Chemical Reactions Notes PDF

*UPDATED* For 2022-23 Boards Exam SHOBHIT NIRWAN's DESIGNED CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS NOTES  Word Equation Balanced Chemical Equation: Lallu Problem (L.P.) : Balance: Fe + H2O ⟶ Fe3O4 + H2...

*UPDATED* For 2022-23 Boards Exam SHOBHIT NIRWAN's DESIGNED CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS NOTES  Word Equation Balanced Chemical Equation: Lallu Problem (L.P.) : Balance: Fe + H2O ⟶ Fe3O4 + H2 Step 1: Check the number of atoms of each element on the reactants and products side of the equation : Step 2: First of all, to balance oxygen atoms we multiply H2O molecules by 4. Fe + 4(H2O) ⟶ Fe3O4 + H2 Step 3: Once again check the number of atoms of each element on both sides. Step 4: Balancing Hydrogen atom by multiplying H2 with 4 ( 4H2 ⟶8 atoms) Fe + 4(H2O) ⟶ Fe3O4 + 4(H2) Now, Step 5: Balancing Fe by multiplying by 3 on LHS 3(Fe) + 4(H2O) ⟶ Fe3O4 + 4(H2) We can see, Hence the equation is balanced! L.P. : Some equations you should practice balancing: (Most likely equations) 1. ZnCO3 ⟶ ZnO + CO2 2. Pb(NO3)2 + KI ⟶ KNO3 + PbI2 3. CO(g) + O2(g) ⟶ CO2(g) 4. FeSO4(s) ⟶ Fe2O3(s)+SO2(g)+SO3(g) 5. Al + H2SO4⟶ AL2(S04)3 + H2 6. Zn + HNO3 ⟶ Zn(NO3)2 + H2O + N2O 1. Already Balanced (LOL!) 2. Pb(NO3)2 + 2KI ⟶ 2KNO3 PbI2 3. 2CO(g) + O2(g) ⟶ 2CO2(g) 4. 2FeSO4(s) ⟶ Fe2O3(s)+SO2(g)+SO3(g) 5. 2Al + 3H2SO4⟶ AL2(S04)3 + 3H2 6. 4Zn + 10HNO3 ⟶ 4Zn(NO3)2 + 5H2O + N2O Kuch Kaam Ki Baat (K3B) :  ⟶ ⟶ ⟶ ⟶ ⟶ ⟶ ⟶ ⟶ ⟶ ⟶ ⟶ Kuch Kaam Ki Baat (K3B) : __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ 1. COMBINATION REACTION: ⟶ Kuch Kaam Ki Baat (K3B) : ⟶ ⟶ ⟶ 2. DECOMPOSITION REACTION: (i) Thermal Decomposition : ⟶ ⟶ Kuch Kaam Ki Baat (K3B) : ⟶ (ii) Electrolytic Decomposition or Electrolysis:- ⟶ ⟶ (iii)Photo Decomposition or Photosynthesis or Photochemical decomposition: ⟶ ⟶ 3. DISPLACEMENT REACTION:- (i) Single displacement reaction: ⟶ ⟶ (ii) Double displacement reaction: ⟶ ⟶ 4. OXIDATION: ⟶ 5. REDUCTION: A substance (on the reactant side) is said to be reduced if Oxygen is removed OR Hydrogen is added to it after the reaction and the process is called reduction. Eg:- H2 + F2 ⟶ HF (Here F2 is reduced due to addition of hydrogen)  6. REDOX REACTION: Reaction in which oxidation and reduction both take place simultaneously. Also, In a redox reaction substance getting oxidised is called a Reducing agent. And, the substance getting reduced is called an Oxidising agent. Here, MnO2 is reduced to MnCl2 (removal of oxygen) HCl is oxidised to Cl2 (removal of Hydrogen) MnO2 is an oxidising agent. HCl is a reducing agent. ZnO is reduced to Zn (removal of oxygen) C is oxidised to CO (addition of oxygen) ZnO is an oxidising agent C is a reducing agent. 1. CORROSION : जंग लगा लोहे म. When a metal is attacked by substances around it such as moisture acid, air, water, etc. It is said to corrode & this process is called corrosion. Eg:- Rusting of metal, blackening of silver, green coating on copper. It causes damage to bridges, iron railing, ships, car bodies and all objects made of metals (specially those which are made up of iron) 2. RANCIDITY: Oxidation of fat and oils in the food items result in a change in the taste and smell. We say those food items are rancid and the process is called rancidity. METHODS TO PREVENT RANCIDITY:- Packing of food items like potato wafers etc. in packets containing nitrogen gas instead of air. (eg - packed chips) Avoid keeping the cooked food and food materials in direct sunlight. Keeping food materials in air-tight containers. Refrigeration of cooked food.  -- PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS -- 1 MARK QUESTIONS (INCLUDING MCQs) Q.1 What change in the colour of iron nails and copper sulphate solution you observe after keeping the iron nails dipped in copper sulphate solution for about 30 minutes? [1M, 2010] A.1 When iron nails are dipped in copper sulphate solution for about 30 minutes, iron nails become brownish in colour and the colour of copper sulphate solution changes from blue to light green. Q.2 Why is respiration considered an exothermic process? [1M, 2008] A.2 Respiration is the process in which during digestion, the food is broken down to form glucose. Glucose then combines with oxygen in the cells of our body to provide energy. Since energy is released during respiration, it is considered an exothermic process. Q.3 Name a reducing agent that may be used to obtain manganese from manganese dioxide. [1M, 2009] A.3 Hydrochloric acid (HCl) Q.4 Balance the following reactions i) Fe(s) + H20(g) Fe3O4(s) + H2 (g) [1M, 2008] ii) Pb(NO3) 2 (s) Pb0(s) + NO, (g) O2 (g) [1M, 2009] A.4 i) 3Fe(s) + 4H20(I) Fe3O4 (s) + 4H2 (g) ii) 2Pb(N0;), (s) (Heat) _› 2PbO(s) + 4N0, (g) + 0,(g) Q.5 Name the products formed on strongly heating ferrous sulphate crystals. What type of chemical reaction occurs in this change? [1M, 2009] A.5 On strongly heating ferrous sulphate crystals, ferric oxide, sulphur dioxide and sulphur trioxide are formed. 2FeSO4 (s) (Heat) Fe,03 (s) + SO,(g) + SO}(g) + This is a decomposition reaction Q.6 What is the colour of ferrous sulphate crystals? How does this colour change after heating? [1M, 2009] A.6 Ferrous sulphate crystals are light green in colour. On heating, the green colour of the crystals changes to white because of loss of water of crystallisation on heating. Q.7 Calcium Oxide reacts vigorously with water to produce slaked lime. CaO(s) H2O (I) Ca(OH) 2 (aq) This reaction can be classified as: (A) Combination Reaction (B) Exothermic Reaction (C) Endothermic Reaction (D) Oxidation Reaction Which of the following is the correct option: (a) (A) and (C) (b) (C) and (D) (c) (A), (C) and (D) (d) (A) and (B) OR When hydrogen sulphide gas is passed through a blue solution of copper sulphate, a black precipitate of copper sulphide is obtained and the sulphuric acid sO formed remains in the solution. The reaction is an example of : (a) Combination Reaction (b) Displacement Reaction (c) Decomposition Reaction (d) Double Displacement Reaction [1M, 2020] A.7 (d) A and B Calcium oxide reacts vigorously with water to produce slaked lime, it is an exothermic process because heat is released Also, it is an example of combination reaction. Ca (s) + 2H2O(I) Ca(OH) 2 (aq) + H2 (g) OR (d) Double Displacement Reaction Double displacement is a type of chemical reaction where two compounds react, and the positive ions (cation) and the negative ions (anion) of the two reactants switch places, forming two new compounds or products. H2S+CuSO4 CuS+H2SO4 Q.8 In a double displacement reaction such as the reaction between sodium sulphate solution and barium chloride solution: (A) exchange of atoms takes place (C) exchange of ions takes place (B) a precipitate is produced (D) an insoluble salt is produced The correct option is: (a). (B) and (D) (b). (A) and (C) (c). only (B) (d). (B), (C), and (D) [1M, 2020] A.8 (d). (B), (C), and (D) When sodium sulphate reacts with barium chloride solution, barium sulphate which is an insoluble product (i.e., precipitate) and two moles of sodium chloride are formed. Here, exchange of ions takes place. Na2SO4 (aq) + BaCL2 (aq) BaSO4 (s) I + 2NaCI (aq) (insoluble) 0.9 Why is respiration considered as an exothermic reaction? [1M, 2017] A.9 Respiration is a burning process of food in the body to produce energy. Respiration is considered as an exothermic reaction because, in the respiration process, oxidation of glucose takes place which produces a large amount of heat energy which is stored in the form of ATP. The reaction is C6H12O6+6O2 6CO2+H2O+energy (ATP) Q.10 Why is photosynthesis considered an endothermic reaction? [1M, 2011] A. 10 In the photosynthesis process light energy from sunlight is absorbed to produce oxygen and glucose from carbon-dioxide and water in the presence of chlorophyll, and the process in which energy is absorbed is called an endothermic reaction, hence photosynthesis is an endothermic reaction. Q.11 Why do copper vessels loose shine when exposed to air? [1 M, 2017] A.11 A copper vessel reacts with oxygen present in air when exposed to it, they form copper oxide which, in turn , is a black coating over the vessel and makes the vessel lose its shine. 2Cu+O2 2CuO Q.12 State the type of chemical reaction used for the extraction of metals from their naturally occurring chlorides or oxides [1M, 2011] A.12 Electrolytic reduction Q.13 Why do silver articles become black after sometime when exposed to air? [1M, 2011] A.13 Silver turns black when exposed to air this is because silver reacts with sulphur present in the atmosphere and forms silver sulphide (black colour) Ag (s) + H2S(g) Ag2S(s) + H2(g) 2 MARKS QUESTIONS Q.14 Mention the colour of FeSO4.7H2O crystals. How does this colour change upon heating? Give a balanced chemical equation for the change. [2M, 2012] A.14 FeSO4.7H20 is blue-green in colour. The anhydrous form of FeSO4 is colourless which means there are no water crystals in the salt. The green color of the aqueous solution of FeS04 is because of the water molecules present in the solution. Also it is a decomposition reaction 2FeSO4 Fe2O3 + SO2 + SO3 Q.15 What happens when an aqueous solution of sodium sulphate reacts with an aqueous solution of barium chloride? State the physical conditions of reactants in which the reaction between them will not take place. Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction and name the type of reaction. [2M, 2010] A.15 When an aqueous solution of sodium sulphate reacts with an aqueous solution of barium chloride, barium sulphate precipitates out along with the formation of solution of sodium chloride. If the reactants are in solid state, then reaction will not take place between sodium sulphate and barium chloride. Na2SO4 (aq) + BaCl2(aq) BaSO4 (s) + 2NaCI (aq) Sodium sulphate Barium chloride Barium sulphate Sodium chloride Q.16 Give an example of a decomposition reaction. Describe an activity to illustrate such a reaction by heating. [2M, 2008] A.16 The Example is :2Pb(NO3) 2 (s) (Heat) 2PbO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2 (g) Activity: On heating 2g of lead nitrate powder in a boiling tube, emission of brown fumes of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is observed. Q.17 A silver article generally turns black when kept in the open for a few days. The article when rubbed with toothpaste again starts shining. (a) Why do silver articles turn black when kept in open for a few days? Name the phenomenon involved. (b) Name the black substance formed and give its chemical formula [NCERT Exemplar] A.17 a) Silver metals develop a black layer of silver sulphide and reacts with hydrogen sulphide present in the atmosphere. Ag+H2S Ag2S+H2 The phenomenon involved is corrosion of silver metal. H2S - Hydrogen Sulphide Ag2S - Black substance 3 MARKS QUESTIONS Q.18 Decomposition reactions require energy either in the form of heat or light or electricity for breaking down the reactants. Write one equation each for decomposition reactions where energy is supplied in the form of heat, light and electricity. [3M, 2018] A.18 When a single reactant breaks to produce two or more products, known as decomposition reaction. During decomposition of a reactant, the reactant needs energy to break the reactants to produce products. The energy can be in light or heat or electricity energy. 1. If the Decomposition reaction requires heat energy, then it is called a thermal decomposition reaction. Example: CaCO3(s) CaO(s) +CO2 (g) 2. If the Decomposition reaction requires energy in the light form is known as reaction of photochemical decomposition. Example: AgCI(s) 2Ag(s) + Cl2 (g) 3. If the Decomposition reaction requires energy in the form of electricity is known as electrolytic decomposition reaction. Example: 2H2O(l) H2 (g) + O2(g) Q.19 Identify the type of reactions taking place in each of the following cases and write the balanced chemical equation for the reactions. (i) Zinc reacts with silver nitrate to produce zinc nitrate and silver. (ii) Potassium iodide reacts with lead nitrate to produce potassium nitrate and lead iodide. [3M, 2019] A.19 (i) The reaction between Zinc (Zn) and AgNO3 is a displacement reaction. Reaction: Zn(s) + 2AgNO3 (s) Zn(NO3) 2 + 2Ag (ii) The reaction between lead nitrate and potassium iodide is a double displacement reaction. Lead nitrate reacts with Potassium iodide to form Lead iodide and Potassium nitrate Reaction: Pb(NO3) 2 + 2KI Pbl2 + 2KNO3 Q.20 No chemical reaction takes place when granules of a solid, A, are mixed with the powder of another solid, B. However, when the mixture is heated, a reaction takes place between its components. One of the products, C, is a metal and settles down in the molten state while the other product, D floats over it. It was observed that the reaction is highly exothermic. (i) Based on the given information make an assumption about A and B and write a chemical equation for the chemical reaction indicating the conditions of reaction, physical state of reactants and products and thermal status of reaction. (ii) Mention any two types of reaction under which above chemical reaction can be classified. [3M, 2010] A.20 (i) A is iron (lll) oxide and B is aluminium powder. C is molten iron metal and D is aluminium oxide. Equation: Fe2O3(s) + 2AI(s) 2Fe(I) + Al2O3(s) + Heat 1. Fe2O3 - Iron (111) Oxide 2. Al - Aluminium Powder 3. Fe (I) - Iron metal 4 Al2O3 - Aluminium Oxide This reaction is called a thermite reaction. It is used for welding of broken pieces of heavy iron objects like railway tracks, etc. (ii) The two types of reaction under which above chemical reaction can be classified are Displacement reactions and oxidation-reduction reactions. Q.21 1g of copper powder was taken in a china dish and heated. What change takes place on heating? When hydrogen gas is passed over this heated substance, a visible change is seen in it. Give the chemical equation of reactions, the name and the colour of the products formed in each case. [3M, 2020] A.21 When copper residue is formed on the dish due to the formation of copper(Il) oxide. This phenomenon is known as surface oxidation. The following reaction is: 2Cu + O2 2CuO Again when CuO is treated with hydrogen gas, CuO gets reduced to Cu, a brown residue. CuO + H2 Cu +H20 Q.22 Write the chemical equation involved in the following chemicals reactions: (a) White washing (b) Black and white photography [3M, 2020] A.22 (a). Calcium hydroxide is used for white washing of walls. Calcium oxide combines with water to form calcium hydroxide. CaO + H2O Ca(OH) 2 This calcium hydroxide combines with carbon dioxide (CO2) in air to form layer of calcium carbonate on the walls. Ca(OH) 2 + CO2 CaCO3 + H2O (b). Silver chloride is that compound which is used in black and white photography. Equation : 2AgCl sunlight 2Ag + Cl2 Silver bromide can also be used for Black and white photography. Equation : 2AgBr sunlight 2Ag + Br2 5 MARKS QUESTIONS Q.23 Define a chemical reaction. State four observations which help us to determine that a chemical reaction has taken place. Write one example of each observation with a balanced chemical equation. [5M, 2017] A.23 The process in which new substances with new properties are formed by the rearrangement of atoms is known as a chemical reaction. (i) Evolution of gas: The chemical reaction between zinc and dilute H2SO4. Zn(s)+H2SO4(aq) ZnS04(sq) +H2(g) (ii) Change in colour: The chemical reaction between potassium iodide solution and lead nitrate solution. Pb(NO3) 2 (aq)+2KI 2KNO3 (aq)+Pbl2(s) Colourless Yellow (iii) Formation of precipitate: The chemical reaction between sulphuric acid barium chloride solution. BaCl2 (aq) + H2SO4(aq) 2HCI (aq) + BaSO4 (s) White precipitate (iv) Change in temperature: The terminal reaction between quick lime and water. CaO(s)+H2O(l) Ca(OH) 2(aq)+Heat Quick Lime Slaked Lime Q.24 Identify the type of chemical reaction in the following statements and define each of them: (i) Digestion of food in our body (ii) Rusting of Iron (iii) Heating of manganese dioxide with aluminium powder (iv) Blue colour of copper sulphate solution disappears when iron filings are added to it (v) Dil. HCl acid is added to sodium hydroxide solution to form sodium chloride and water. [5M, 2016] A24. The chemical reactions in the statement are : 1. Decomposition Reaction- Carbohydrates are broken down to form glucose as by-product. 2. Oxidation Reaction- When an iron object is left in moist air for a few a days or week, it gets a layer of a red-brown flaky substance called rust. 3. Displacement reaction- In this More reactive metal displaces less reactive metal from its salt solution. 4. Displacement reaction- In this More reactive metal displaces less reactive metal from its salt solution. 5. Double displacement reaction- In this reaction, two compounds react by an exchange of ions to form two new compounds. Q.25 (A) Balance The Chemical Equation: (i) NaOH + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + H2O (ii) PbO + C Pb + CO2. (iii) Fe2O3 + AI Al2O3 + Fe + Heat (B) Write The Balanced Chemical Equation For The Following Reaction: (I) Barium Chloride + Potassium Sulphate Barium Sulphate (ii) Zinc + Silver Nitrate Zinc Nitrate + Silver. [CBSE 2016] A.25 (a) (i) 2NaOH + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2H2O (ii) 2PbO + C 2Pb + CO2 (iii) Fe2O3 + 2AI Al2O3 + 2Fe + Heat (b) (i) BaCl2 + K2SO4 BaSO4 + 2KCl (ii) Zn + 2AgNO3. Zn(NO3) 2 + 2Ag Q.26 (A) Illustrate An Activity, To Show That A Change In The State Of Matter And Change In Temperature Take Place During A Chemical Reaction. (B) Write Balanced Chemical Equation For The Following Reaction: (i) Natural Gas Burns And Combines With Oxygen To Produce Carbon Dioxide And Water. (ii) Ferrous Sulphate Crystals On Heating Break Up Into Ferric Oxide, Sulphur Dioxide And Sulphur Trioxide. [5M, 2015] A.26 (a) Take about 5kg of quicklime in a beaker and add to it about 50 ml of water. A brisk reaction takes place and a lot of heat is evolved. CaO(s) + H2O(l) Ca(OH) 2 (aq) + Heat Quick lime is a white solid but after the reaction, calcium hydroxide is formed which is soluble in water and a clear solution is obtained. Thus, there has been a change in state of matter and change in temperature. (b) (i) CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O Heat (ii) 2FeSO4. 7H2O Fe2O3 + SO2 + SO3 + 14H2O ASSERTION AND REASONING QUESTIONS Rule : Assertion is labelled as (A) and the Reason is labelled as (R). Select the correct answer to these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below : (a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of the assertion (A). (b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of the assertion (A). (c) (A) is true, but (R) is false. (d) (A) is false, but (R) is true Q.1 Assertion : In the chemical reaction : MnO2 + 4HCI MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2 HCI is getting oxidized while MnO2 is getting reduced. Reason : The process in which oxygen is added to a substance is called oxidation whereas the process in which oxygen is removed is called reduction reaction. A.1 (a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct Q.2 Assertion: Magnesium ribbon keeps on burning in the atmosphere of nitrogen. Reason: Magnesium reacts with nitrogen to form magnesium nitrides and this reaction is a combination reaction. A.2 (a) Both the Assertion and the Reason are correct and the Reason is the correct explanation of the Assertion. Q.3 Assertion: Zinc reacts with sulphuric acid to form zinc sulphate and hydrogen gas and it is a displacement reaction. Reason: Zinc reacts with oxygen to form zinc oxide. A.3 (b) The Assertion and the Reason are correct but the Reason is not the correct explanation of the Assertion. Q.4 Assertion: A lead nitrate on thermal decomposition gives lead oxide, brown coloured nitrogen dioxide and oxygen gas. Reason: Lead nitrate reacts with potassium iodide to form yellow ppt of lead iodide and the reaction is double displacement as well as precipitation reaction. A.4 (b) The Assertion and the Reason are correct but the Reason is not the correct explanation of the Assertion.