CHN (Chapter 1 & 2) PDF

CHAPTER 1 & 2: Community Health Nursing Community Health Nursing- Individual and Family as Clients (NCM 104) BS Nursing (BSN 2106) | Ma’am Maria Christina Bay| 1st Sem | AY. 24-25 By: Alick Dhale Dizon Concepts of Community Lesson 1:...

CHAPTER 1 & 2: Community Health Nursing Community Health Nursing- Individual and Family as Clients (NCM 104) BS Nursing (BSN 2106) | Ma’am Maria Christina Bay| 1st Sem | AY. 24-25 By: Alick Dhale Dizon Concepts of Community Lesson 1: Community Health Nursing - Before 1996: definitions of community focused on geographical boundaries, combined with social attributes of people. The Philippine Public Healthcare Scenario - Later part of the decade: geographical - the national budget allocation for health care location became a secondary characteristic in is relatively small. the discussion of what defines a community. - local government units augment the national (Baldwin, et.al, 1998) budget to an undetermined extent. - this scenario requires strategies that will allow maximization of limited resources: Defining Attributes of Communities > Health Promotion 1. People > Disease Prevention 2. Place 3. Interaction 4. Common characteristics, interests or goals Nurses in Public Healthcare (Maurer and Smith, 2009) - the mission of public health is SOCIAL JUSTICE, which entitles all people to basic necessities such as adequate income and health Determinants of Health and Disease protection and accepts collective burdens to - Income and social status make this possible. - Education - Physical environment Community/Public Health Nursing - Employment and work conditions - is the synthesis of nursing practice and public - Social support networks health practice. - Culture - the major goal of community health nursing is - Genetics to preserve the health of the community and - Personal behavior and coping skills surrounding populations by focusing on health - Health services promotion and health maintenance of - Gender individuals, families and groups within the community. Health Promotion Concepts of Health - activities enhance resources directed at - the variety of characterizations of the word improving well-being. illustrates the difficulty in standardizing the conceptualization of health. - common concepts in various definitions Disease Prevention include: - activities protect people from disease and the > Goal- directed/purposeful effects of disease. actions, processes, responses or behaviors. > Soundness- wholeness, and I or Level of Prevention well-being. 1. Primary - general health promotion and specific protection  CHAPTER 1 & 2: Community Health Nursing Community Health Nursing- Individual and Family as Clients (NCM 104) BS Nursing (BSN 2106) | Ma’am Maria Christina Bay| 1st Sem | AY. 24-25 By: Alick Dhale Dizon 2. Secondary - early detection and prompt intervention Pre-payment Mechanism - community health services and community 3. Tertiary - reduce the effects of health nursing services, are generally free at disease and injury, and the point of care. restore individuals to - the services have already been pre-paid by the their optimal level of community/aggregate. functioning. ( Leavell > taxes cover government-provided and Clark, 1958) healthcare services > tuition fees cover school-health Public Health Nursing services - public health nursing may be defined as a field > consumers pay for the occupational of professional practice in nursing and in health services of employees of a public health I which technical nursing, company. interpersonal, analytical, and organizational skills are applied to problems of health as they affect the community. (Freeman, 1963) Emerging Fields of Community Health - the practice of promoting and protecting the Nursing in the Philippines health of populations using knowledge from 1. Home Health - this practice nursing, social, and public health sciences. involves providing Care (ANA/APHA, 1996) nursing care to individuals and families in their Community-Based Nursing own places of - application of the nursing process in caring for residence mainly individuals, families and groups where they to minimize the live, work or go to school or as they move effects of illness through the health care system. (McEwen and and disability. Pullis, 2008) 2. Hospice Home - this is home care Care specifically Population-Focused Approach rendered to the terminally ill. - focuses on the entire population - is based on the assessment of the populations’ health status 3. EntrepreNurse - this is a project - considers the broad determinants of health initiated by the - emphasizes all levels of prevention Department of - intervenes with communities, systems, Labor and individuals, and families (Minnesota Employment Department of Health, 2003) (DOLE), in collaboration with the Board of Nursing of the Level of Clientele Philippines Nurses - Individual - Community Association, and - Family the other - Group/Aggregate stakeholders to  CHAPTER 1 & 2: Community Health Nursing Community Health Nursing- Individual and Family as Clients (NCM 104) BS Nursing (BSN 2106) | Ma’am Maria Christina Bay| 1st Sem | AY. 24-25 By: Alick Dhale Dizon promote nurse 1876 - The first medicos titulares entrepreneurship. were appointed and worked as provincial health officers. 4. Faith - this is the practice Community of nursing 1888 - The University of Santo Nursing / combined with Tomas opens a two-year, Parish Nursing spiritual care. They cirujanos ministrantes course may work in either to produce male nurses and paid or unpaid sanitary inspectors. positions in a variety of religious 1901 - The Board of Health of the faiths. Philippine Islands was created through Act 15, which eventually evolved into the Department of Health (DOH). Competency Standards in Community Health Nursing 1912 - The Fajardo Act Law created - Safe and quality nursing care sanitary divisions made up - Management of resources and environment one to four municipalities. - Health education - Legal responsibility 1905 - Asociacion de Feminista - Ethico-moral responsibility Filipina founded La Gota de - Personal and professional development Leche: the first center - Quality improvement dedicated to the service of - Research mothers and babies. - Records management - Communication - The DOH was reorganized 1947 - Collaboration and Teamwork into bureaus and the administration of city health History of Public Health Nursing in the departments was placed at bureau level. Philippines 1577 - Friar Juan Clemente opened a - The congress passed R.A. medical dispensary in 1954 1082 or the Rural Health Unit Intramuros for the indigent. Act which provided an RHU in every municipality. 1690 - Dominican Father Juan de Pergero work towards - R.A. 1891 was enacted to installing a water system in 1957 have a more equitable San del Monte (now San Juan distribution of health City, Metro Manila) and personnel. Manila. 1958 - Regional health offices were 1805 - Dr. Francisco de Balmis created as a result of introduced Smallpox decentralization efforts, thus vaccination. creating the position: Regional Health Officer.  CHAPTER 1 & 2: Community Health Nursing Community Health Nursing- Individual and Family as Clients (NCM 104) BS Nursing (BSN 2106) | Ma’am Maria Christina Bay| 1st Sem | AY. 24-25 By: Alick Dhale Dizon 1999 - Health Sector Reform Agenda was launched to direct Era of Florence Nightingale government efforts towards - First nurse to formulate a conceptual comprehensive reforms. foundation for nursing practice. - Believed that clean water, clean linens, access 2005 - FOURmula one (F1) for health to adequate sanitation, and quiet would was launched to provide an improve health outcomes, and she put these implementation framework belief into practice during the Crimean War to reform agenda. 1980 onwards. - Several nursing theorists, Dorothy Johnson, 2010 - Universal Health Care was Sister Callista Roy, Imogene King, Betty launched to provide the Neuman, and Jean Watson among them, have necessary revisions to the F1 included community perspectives in their framework. definition of health. Universal Health Care General Systems Theory - aims to achieve the health system goals of: - viewed as an “open system”, the client is > better health outcomes considered as a set of interacting elements > sustained health financing that exchanges energy, matter, or information > a responsive health system that will with the external environment to exist. provide equitable access to health - this concept is particularly useful when care. analyzing interrelationships of the elements - it is deliberately focused on economically within the client, as well as those of the client disadvantaged Filipinos to ensure that they and the environment. are given risk protection through enrollment in PhilHealth (Philippine Health Insurance Corporation) and that they are able to access Open Systems affordable and quality health services. - the basic structures of a family that is found in all open systems: > boundaries Lesson 2: Theoretical Foundations of > environment > inputs Community Health Nursing Practice > outputs > processing (throughput) Nursing Theories > feedback - theories or parts of theoretical frameworks to > subsystems guide practice best achieves the goal of improving nursing practice-including that of public health. Health Belief Model - a theory is like a map of a territory as opposed - provides the basis for much of the practice of to an aerial photograph. The map does not health education and health promotion. give the full terrain/full picture; instead it - developed by a group of social psychologists picks out those parts that are important for its to explain why the public failed to participate given purpose. (Barnum, 1998) in screening for tuberculosis.  CHAPTER 1 & 2: Community Health Nursing Community Health Nursing- Individual and Family as Clients (NCM 104) BS Nursing (BSN 2106) | Ma’am Maria Christina Bay| 1st Sem | AY. 24-25 By: Alick Dhale Dizon - “behavior is based on current dynamics confronting an individual rather than prior experiences” – Kurt Lewin Public Health Nurse - compromise the largest professional segment of the workplace in public health and are Milio’s Framework for Prevention involved in the prevention, education, - provides a complement to the Health Belief advocacy, activism, assessment, and Model evaluation of Public Health. - provides a mechanism for directing attention - they hold a vital role in the prevention of “upstream” disease and help to promote community - provides for the inclusion of economic, health and safety. political, and environmental health - while most of the nurses care for one patient determinants; therefore, the nurse is given at a time, public health nurses care for entire broader range in the diagnosis and populations. interpretation of health problems. - the main focus of community health is health - encourages the nurse to understand health promotion. behaviors in the context of their societal - the recipient of care of community public milieu. health nursing practice is extended not only the individual but also to benefit the whole family and community. Pender’s Health Promotion Model - explores the many biopsychosocial factors that influence individuals to pursue health Roles and Responsibilities of A Public promotion activities. Health Nurse - contains variables related to health behaviors, - Programmer/Planner as well as individual characteristics that may - Health Educator/Trainer/Counselor influence a behavioral outcome. - Community Organizer - does not include threat as a motivator, as - Provider of Nursing Care threat may not be a motivation factor for - Health Monitor clients in all age groups. - Researcher - Statistician - Change Agent