Male Reproductive System PDF

Male Reproductive System Role of the Male Reproductive System The male reproductive system is the collection of reproductive organs that functions mainly for the production of sperm cells and the delivery of sperm into the vagina. PENIS used for both urination an intercourse a hollow tube t...

Male Reproductive System Role of the Male Reproductive System The male reproductive system is the collection of reproductive organs that functions mainly for the production of sperm cells and the delivery of sperm into the vagina. PENIS used for both urination an intercourse a hollow tube that made of spongy tissue and blood vessels contains the urethra which sperm and urine pass through to leave the body 3 parts: a root, body (shaft), glans ⚬ the root of the penis attaches it to the pubic arch ⚬ the body is the visible, pendantportion ⚬ a loose fold of skin( prepuce/foreskin) cover glans penis TESTES singular: Testis responsible for the production of male sex hormone and millions of sperm cells main reproductive organ of male Each testis is an oval structure about 5 cm long and 3 cm diameter located inside the scrotum composed of about 250 cone-shaped lobules that contains 1-4 seminiferous tubules where the sperm cells develop. EPIDIDYMIS a comma-shaped structure on the superior and posterior margins of the testes stores the sperm and serves as the site for sperm cell maturation mature sperm are stored in the tail Scrotum a bag- or pouch-like of subcutaneous tissue ⚬ vertical septum - divides it into two parts, each containing one testis ⚬ dartos muscle- gives scrotum its wrinkled appearance when the temperature rises, the muscle relaxes, causing the scrotum to hang loose (to get rid extra heat) when the temperature drops, the muscle constricts, causing the tighten (to hold scrotum to heat) Transport Tubes URETHRA a hollow tube which transports urine from the bladder also a passageway for sperm and fluids - semen these fluids do not ex urethra at the same time VAS DEFERENS also known as as ductus deferens a long transport tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct EJACULATORY DUCT formed by the vas deferens and the seminal vesicles carries the sperm to the urethra passes through the prostate gland and empties into the urethra Accessory Glands SEMINAL VESICLE sac-like poches that connect to the vas deferens near the bladder's base secretes an alkaline fluid that contains sugar (fructose), which provides energy to the sperm PROSTATE GLAND a firm, dense structure about the size of a walnut that located just inferior to the urinary bladder releases a milky fluid that liquefies the semen, making the fluid secreted by this makes up 25% of the semen during ejaculation, the prostate gland shuts off the connection urinary bladder COWPER'S GLAND or Bulbourethral gland small, about the size of a pea, and located near the base of the penis a short duct from each enters the proximal end of the penile in response to sexual stimulation, it secretes an alkaline mucus-like fluid in the urethra, which neutralizes the acid from the urine this helps to protect the sperm SEMINAL alkaline fluid made up of sperm cells and secretions FLUID/SEMEN from accessory glands about 60% of its volume comes from the seminal vesicles, while the prostate gland provides most of the rest, bulbourethral gland adds only a small amount in one ejaculation, semen volume ranges from 1.5 tocontaining 50 to 150 million sperm per mL a sperm c to 20 million per mL may lead issues ERECTION involves increase in length, width & firmness changes in blood supply: arterioles dilate, veins constrict the spongy erectile tissue fills with blood Erectile Dysfunction \[ED\] also known as impotence HORMONE Follicle-stimulatingS hormone (FSH) stimulates spermatogenesis Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone (ICSH) stimulates the production testosterone Testosterone stimulates the development of male secondary sex characteristics SPERMATOGENESIS Sperm cells are made in the seminiferous tub the testes. Among these tubules are Sertoli cells, which provide support and nourishment to developing sperm. During early development, special germ cells called spermatogonia form in the testes. These cells are , meaning they have 46 chromosomes, and are found around the edges ot the semiferous tubules At puberty, hormones trigger spermatogonia to divide by mitosis. Some stay as spermatogonia, while others become primary spermatocytes, which also have 46 chromosomes. Each primary spermatocyte undergoes meiosis, a special type of cell division: Meiosis I: The primary spermatocyte splits into two secondary spermatocytes, each with 23 chromosomes (haploid). Meiosis II: Each secondary spermatocyte divides again, forming two spermatids. In total, one primary spermatocyte produces four haploid spermatids SPERMATOGENESI step of spermatogenesis transforms spermatids into mature sperm cells, called spermatozoa. A mature sperm has three parts: head, midpiece, and tail. Head: Contains 23 chromosomes in a nuclear membrane. The tip, called the acrosom has enzymes to help the sperm penetrate the egg. Midpiece: Contains mitochondria that produce energy (ATP). Sperm are produced in the seminiferous tubules and released into the lumen. They leave the testes and move to the epididymis, where they mature and become ready to fertilize a female egg. Sperm production starts at puberty and continues throughout a man\'s life. The process, from the formation of a primary spermatocyte to a mature sperm, takes about 74 days. After ejaculation, sperm can survive for around 48 hours inside the female MALE REPRODUCTIVE CONDITIONS Prostate Cancer Erectile Dysfunction (ED) Testicular Cancer Varicocele Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) Female Reproductive System The female reproductive system is the collection of reproductive organs that functions mainly for the production of egg cells, receiving sperm cells, nourishment, and development of an egg. INTERNAL FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS OVARY two tiny oval-shaped, held in place by a ligament produces egg cells ova and - hormones (estroge progesterone) stores immature egg cells through ovarian follicles main reproductive organ each ovary contains ovarian follicles, which store immature egg cells ⚬ Ovarian follicles: fluid-filled sac where the egg develops and releases FALLOPIAN TUBE o known as OVIDUCT serves as the passageway of the egg connects ovaries to the uterus the site for fertilization UTERUS also known as the WOMB the part where the zygote grows and develops pear-shaped hollow organ receives, that holds, an in nourishes the fertilized ovum during pregnancy UTERUS ENDOMETRIUM ⚬ or the uterine lining ⚬ soft, smooth, bloody tissue inner lining ⚬ thickens to prepare for the attachment of the em ⚬ is shed during menstrual period (if pregnancy does not occur) CERVIX the part that separates from the vagina stays closed until the female gives birth enlarges to let the passage of a fetus during birth site of glands that secr to lubricate the vagina the uterus VAGINA a hollow tube that serves as the passageway out of the female reproductive system extends from the uterus to the outside of the body - vulva also called the birth canal and female organ for copulation capable to stretch for birth of baby EXTERNAL FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 2025-01-21 05:10:01.844000 HOW IS AN PRODUCED? Egg cells are made in the ovaries through a process called oogenesis. Girls are born with millions of immature eggs, but these stay inactive until puberty. Every month, one egg matures and is released during ovulation. The egg moves into the fallopian tube, where it can be fertilized by a sperm. If fertilized, it becomes a zygote and can grow into a baby. THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE AND HORMONES Sexually mature women experience a menstrual cycle. This cycle happens when the egg is not fertilized and lasts 28 days. The first occurrence of menstruation that a woman experiences is called menarche, and would stop ovulating at menopause. DAY 1-5 Menstruation occurs if the egg is not fertilized by a sperm. Blood is lost. DAY 5-14 FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) causes the egg to mature in the ovary DAY 14 LH (luteinising hormone) stimulates the release of an egg. DAY 14-28 Progesterone maintains the lining of the uterus, ready for a fertilized egg ESTROGEN -Estrogen is a female sex hormone made in the ovaries. It is responsible erty in girls and regulating the menstrual cycle. -It stops FSH being produced to prevent more than one egg being released each cycle, it repairs and thickens the uterus lining PITUITARY GLAND This pituitary gland is where FSH and LH are produced. THE OVARIES The ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone. THE PLACENTA If a woman become pregnant, the placenta produces progesterone to maintain the lining of the uterus and to stop menstruation. FERTILIZATION AND PREGNANCY The menstrual cycle happens when the egg is not fertilized, but what if the egg is fertilized by a sperm cell? FERTILIZATION is the process when the egg cell and the sperm cell unite. this happens in the fallopian tubes (oviduct) within 24 hours (sometimes 2-3 days just before, during & after ovulation) ⚬ Note: sperm can live inside the female reproductive tract for up to 72 hours After the egg and sperm combine (fertilization occurs) the fertilized egg becomes a zygote. The zygote then undergoes cleavage (mitosis) FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE CONDITIONS Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) Endometriosis Cervical Cancer Uterine Fibroids Sexually Transmitted Infections MENSTRUAL PHASE day 1-7 Via the vagina, the uterine wall\'s internal lining and other bodily secretions are eliminated during menstruation. It typically lasts three to seven days, although ti may vary from month to month and depending on each woman. FOLLICULAR PHASE day 1-14 This phase begins on the first day of menstruation and lasts until the 13th day of the menstrual cycle. The pituitary gland releases a follicle-stimulating hormone during this phase. This hormone causes the ovary to create 10 to 20 follicles, each of which contains an immature egg. These follicles release the hormone estrogen, which thickens the endometrium lining in preparation for the fertilized egg. OVULATION day 14 The term \"ovulation\" refers egg by one of the ovaries. to the development of a mature As estrogen is released during the follicular phase, the brain produces gonadotropin-releasing hormone, which causes the pituitary gland to generate more luteinizing hormone. This takes the mature egg from the follicle and delivers ti from the ovary to the fallopian tube. fI fertilization does not occur during this phase, the egg proceeds to the uterus and dissolves within 6 to 24 hours. LUTEAL PHASE day 15-28 The follicle from which the mature egg burst (known as the yellow body of the ovary or corpus luteum) released a large amount of progesterone and some estrogen during this period. Corpus luteum has two fates: fi fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum wil continue secreting progesterone, causing the uterine lining ot thicken fi fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum will progesterone within 14 days  Common issues accompanying the menstrual cycle: Cramps Dysmenorrhea (painful periods) Irregular periods Excessive bleeding Bleeding outside the menstrual period 2025-01-21 05:11:28.1340002025-01-21 05:11:28.245000