Nitration Test - Chemical Equations Presentation PDF

Nitratio n By: Group 3  What is the nitration test? The nitration test is a widely used chemical test used to detect the presence of aromatic compounds that can undergo nitration reactions, particularly those containing an aromatic ring (e.g., benzene or its  Purpose...

Nitratio n By: Group 3  What is the nitration test? The nitration test is a widely used chemical test used to detect the presence of aromatic compounds that can undergo nitration reactions, particularly those containing an aromatic ring (e.g., benzene or its  Purpose and Principle: -Its primary purpose is to confirm the presence of an aromatic ring, such as benzene or its derivatives, in a given compound. This test also provides insights into the reactivity of these compounds under specific conditions and helps identify the effect of substituents on the aromatic ring. -The nitration test is based on electrophilic aromatic substitution (EAS). Aromatic compounds react with a nitronium ion (NO₂⁺), a strong electrophile generated by mixing concentrated nitric acid (HNO₃) and sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄)  Purpose and Principle: The nitronium ion attacks the electron-rich aromatic ring, replacing a hydrogen atom with a nitro group (-NO₂). Substitution occurs at: -Ortho/Para positions with electron-donating groups. -Meta position with electron-withdrawing groups. This reaction confirms the aromatic nature of a compound, often indicated by a yellow or orange nitroaromatic product.  Reagents to be used: Concentrated Nitric Concentrated Sulfuric Test Compound Acid (HNO₃) Acid (H₂SO₄) (Aromatic Compound) -Acts as the source -Serves as a -The substance of the nitronium ion catalyst and a being tested for (NO₂⁺), the key dehydrating agent, aromaticity and electrophile in the helping to generate reactivity toward reaction. the nitronium ion from nitric acid nitration.  Procedure: Preparation of the Nitrating Mixture: In a clean test tube, carefully mix 1 mL of concentrated nitric acid (HNO₃) with 1 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄). Stir gently to form the nitrating mixture. Perform this step in a fume hood, as the reaction is exothermic and releases harmful fumes. Addition of the Test Compound: Reaction Time: -Take a separate clean test tube and add a -Mix the contents gently by swirling the test small amount of the test compound (solid tube to ensure thorough contact between the or liquid, depending on its state). Use about 1- nitrating mixture and the compound. 2 drops for liquids or a pea-sized amount for solids. -Allow the reaction to proceed for 1-2 minutes at room temperature. Avoid -Slowly add 1-2 mL of the prepared prolonged exposure to the nitrating mixture nitrating mixture to the test tube containing to prevent overreaction or decomposition.  Observation: Quencing The Look for the formation of a Reaction: To stop the reaction, carefully yellow or orange pour the contents of the test product, indicating the tube into a beaker containing presence of a nitroaromatic cold water (about 50 mL). compound. For liquid This dilutes the acids and samples, a change in color might also precipitates the nitroaromatic be visible within the product if formed. solution.  Results Positive Result: Observation: Formation of a yellow or orange product, often appearing as a precipitate or solution color change. Indication: This confirms the presence of an aromatic compound capable of undergoing nitration. Examples include benzene derivatives like toluene, phenol, or aniline.  Results Negative Result: Observation: No visible change in color, and no precipitate forms. Indication: This suggests that the compound is: ⚬ Non-aromatic (e.g., alkanes, alkenes, or alkynes). ⚬ Aromatic but highly deactivated due to electron- withdrawing groups (e.g., compounds with multiple nitro groups, such as trinitrobenzene). ⚬ Unreactive under the test conditions.  Benzen *occurs through EAS e JGFJHTGCF C6H6 + HNO3 → C6H5NO2 + H2O catalyst: sulfuric acid nitrobenze ne How to make nitrobenzene  Thanks for listening!