Chemistry Root Words PDF

APPENDIX 2.2 ROOT WORDS USED FREQUENTLY IN CHEMISTRY root meaning example explanation -ane - single covalent alkane, propane alkanes have only single bonds...

APPENDIX 2.2 ROOT WORDS USED FREQUENTLY IN CHEMISTRY root meaning example explanation -ane - single covalent alkane, propane alkanes have only single bonds bond -ene - double covalent alkene, polypropylene alkenes have one or more double bonds bond -ion L process fusion the process of combing or fusing nuclei to form a heavier nucleus -oid G like, form metalloid some properties are like those of metals -yne - triple covalent alkyne, ethyne alkynes have one or more triple bonds bond -meter G measure calorimeter measures heats of reactions a- G not, without amorphous carbon carbon without crystalline shape acid L sour, sharp hydrochloric acid acids stimulate the sour taste buds alkali Ar soda ash, alkali alkali lake alkali lakes have very high mineral content allo, -io G other, different allotrope one of the two or more forms of an element that have the same physical state alpha G 1st letter of Greek alpha particle designated by the letter "alpha" alphabet amin N ammonia amine, amino acid an ammonia base in which one or more of the three hydrogens is replaced by an alkyl group amph, -i, -o G double, on both amphoteric, amphibian amphoteric species react either as acids or sides bases anti G against, opposite antiseptic substance that works against microbes aqua L water aqueous solution water based solution baro G pressure barometer, bar barometer measures pressure beta G second letter of beta particle designated by the letter beta Greek alphabet bi L two binary compounds compound made of two elements bio G life biochemistry chemistry of living systems carb, -o, -on L coal, carbon carbohydrate compound made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CH2O)n chem G chemistry chemical kinetics the kinetics of a chemical reaction co, -l, m, -n L with, together coefficient, colligative number that appears with a formula in a chemical equation com L with, together composition reaction A reaction in which molecules are assembled conjug L joined together conjugate acid, acid formed from its conjugate base by the conjugal addition of a proton cosm,-o G the world or cosmic rays, cosmos high energy rays from space (the cosmos) universe cry, -mo, -o G cold crystal crystals form when solutions are cooled de L down, without, decomposition, a reaction in which materials are broken down from denature, dehydrate  from denature, dehydrate dens L thick density, dense density is a measure of how "thick" a fluid is (how much mass per unit volume) di G separate, double, disaccharide two monosaccharides tied together across, dis G separate, apart dissociation separation of ions when dissolving duc, -t L lead ductile able to be pulled or led through a small opening to produce a wire e L out, without, from evaporation the process of vapor leaving from ef L out, from, away effervescence rapid escape of gas from a liquid in which it is dissolved electr, -i, -o G electrode electrolyte dissolves in water to give a solution that conducts an electric current elem L basic elements can't be broken down into more basic substances by normal chemical means empir, -o G experienced empirical based upon experience or observation en G in, into endothermic a reaction which takes in heat equ L equal equilibrium a dynamic condition in which two opposing reactions occur at equal rates erg G work energy, erg energy is the ability to perform work exo G out, outside, exothermic exothermic reactions give heat to the outside without environment ferr, -o L iron ferromagnetism strongly attracted to a magnet, like iron fiss, -i, -ur L cleft, split fission the splitting of nuclei flu L flow fluids gases and liquids are fluids because they flow fract L break, broken fractional distillation distillation in which the components of a mixture are "broken down" and separated by different boiling points gamma G 3rd letter of the gamma rays high energy electromagnetic waves identified Greek alphabet by the Greek letter gamma gen G bear, produce, gene a section of a DNA chain that codes for a beginning particular protein that the organism can produce glyc, -er, -o G sweet glycogen, glycolysis, a sugar (glucose) based polymer that stores glycolipid energy in animals graph, -o, -y G write, writing graphite form of carbon used in pencils halo- G salt halogens halogens (e.g. F, Cl, Br) are often found in salts (e.g. NaF, NaCl, KBr) hetero- G other, different heterogeneous mixture a mixture in which properties and composition differ from point to point hom, eo, -o G same, alike homogeneous mixture a mixture in which properties and composition are the same throughout hybrid L a mongrel, hybrid, hybrid orbital orbitals produced by the combination of two combination or more orbitals of the same atom. hydr, -a, -i, -o G water hydrolysis the breaking of bonds using water. hyper G over, above, (hy)perchloric acid the oxidation state of chlorine in perchloric excessive acid is above what it is in chloric acid.  excessive acid is above what it is in chloric acid. hypo G under, beneath hypochlorous acid the oxidation state of chlorine in hypochlorous acid is below the oxidation sate of chlorine in chlorous acid im L not immiscible not mutually soluble (not miscible) in L in, into intrinsic physical properties inherent to a substance, and not properties upon the amount present iso G equal isomers compounds that have the same molecular formula, but different structures kilo G thousand kilogram 1000 grams kine G move, moving, kinetic energy energy of motion movement lip, -o G fat lipoprotein fatty acid combined with protein liqu, -e, -i L fluid, liquid liquefy the process of becoming a liquid lys, -io, -is, -io G loose, loosening, hydrolysis the breaking apart of a substance by an breaking electric current macr, -o G large, long macromolecule macromolecules are large organic molecules malle, -o, -us L hammer malleable ability to bend and shape when hit by a hammer mer, -e, -i,-o G a part dimer made of two parts met, -a G between, change metabolism reactions that change biochemicals from one form to another meter G measure calorimeter measures heat energy (calories) mill -e, -i, -o L one thousand milliliter one thousandth of a liter misc L mix miscible when two solvents dissolve (mix evenly) in each other mon -a, -er, -o G single, one monomer single molecular units that can join to form a polymer morph, -a, -o G form amorphous sulfur sulfur without definite crystals or shape neo G new, recent neoprene a synthetic (new) rubber neutr L neither neutral neither positive nor negative nom, -en, -in G name nomenclature system of assigning names non L not, ninth nonpolar does not have polar characteristics nuc, -ell, -i L nut, center nucleus center of the atom oct, -i, -o L eight octet rule tendency to acquire a total of 8 electrons in highest energy level orbi, -t, to L circle orbital electrons travel around the nucleus in patterns known as orbitals oxid F oxygen oxide compound containing oxide ion photo light photochemical smog air pollutants transformed by sunlight polar, -i L of the pole, polarity polar covalent one pole of the bond has a more negative character, and the other a more positive character poly G many polymer many molecules bound together to make a new, longer molecule molecule pro G forward, positive, proton positively charged particle for, in front of quant L how much quantum refers to a discrete amount of energy radi, -a, -o, L spoke, ray, radius radioactive produces rays of electromagnetic energy sacchar, -o G sugar monosaccharide single sugar unit sal, -i L salt salinity referring to the amount of salt in solution solu- L dissolve solubility refers to the tendency to dissolve spect L see, look at spectator ions ions that "watch" but are not involved in a reaction super L above, over superheated retaining liquid properties beyond the normal boiling point syn G together, with photosynthesis molecules are put together with energy derived from light. therm, -o G heat thermochemistry the study of changes in heat energy accompanying chemical and physical changes thesis G an arranging, hypothesis a testable statement statement tran, -s L across, through transition elements elements through which you pass when going from the right to left side of the periodic table un L not unsaturated bonds that are not saturated vapor, -i L steam, vapor vaporization the process of changing a liquid into a vapor vulcan L fire vulcanized vulcanized rubber has been treated with heat  APPENDIX 2.3 ETYMOLOGY OF THE NAMES OF THE ELEMENTS Actinium Ac 89 1900 Greek: aktis, ray Aluminum Al 13 1825 Latin: alumen, substance with astringent taste Americium Am 95 1944 English: America Antimony Sb 51 1400s Greek: antimonos, opposite to solitude Argon Ar 18 1894 Greek: argos, inactive Arsenic As 33 1200s Greek: arsenikon, valiant Astatine At 85 1940 Greek: astatos, unstable Barium Ba 56 1808 Greek: barys, heavy Berkelium Bk 97 1949 English: University of California Berkeley Beryllium Be 4 1797 Greek: beryllos, a mineral Bismuth Bi 83 1400s German: bisemutum, white mass Boron B 5 1808 Arabic: bawraq, white, borax Bromine Br 35 1826 Greek :bromos, a stench Cadmium Cd 48 1817 Latin: cadmia, calamine, a zinc ore Calcium Ca 20 1808 Latin: calcis, lime Californium Cf 98 1950 English: State and University of California Carbon C 6 prehistoric Latin: carbo, coal Cerium Ce 58 1804 English: The asteroid Ceres, discovered 1803 Cesium Cs 55 1860 Latin: caesius, sky blue Chlorine Cl 17 1808 Greek: chloros, grass green Chromium Cr 24 1797 Greek: chroma, color Cobalt Co 27 1735 Greek: kobolos, a goblin Copper Cu 29 prehistoric Latin: cuprum, copper Curium Cm 96 1944 French: Marie & Pierre Curie Dysprosium Dy 66 1886 Greek: dysprositos, hard to get at Einsteinium Es 99 1952 German: Albert Einstein Erbium Er 68 1843 Swedish: Ytterby, town in Sweden where discovered Europium Eu 63 1900 English: Europe Fermium Fm 100 1953 Italian: Enrico Fermi Fluorine F 9 1886 Latin: fluere, to flow Francium Fr 87 1939 French: France Gadolinium Gd 64 1886 Finnish: Johan Gadolin, Finnish chemist Gallium Ga 31 1875 Latin: Gaul, or France Germanium Ge 32 1886 German: Germany Gold Au 79 prehistoric Anglo-Saxon: for gold; symbol from Latin aurum for gold Hafnium Hf 72 1922 Latin: Hafnia, the city of Copenhagen, Denmark Helium He 2 1895 Greek: helios, the sun Holmium Ho 67 1879 Latin: Holmia, the city Stockholm, Sweden Hydrogen H 1 1766 Greek hydro genes, water former Indium In 49 1863 Latin: indicum, produces an indigo-blue spectrum line Iodine I 53 1811 Greek: iodes, produces a violet-like spectrum line Iridium Ir 77 1804 Latin: iridis, rainbow Iron Fe 26 prehistoric Anglo Saxon: iren, symbol from Latin ferrum Krypton Kr 36 1898 Greek: kryptos, hidden Lanthanum La 57 1839 Greek: lanthanien, to be concealed Lawrencium Lw 103 1961 English: Earnest Lawrence, inventor of cyclotron Lead Pb 82 prehistoric Anglo Saxon: lead; symbol from Latin: plumbum Lithium Li 3 1817 Greek: lithos, stone Lutetium Lu 71 1905 Latin: Lutetia, ancient name of Paris Magnesium Mg 12 1774 Latin: magnes, magnet Mendelevium Md 101 1955 Russian: Dmitri Mendeleev, devised periodic table Mercury Hg 80 prehistoric Latin: Mercury, messenger; Symbol Hydrarygus, liquid silver Molybdenum Mo 42 1782 Greek: molybdos, lead Neodymium Nd 60 1885 Greek: neos, new and didymos, twin Neon Ne 10 1898 Greek: neos, new Neptunium Np 93 1940 English: planet Neptune Nickel Ni 28 1750 German: kupfernickel:, false copper Niobium Nb 41 1801 Greek: Niobe, mythological daughter of Tantalus Nitrogen N 7 1772 Latin: nitro, native soda and gen, born Nobelium No 102 1957 Swedish: Alfred Nobel, discoverer of dynamite Osmium Os 76 1804 Greek: osme, odor of volatile tetroxide Oxygen O 8 1774 Greek: oxys, sharp, and gen, born Palladium Pd 46 1803 English: planetoid Pallas, discovered 1801 Phosphorus P 15 1669 Greek: phosphoros, light bringer Platinum Pt 78 1735 Spanish: plata, silver Plutonium Pu 94 1940 English: Pluto the planet Polonium Po 84 1898 Polish: Poland, country of co-discoverer Marie Curie Potassium K 19 1807 English: potash; symbol Latin kalium Praseodymium Pr 59 1885 Greek: Praseos, leek green and didymos, a twin Promethium Pm 61 1947 Greek: Prometheus, fire bringer in Greek mythology Protactinium Pa 91 1917 Greek: protos first Radium Ra 88 1898 Latin: radius, ray Radon Rn 86 1900 Latin: comes from radium Rhenium Re 75 1924 Latin: Rhenus, Rhine province of Germany Rhodium Rh 45 1804 Greek: rhodon, a rose Rubidium Rb 37 1860 Latin: rubidus, red Ruthenium Ru 44 1845 Latin: Ruthenia, Russia Samarium Sm 62 1879 Russian: Samarski, a Russian engineer Scandium Sc 21 1879 Scandinavian: Scandinavia Selenium Se 34 1817 Greek: selene, moon Silicon Si 14 1823 Latin: silex, flint Silver Ag 47 prehistoric Anglo-Saxon, siolful; symbol Latin: argentum Sodium Na 11 1807 Latin: sodanum for headache remedy; symbol Latin: natrium Strontium Sr 38 1808 Scottish: town of Strontian, Scotland Sulfur S 16 prehistoric Latin: sulphur, sulfur Tantalum Ta 73 1802 Greek: Tantalus of Greek mythology Technetium Tc 43 1937 Greek: technetos, artificial Tellurium Te 52 1782 Latin: tellus, the earth Terbium Tb 65 1843 Swedish: Ytterby, town in Sweden Thallium Tl 81 1862 Greek: thallos, a young shoot Thorium Th 90 1819 Scandinavian: Thor from Scandinavian mythology Thulium Tm 69 1879 Latin: Thule, northerly part of habitable world Tin Sn 50 prehistoric Latin: Etruscan god, Tinia; symbol Latin: stannum Titanium Ti 22 1791 Greek: Greek mythology, Titans first sons of the earth Tungsten W 74 1783 Swedish: tung sten, heavy stone, symbol German: worfram Uranium U 92 1789 English: Planet Uranus Vanadium V 23 1830 Scandinavian: goddess Vanadis of Scandinavian mythology Xenon Xe 54 1898 Greek: xenos, strange Ytterbium Yb 70 1905 Scandinavian: Ytterby, a town in Sweden Yttrium Y 39 1843 Scandinavian: Ytterby, a town in Sweden Zinc Zn 30 prehistoric German: Zink, akin to Zinn, tin Zirconium Zr 40 1824 named for the mineral, zircon Copyright 1999 Herr, N. and J. Cunningham. (1999) Hands-On Chemistry Activities with Real-Life Applications. West Nyack, New York, The Center for Applied Research in Education. (ISBN 0-87628-262-1). 638 pages.