to survive Some parasites are facultative in which they may be free-living or may become parasitic when the need arises. cansurvive w or wohost Some parasites are accidental parasites for amomentparasite xlongstay tadaptability EVERY PARASITE NEEDS A HOST!  INTERMEDIATEHOST HOST t Nematoda female oftheocean paramakainng birddefinitivehost A person or an animal in which a parasite or commensal organism lives. Types of Host: whenthehostiscomplicated theparasitescandevelopmore p Definitive host: is one in which the parasite attains sexual maturity. Humans are considered as the definitive host. c pcannotsexuallymature Intermediate host: harbors the asexual or larval stage of the parasite. Animals can be an intermediate host. If there is more than one intermediate host, they can be classified as first, second intermediate host. rat eatsa parasiteegg becamelarva Paratenic host: is one in which the parasite does not develop further to later stages. However, the parasite remains alive and is able to infect another host. reservoir host: is one in which the life cycle of the parasite may continue and become additional sources of human infection.  definitivehost Life cycle of Schistosoma japonicum parasite Reservoir host definitivehost Q servesasREs Program intervention for community Vaccination inteffMEPIATE VECTORS insect arthropod malaria parasite bacteria Plasmodiumsp responsible for transmitting the parasite from one host to another. Types of vectors: É Lenostaincorrect Biologic vector: transmits the parasite only after the parasite completed its life cycle. m Mechanical vector: transports the parasites to its host. cockroach notinfected servedasvessel filthyparasite  INCUBATION PERIOD ACUTE EXPOSURE & INFECTION time offirstexposureup to 1 3months thetimesymptoms appear influenza EXPOSURE: is the process of inoculating an infective agent CHRONIC INFECTION: establishment of infective agent in the host. morethan a ucan'tsayinfectedwhentheparasiteisn'testablishedinthehostyet year Which one is exposure vs infection? longterm A B EXPOSURE biological INFECTION infected mosquito taking its blood Plasmodium spp. starts multiplying meal in its host0 maraming speciesunderthat genusthat CANcause disease i e malaria  SOURCES OF INFECTION: Contaminated soil & water Nematodes Lack of sanitary toilets Use of night soil or human feces as fertilizers Lack of potable water source soilw feces Consumption of contaminated food Through vectors Fomites thingsinfestedw parasites Pig coprophagous organismsthat eat thefeces excrement of another animal HACCP protocol in samgyup restos MODE OF TRANSMISSION: Through mouth - ingestion of contaminated food and water Skin penetration - exposure of skin to contaminated soil or water Through vectors - through bites of infected insects Congenital transmission - from mother to child Sexual intercourse LIFE CYCLE: The larval stage of the parasite may pass through different stages in an intermediate host before it reaches its final host. as the life cycle of the parasite becomes more complicated, the lesser the chances are for the individual parasite to survive. (Why?) manystages noticingdifferenttypeofhost lesserchanceforthemto survive Prelims Finals learn familiarize reading life cycles g  Porcine cysticercosis: canbecometapeworminsidetheperson g Cysticercus cellulosae in pork meat being sold in a public market in meat slaughter housesO intermediate Cysticercus cellulosae in pork meat observed host  Human cysticercosis: MUSTlarvaecalcifies airier Neurocysticercosis in humans - the most Extraneural cysticercosis - a case of human common cause of acquired epilepsy cysticercosis worldwide incPH NEXT WEEK EPIDEMIOLOGIC MEASURES & INFECTIOUS DISEASES: Epidemiology - is the study of patterns, distribution and occurrence of disease acute Incidence - number of new cases of infection in a population in a given period of time. total newfoldpatients paggumatingnadinakasama Prevalence - number of individuals in a population estimated to be infected with a med his particular parasite species at a given time. Epidemiological surveys is very important for parasitic disease in order to quantify cases of parasitic disease in a population  potentialcauses e.g smoking to take factors measures involved precautionary toassesstherisk p WHY DO WE NEED TO IDENTIFY CASES OF PARASITIC DISEASE IN A POPULATION? Endemic nareportsacertain location newtarget ofprogram intervention washing ofhands veggies Xbawalsa exam pang gold sang  Morbidity ofinfected indirs PREVENTION & CONTROL: Mortality death rate Morbidity control: avoidance of illness caused by infections. It may be achieved by periodically deworming individuals or groups (Why?) Information-education-communication: is a health education pusculture usreligion strategy that aims to encourage people to adapt and maintain healthy life practices. Environmental management: planning, organization, performance and monitoring of activities for the modification of environmental factors or their interaction with human beings with a view to preventing or minimizing vector or intermediate host propagation. Environmental sanitation: Involves interventiosn to reduce environmental health risks including safe disposal and hygienic management of human and animal excreta. Sanitation: provision of access to adequate facilities for safe disposal of human exreta, usually combined with access to safe drinking water. stillwaters kitekite stagnant FOR ERADICATION! puno leavesthatcollect What is the difference of Eradication vs Elimination?  bmalik 2021 p nomorepatients When we said ERADICATION... Polio naeradicateng pI defined as the permanent reduction to zero of the worldwide incidence of infection caused by a specific agent. Once this is achieved, continued measures are no longer needed What is ELIMINATION? verylowlevel controled Reduction to zero of the incidence of a specified disease in a defined geographic area. Continued intervention or surveillance measures are still required. elimination eradication References: Beaver, P.C., R.C., Jung and E.W., Cupp. 1984. Clinical Parasitology. 9th Edition. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger Markell, E.K., and D.T., John. 1999. Medical Parasitology. 8th edition. PhiladelphiaL W.B. Saunders Company Muller, R. 1975. Worms and Disease: A Manual of Medical Helminthology. London: William Heinemann Medical Books Limited. Neva, F.A. and H.W. Brown. 1994. Basic Clinical Parasitology. 6th Ed. Connecticut: Appleton and Lange. Walter-Beck, J. and J. Davies. 1981. Medical Parasitology. 3rd ed. Missouri: The C.V. Mosby Company.