Reproductive Organ - Science Reviewer PDF

# Reproductive Organ - Science Reviewer ## Male ### External - **PENIS:** Used for sexual reproduction and urination. - **GLANS PENIS:** Head of the penis. - **URETHRA:** Tip of the glans penis. - **SCROTUM:** Located behind the penis (outside) in order to provide its warm temperature, pouch-like...

# Reproductive Organ - Science Reviewer ## Male ### External - **PENIS:** Used for sexual reproduction and urination. - **GLANS PENIS:** Head of the penis. - **URETHRA:** Tip of the glans penis. - **SCROTUM:** Located behind the penis (outside) in order to provide its warm temperature, pouch-like pocket for where the testicle is attached to it. - **SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES:** Located inside the scrotum and produces sperms. - **EPIDIDYMIS:** Where the sperm cells matured. ### Internal - **VAS DEFERENS:** Tubes where the sperms pass through during sexual arousal. - **SEMINAL VESICLES:** Produces seminal fluids. - **PROSTATE GLAND:** Under the urinary bladder. - **SEMEN:** Ejaculated from the penis. - **BULBOURETHRAL GLAND:** Side of the urethra and below the prostate gland. ## Female ### External - **VULVA:** External genital of women. - **LABIA MAJORA:** Two skin folds covered with hair. - **LABIA MINORA:** Two small folds lying just inside the labia majora. - **GLANDS CLITORIS:** Most sensitive part of the female genitalia. - **HYMEN:** A block in the vagina. - **BARTHOLIN GLANDS:** Two small alveolar glands on the left and right side of opening of the vagina. - **URETHRA:** Located above the vagina. - **VAGINA:** Allows menstrual flow, reproduction, and birth. ### Internal - **OVIDUCT:** Hollow, muscular organ that transports eggs and sperm in the female reproductive system. - **UTERUS:** Hollow, pear-shaped organ. - **OVARIES:** A pair of glands in the female reproductive system. ## Puberty - Begins 8-14 years old. - The hypothalamus releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone, which triggers puberty causing the body to mature and develop. ### Hormones - **Luteinizing hormone (LH):** Main hormone responsible for triggering ovulation and leads to the formation of corpus luteum. - **Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH):** Plays a central role in the menstrual cycle by stimulating the growth and maturation of follicles. - **Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH):** Stimulates the teo important gonadotropins (FSH, LH). ### Ovaries, Eggs Production, and Hormones - **OVARIES:** Secretes hormones like estrogen and progesterone. - **OOCYTES:** Immature egg cells controlled by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. - **FOLLICLES:** Small sacs in the ovary that usually contain oocytes. ## Menstrual Cycle - Monthly flow of blood from the uterus. - Occurs from puberty to menopause (time where menstruation stops). - Average length is usually 28 days. ### Phases - **MENSTRUAL PHASE** (3-7 days): The unfertilized eggs and the uterine lining that was not used from the previous menstrual cycle will be shed from the vagina. - **FOLLICULAR PHASE:** Starts from the first day and matures follicles until ovulation. - **OVULATION PHASE:** Occurs around 12-14 days. ## Proteins, Genes, DNA, and Chromosomes - **DNA:** Molecule that contains the hereditary biological instructions. - **RNA:** Ribonucleic acid that undergoes translation to synthesize proteins. - **NUCLEIC ACIDS:** Long chains of nucleotides. - **NUCLEOTIDES:** Consist of nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar molecule, and a phosphate molecule. - **POLYNUCLEOTIDES:** Backbone of the nucleotide chains. - **CHROMOSOMES:** Thread-like structures made up of DNA coiled around proteins called histones. - **HORMONES:** Chemical substances produced in the body that control the activity of certain cells and organs. - **GENES:** Sequences of DNA that code for a molecule that has a function. - **PROTEINS:** Amino acids chains made in the ribosome containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. ## Types of RNA - **mRNA:** Messenger RNA that brings information from the DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm. - **tRNA:** Transfer RNA that attaches to the correct amino acids. - **rRNA:** Ribosomal RNA that holds tightly to the mRNA. ## Protein Synthesis - **REPLICATION:** Process in which DNA is being copied, ensuring each daughter cell receives a complete set of genetic instructions. - **TRANSCRIPTION:** Copying of DNA sequence to transform RNA. - **TRANSLATION:** Process of converting information in mRNA into a sequence of amino acids. ## Translocation - Term used in genetics and molecular biology to describe the movement of genetic material within or between chromosomes ### Terms - **CODON:** Three nucleotides (codon) = one amino acids. - **ANTICODON:** Complemetary sequence to the codon, allowing tRNA to deliver corresponding amino acids. ## Mutations - Change or alteration in DNA sequence that produces variation within species. ### Types - **HEREDITARY:** Germline mutations. - **ACQUIRED:** Somatic mutations. ## Types of Chromosomal Mutations - **DUPLICATION:** An extra copy or a gene is repeated. - **INVERSION:** Segment is broken off and inverted. - **DELETION:** A segment is lost. - **INSERTION:** Extra pairs are inserted into a new place. - **TRANSLOCATION:** Part of chromosome attaches to another chromosome. ## Fossils - Preserved physical remains of organisms. ### Types - **BODY FOSSILS:** Hard part of the body. - **TRACE FOSSILS:** Preserved marks left behind by an organism. ### Terms - **FOSSILIZATION:** Organism undergoes fossilization to become a certified fossil. - **COMPARATIVE ANATOMY:** Studies the similarities and differences in the structures of organism. - **HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES:** Physical features shared due to common ancestors but do not necessarily serve the same function. - **ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES:** Looks similar and have the same functions but anatomically different. - **GENETIC INFORMATION:** Evolutionary evidence through finding similarities in DNA. - **EVOLUTION:** Process by which populations of organisms change over generations. ## Biodiversity - Refers to over harvesting of species and natural resources. ### Terms - **OVEREXPLOITATION:** Ecosystems cannot compensate or sustain itself. - **BEHAVIORAL ADAPTATIONS:** Behavioral changes, responses to environment. - **ENDANGERED:** Facing a very high risk of extinction. - **POPULATIONS:** Total number of persons inhabiting a country, city, or district. - **MIGRATION RATE:** Movement of individuals to a different environment. - **GENE FLOW:** Occurs when individuals from one population migrate and breed with individuals from another population. - **LIMITING FACTORS:** Resources or other factors that can lower the population growth rate. - **DENSITY DEPENDENT FACTORS:** Resources or basic requirements of life by population. - **DENSITY INDEPENDENT FACTORS:** Weather phenomena and natural disasters. - **CARRYING CAPACITY:** When population size increases, resources start depleting. - **DISPERSION PATTERNS:** How members of population occupy space within a habitat. ## Natural Selection - Proposed by Charles Darwin in his book _The Origin of Species_. ### Terms - **MAXIMUM POPULATION SIZE:** Largest number of a species that an environment can support. - **CHARLES DARWIN:** The Father of Evolutionary Theory. - **ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE:** Co-Discoverer of Natural Selection. - **JEAN-BAPTISTE LAMARCK:** Lamarckism (Inheritance of Acquired Traits). - **GREGOR MENDEL:** Father of Modern Genetics.