Chemical Basis of Behavior (2nd Sem) PDF

Chapter 1: Behavioral Neuroscience Artificial Intelligence (AI) -​ a field that includes many players from -​ The human brain is way more, light different backgrounds: psychologists, years, than A...

Chapter 1: Behavioral Neuroscience Artificial Intelligence (AI) -​ a field that includes many players from -​ The human brain is way more, light different backgrounds: psychologists, years, than AI. biologists, physiologists, engineers, -​ “Humanoid robots” is an act as a mirror neurologists, psychiatrists, and many of human beings others. -​ A study to understand the neuroscience ​ Imprinting (study of the brain) underlying behavior -​ The first thing one sees, they and experience. will imprint or cannot forget -​ It can help us understand brain them even if they don’t try to disorders and devise treatment remember. strategies. -​ Maybe the reason that he/she was related to it Five viewpoints explore the Biology of Human brain Behavior -​ The frontal lobe is fully mature on 25 -​ we use several different perspectives YO since each one yields information that -​ There are 86 billion neurons in the complements the others. brain, 1. describing behavior -​ The cerebral cortex is less than 4 mm -​ We can describe behavior in terms of thick detailed acts or processes or in terms of -​ Can produce 25 watts of electricity results or functions. -​ There are zero pain receptors in the -​ Analytical descriptions would refer to brain how the behavior occurred while -​ Our brain depends on a continuous functional behavioral descriptions blood flow to deliver oxygen through would refer to the actions facilitated by our body, it also consumes 20% of the the behavior. body’s oxygen supply -​ a description must be precise and reveal -​ Brain cells DO NOT REGENERATE, it the essential features of the behavior just covers the damaged part using accurately defined terms and -​ In total, 400 miles of capillaries carry units. oxygen and nutrients to cells in our 2. studying the evolution of behavior organs and body systems. 2,500 sq cm -​ Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution unfold of the cerebral cortex through natural selection is central to -​ The deepest part of our brain is all modern biology. Accordingly, two responsible for arousal. The topmost perspectives emerged from this part is responsible for the experience perspective, (1) the continuity of we encounter behavior and biological processes among species because of our common ancestry and (2) the species-specific differences in behavior and biology that  have evolved as adaptation to different behavioral effect is the environments. dependent variable, that is the 3. observing the development of behavior and resulting behavior depends on its biological characteristics over the lifespan how the brain has been altered. -​ Observing how a particular behavior changes during ontogeny may give us clues about its functions and mechanisms. ​ Behavioral Intervention -​ Ontogeny – is the process by which an -​ Opposite to somatic individual changes in the course of its intervention, also called lifetime that is, grows up and grows old. psychological intervention. 4. studying the biological mechanisms of -​ In this approach, the scientist behavior intervenes in the behavior or -​ to examine body mechanisms that experience of an organism and make particular behaviors possible. looks for resulting changes in 5. studying the applications of behavioral body structure or function. neuroscience – for example, its application to -​ Behavior is the independent dysfunctions of human behavior. variable and changes in the -​ Behavioral neuroscience is dedicated to body are the dependent improving the human condition. variable. -​ Numerous human diseases involve ​ Correlation malfunctioning of the brain. Many of -​ It consists of finding the extent these are already being alleviated as a to which a given body measure result of research in neurosciences and varies with a given behavioral the prospects for continuing advances measure. are good. -​ Correlations are not proof of causal relationships. For one, Three approaches relate to brain and the correlation does not reveal behavior its direction, that is which -​ These approaches are used to variable is independent and understand the relationship between which is dependent. the brain and behavior -​ Two factors might be correlated ​ Somatic Intervention only because a third unknown -​ The most common approach in factor affects the two factors studying brain and behavior. measured. -​ We alter a structure or function -​ Correlation does suggest that of the brain or body to see how the two variables are linked in this alteration changes some way, directly or indirectly. behavior. -​ The somatic intervention is the independent variable and the Neuroplasticity: Behavior can change the -​ the scientific strategy of brain breaking a system down into -​ Behavior and experience affect the increasingly smaller parts in brain, meaning that literally, physically order to understand it. alter the brain. -​ Experience can affect the number or History of research in the brain and size of neurons or the number or size of behavior connections between neurons. ​ Aristotle -​ The brain's ability, both in development -​ The most prominent scientist of and in adulthood to be changed by the ancient Greece environment and by experience is called -​ He considered the brain to be neuroplasticity (or neural plasticity or the cooling unit that lower the simply plasticity). hot temperature of the heart -​ Plastic (from the Greek plassein to mold ​ Herophilus or form) meant flexible, malleable -​ The father of Anatomy, Greek -​ In 1890, William James (1842–1910) physician described plasticity as the possession of -​ He expanded our knowledge of a structure weak enough to yield to an the nervous system by influence but strong enough not to yield dissecting the bodies of people all at once. and animals -​ He traced the nerves from the The relation between neuroplasticity and muscle and skin into the spinal social psychology cord and noted that each region -​ the mechanisms of learning and of the body is connected to memory are important for separate nerves understanding social behavior. ​ Galen -​ Behavioral neuroscientists have a -​ The father of Medicine, pervasive interest in how experience Greco-Roman physician physically alters the brain and therefore -​ Treated the injuries of affects future behavior. gladiators -​ There were effects in the behavior by the injuries in the Levels of Analysis head of gladiators -​ the scope of experimental approaches, ​ Leonardo Da Vinci a scientist may try to understand -​ Laid the foundation of behavior by monitoring molecules, anatomical drawing, different nerve cells, brain regions social views, and angles of the body environments, or some combination of ​ Rene Descartes these levels of analysis. -​ wrote an influential book (De ​ Reduction Homine [On Man]) in which he tried to explain how the  behavior of animals, and to -​ Poinered in his laboratory about some extent the behavior of animal conditioning humans, could be like the ​ Shepard I. Franz (1902) workings of a machine. -​ Demonstrated how learning -​ Proposed the concept of spinal and memory work by removing reflexes and a neural pathway different brain regions in for them, they come in contact animals in the pineal gland, located in ​ Karl Lashley (1890-1958) the brain -​ Started the search for the traces -​ The pineal gland only exists in of experiences, “search for humans and not in animals engram” (memory trace) ​ Thomas Willis ​ Donald O. Hebb (1904-1985) -​ He convinced the people in the -​ Active neurons do the complex Western world that the brain is cognitive behavior an organ that coordinates and -​ There are “cell assemblies” of controls behavior interconnected neurons of -​ Phrenology appends his idea sensory inputs and stimulation that the cerebral cortex has -​ different functions and each area is responsible for a behavioral faculty. Some areas are more or less developed. ​ Paul Brocca -​ A french surgeon -​ Argued that language ability was not a property of the entire brain but rather was localized in a restricted brain region. Modern Behavioral Neuroscience in the 20th Century ​ Hermann Ebbinghaus (1885) -​ A German psychologist -​ Showed how to measure learning and memory in humans ​ Edward L. Thorndike (1898) -​ An American psychologist -​ Demonstrated how to measure learning and memory in animals ​ Ivan P. Pavlov