Discovering Behavioral Neuroscience: An Introduction to Biological Psychology 4th Edition PDF

 Discovering Behavioral Neuroscience AN INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY Fourth Edition...

 Discovering Behavioral Neuroscience AN INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY Fourth Edition Laura A. Freberg California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo , - ·- # CENGAGE Australia Brazil Mexico Singapore United Kingdom United States Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, In whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202 Copyrigh t 2019 Ccngagc Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the cBook andfor cChaptcr(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content docs not materially affect the overall learning experience. Ccngagc Leaming reserves lhc right 10 remove additionaJ contcnl at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require ii.  This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www cengage com/bjghered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest. Important Notice: Media content referenced within the product description or the product text may not be available in the eBook version. Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, In whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202 Copyrigh t 2019 Ccngagc Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the cBook andfor cChaptcr(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content docs not materially affect the overall learning experience. Ccngagc Leaming reserves lhc right 10 remove additionaJ contcnl at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require ii.... #... CENGAGE Discovering Behavioral Neuroscience: © 2019, 2016 Cengage Learning, Inc. An Introduction to Biological Psychology. Fourth Edition Unless otherwise noted, all content is© Cengage. Laura A. Freberg ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein Product Director: Marta Lee-Perriard may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, except as permitted by U.S. copyright law, without the prior written permission of the Product Manager: Erin Schnair copyright owner. Content Developer: Linda Man Product Assistant: Leah Jenson For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Digital Content Specialist: Allison Marion Cengage Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706. Marketing Manager: Heather Thompson For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions. Content Project Manager: Ruth Sakata Corley Further permissions questions can be e-mailed to [email protected]. Production Service and Compositor: MPS Limited Intellectual Property Analyst: Library of Cong ress Control Number: 2017939421 Deanna Ettinger Student Edition: Intellectual Property Project Manager: ISBN: 978-1-337-57093-0 Betsy Hathaway Illustrator: Jan Troutt Loose-leaf Edition: ISBN: 978-1-337-57094-7 Art Director: Vernon Boes Text Designer: Liz Harasymczuk Cengage 20 Channel Center Street Cover Designer: Irene Morris Boston, MA 02210 Cover Image: Chaikom/Shutterstock.com, USA makalo86/Fotolia.com Cengage is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with employees residing in nearly 40 different countries and sales in more than 125 countries around the world. Find your local representative at www.cengage.com. Cengage products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd. To learn more about Cengage platforms and services, visit www.cengage.com. To register or access your online learning solution or purchase materials for your course, visit www.cengagebrain.com. Printed in the United States of America Print Number: 01 PrintYear: 2017 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, In whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202 Copyright 2019 Ccngagc Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the cBook andfor cChaptcr(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content docs not materially affect the overall learning experience. Ccngagc Leaming reserves lhc right 10 remove additionaJ contcnl at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require ii.  TO MY FAMILY Roger, Kristin, Karen, and Karla Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, In whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202 Copyright 2019 Cc.ngagc Leaming. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, i n whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the cBook andfor cChaptcr(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed concent does no< materially affect the overall learning experience. Ccngagc Leaming reserves the rig.ht 10 remove additional contcn1 at any time if subsequent righ[S restrictions require ii.  Laura A. Freberg is Professor of Psychology at California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, where she teaches courses in Introductory Psychology, Biological Psychology, and Sensation and Perception. With John Cacioppo of the University of Chicago, Laura is the co-author of three editions of Discovering Psychology: The Science ofMind for Cengage Learning. She is also lead author on a new online Research Methods textbook. Laura completed her undergraduate and graduate studies at UCLA, where her thinking about psychology was shaped by Eric Holman, John Garcia, 0. Ivar Lovaas, Larry Butcher, Jackson Beatty, John Libeskind, Donald Novin, Frank Krasne, and F. Nowell Jones. She was privileged to study neuroanatomy with Arnold Scheibe!, and she investigated the effects of psychoactive drugs on learning and memory under the direction of Murray Jarvik and Ronald Siegel in the UCLA Neuropsychiatric Institute. As a capstone to her education, Laura completed her dissertation with Robert Rescorla, then at Yale University. Laura's teaching career began when she taught her first college course at Pasadena City College at the age of 23 while still a graduate student at UCLA. Beginning in 20 1 1, to better understand the needs of the online education community, she also be­ gan teaching for Argosy University Online, including courses in Social Psychology, Sensation/Perception, Cognitive Psychology, Statistics, Research Methods, and Writing in Psychology. She has also redesigned her Cal Poly introductory course according to QOLT standards to be administered completely online. She has received Faculty Member of the Year recognition from Cal Poly Disabilities Resource Center three times (1991, 1994, and 2009) for her work with students with disabilities. She enjoys using technology and social media in the classroom and is a Google Glass Explorer. Laura enjoys collaborating with daughters Kristin Saling (Systems Engineering-US. Military Academy at West Point) and Karen Freberg (Communications-University of Louisville) on a variety of research projects in crisis management and public rela­ tions as well as in psychology. She serves as the Bylaws and Archives Committee Chair for the Society for Social Neuroscience and was recently elected President-Elect of the Western Psychological Association (WPA). In her spare time, Laura enjoys family time with her husband, Roger, their young­ est daughter Karla, who has autism spectrum disorder, and an active menagerie in­ cluding an Australian shepherd, two cats, and three parakeets. She usually writes while consuming vast quantities of Gevalia coffee and listening to the Rolling Stones (which might be apparent in the book's writing style), and she has been known to enjoy college football, Harley Davidsons, episodes of Game of Thrones that do not feature weddings, and Sherlock. Her ringtone is from Nintendo's Legend ofZelda. iv Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, In whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202 Copyright 2019 Ccngagc Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the cBook andfor cChaptcr(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content docs not materially affect the overall learning experience. Ccngagc Leaming reserves lhc right 10 remove additionaJ contcnl at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require ii. Preface xix 1 What Is Behavioral Neuroscience? 1 2 Functional Neuroanatomy and the Evolution of the Nervous System 27 3 Neurophysiology: The Structure and Functions of the Cells of the Nervous System 67 4 Psychopharmacology 107 5 Genetics and the Development of the Human Brain 145 6 Vision 183 7 Nonvisual Sensation and Perception 225 8 Movement 265 9 Homeostasis, Motivation, and Reward 301 10 Sexual Behavior 337 11 Sleep and Waking 375 12 Learning and Memory 415 13 Cognitive Neuroscience 455 14 Emotion, Aggression, and Stress 489 15 Neuropsychology 523 16 Psychopathology 555 References R-1 Name Index 1-1 Subject Index/Glossary 1-12 v Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, In whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202 Copyright 2019 Ccngagc Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the cBook andfor cChaptcr(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content docs not materially affect the overall learning experience. Ccngagc Leaming reserves lhc right 10 remove additionaJ contcnl at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require ii.  If you are familiar with the first three editions of this textbook, you know that we like to pick colorful visuals that portray the biology behind the behavior. For this fourth edition, we selected an image of the Organ of Corti in the inner ear produced by Sonja Pyott of the Univeristy of Groningen using a technique known as confocal micros­ copy. Confocal microscopy produces superior resolution compared to conventional, wide-field microscopes. This stunning image was awarded fourth place in the annu­ al Olympus BioScapes International Digital Imaging Competition in 2007. The green structures are the hair cells of the cochlea (see Chapter 7), and the nuclei of the inner hair cells appear in blue. Neurons making contact with the hair cells appear red. vi Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, In whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202 Copyright 2019 Ccngagc Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the cBook andfor cChaptcr(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content docs not materially affect the overall learning experience. Ccngagc Leaming reserves lhc right 10 remove additionaJ contcnl at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require ii.  Preface xix Neuroscience as an Interdisciplinary Field 2 Historical Highlights in Neuroscience 5 Ancient Milestones in Understanding the Nervous System 5 The Dawn of Scientific Reasoning 5 Modern Neuroscience Begins 6 Interim Summary 1. 1 7 Behavioral Neuroscience Research Methods 9 Microscopic Methods 9 Imaging 11 Recording 14 Brain Stimulation 17 Lesion 19 Biochemical Methods 20 Genetic Methods 20 Interim Summary 1.2 21 Research Ethics in Behavioral Neuroscience 23 Human Participant Guidelines 23 Animal Subjects Guidelines 24 Interim Summary 1.3 25 Chapter Review T hought Questions Key Terms 26 CONNECTING TO RESEARCH: Thinking about Your Food as Healthy or Indulgent Affects Your Physical Reactions to Eating 3 BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE GOES TO WORK: What Can I Do with a Degree in Neuroscience? 4 THINKING ETHICALLY: Can We Read Minds with Brain Imaging? 14 BUILDING BETTER HEALTH: When Is It Appropriate to Use Placebos? 25 Functional Neuroanato my and the Evolution of the Nervous System 27 Anatomical Directions and Planes of Section 28 Protecting and Supplying the Nervous System 30 Meninges 30 Cerebrospinal Fluid 31 vii Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, In whole or i n part. WCN 02-200-202 Copyright 2019 Ccngagc Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the cBook andfor cChaptcr(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content docs not materially affect the overall learning experience. Ccngagc Leaming reserves lhc right 10 remove additionaJ contcnl at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require ii. viii Contents The Brain's Blood Supply 34 Interim Summary 2.1 35 The Central Nervous System 36 The Spinal Cord 37 Embryological Divisions of the Brain 38 The Hindbrain 39 The Midbrain 41 The Forebrain 42 Interim Summary 2.2 53 The Peripheral Nervous System 55 The Cranial Nerves 55 The Spinal Nerves 55 The Autonomic Nervous System 57 The Endocrine System 61 The Evolution of the Human Nervous System 61 Natural Selection and Evolution 61 Evolution of the Nervous System 62 Evolution of the Human Brain 63 Interim Summary 2.3 64 Chapter Review Thought Questions Key Terms 65 CONNECTING TO RESEARCH: Linking the Brain and the Immune System 31 BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE GOES TO WORK: Treating Hydrocephalus 34 BUILDING BETTER HEALTH: Using Epidural Stimulation to Improve Standing and Walking In Patients with Spinal Damage 39 THINKING ETHICALLY: Can We Localize Intelligence in the Brain? 53 Glia and Neurons 68 Glia 68 The Structure of Neurons 73 Structural Variations in Neurons 80 Functional Variations in Neurons 82 Interim Summary 3.1 82 Generating Action Potentials 83 The Ionic Composition of the Intracellular and Extracellular Fluids 83 The Movement of Ions 85 The Resting Potential 86 The Action Potential 86 Propagating Action Potentials 90 Interim Summary 3.2 93 The Synapse 94 Gap Junctions 95 Chemical Synapses 96 Axo-axonic Synapses 103 Interim Summary 3.3 104 Chapter Review Thought Questions Key Terms 105 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, In whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202 Copyright 2019 Ccngagc Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the cBook andfor cChaptcr(s). Leaming reserves lhc right 10 remove additionaJ contcnl at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require ii. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content docs not materially affect the overall learning experience. Ccngagc  Contents ix CONNECTING TO RESEARCH: Astrocytes, HIV, and the Blood-Brain Barrier 70 BUILDING BETTER HEALTH: Microglia and Autism Spectrum Disorder 73 THINKING ETHICALLY: Lethal Injection 87 BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE GOES TO WORK: What Are We Reading in an ECG or EEG? 92 II Psycho pharmacology Neurotransmitters, Neuromodulators, and Neurohormones Identifying Neurochemicals 109 107 108 Types of Neurochemicals 109 Interim Summary 4.1 121 Mechanisms of Neuropharmacology 123 Agonists and Antagonists 123 Production of Neurochemicals 123 Neurochemical Storage 123 Neurochemical Release 124 Receptor Effects 125 Reuptake and Enzymatic Degradation 126 Interim Summary 4.2 127 Basic Principles of Drug Effects 127 Administration of Drugs 128 Individual Differences in Responses to Drugs 128 Placebo Effects 129 Tolerance and Withdrawal 129 Addiction 130 Effects of Selected Psychoactive Drugs 133 Stimulants133 Opioids 137 Cannabis 138 LSD 139 Alcohol 141 Interim Summary 4.3 143 Chapter Review T hought Questions Key Terms 144 CONNECTING TO RESEARCH: Otto Loewi and "Vagus Stuff" 110 BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE GOES TO WORK: Substance Abuse Counselors 132 BUILDING BETTER HEALTH: Does Legalization Change Adolescent Attitudes Toward and Use of Marijuana? 140 THINKING ETHICALLY: Using Addictive Drugs Affects Future Generations 142 The Genetic Bases of Behavior 146 From Genome to Trait 146 Sources of Genetic Variability 148 Heritability 151 Epigenetics 153 Interim Summary 5.1 157 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, In whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202 Copyright 2019 Ccngagc Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the cBook andfor cChaptcr(s). Leaming reserves lhc right 10 remove additionaJ contcnl at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require ii. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content docs not materially affect the overall learning experience. Ccngagc X Contents Building a Brain 158 Prenatal Development 158 Effects of Experience on Development 167 Disorders of Nervous System Development 172 Interim Summary 5.2 175 The Brain Across the Lifespan 176 Brain Changes During Adolescence and Adulthood 176 Adult Neurogenesis 178 Healthy Brain Aging 178 Interim Summary 5.3 180 Chapter Review Thought Questions Key Terms 181 CONNECTING TO RESEARCH: Epigenetics, Gene Expression, and Stress 155 BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE GOES TO WORK: Genetics Counseling 156 THINKING ETHICALLY: When are Adolescents Responsible for Their Actions? 179 BUILDING BETTER HEALTH: Nutritional Cognitive Neuroscience and Healthy Aging 179 From Sensation to Perception 184 The Visual Stimulus: Light 185 The Advantages of Light as a Stimulus 185 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 185 Light Interacts with Objects 186 Interim Summary 6.1 187 The Structure and Functions of the Visual System 188 Protecting the Eye 188 The Functional Anatomy of the Eye 188 The Layered Organization of the Retina 192 The Photoreceptors 192 Processing by Retinal Interneurons 196 Optic Nerve Connections 201 The Striate Cortex 204 Visual Analysis beyond the Striate Cortex 207 Interim Summary 6.2 210 Visual Perception 211 Hierarchies 211 Spatial Frequencies 212 The Perception of Depth 213 Coding Color 214 The Lifespan Development of the Visual System 218 Disorders of the Visual System 219 Amblyopia 219 Cataracts 220 Visual Acuity Problems 220 Blindness 220 Visual Agnosias 221 Interim Summary 6.3 222 Chapter Review Thought Questions Key Terms 223 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, In whole or in part. WCN 02·200-202 Copyright 2019 Ccngagc Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the cBook andfor cChaptcr(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content docs not materially affect the overall learning experience. Ccngagc Leaming reserves lhc right 10 remove additionaJ contcnl at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require ii.  Contents xi CONNECTING TO RESEARCH: Hubel and Wiesel Map the Visual Cortex 206 BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE GOES TO WORK: 3-D Animation 214 THINKING ETHICALLY: Are There Sex Differences in Color Preferences? 216 BUILDING BETTER HEALTH: Does Eating Carrots Really Help Your Vision? 222 Audition 226 Sound as a Stimulus 226 The Structure and Function of the Auditory System 229 Auditory Perception 235 Hearing Disorders 23 7 Interim Summary 7.1 240 The Body Senses 241 The Vestibular System 241 Touch243 Pain 251 Interim Summary 7.2 255 The Chemical Senses 257 Olfaction 257 Gustation 259 Synaesthesia 262 Interim Summary 7.3 263 Chapter Review T hought Questions Key Terms 264 BUILDING BETTER HEALTH: Earbuds and Hearing Loss 238 THINKING ETHICALLY: Cochlear Prosthetics and Deaf Culture 239 CONNECTING TO RESEARCH: Phantom Limbs, Mirrors, and Longer Noses 250 BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE GOES TO WORK: What Is a Perfumer? 262 Types of Muscles 266 Muscle Anatomy and Contraction 267 The Effects of Exercise on Muscle 270 The Effects of Aging on Muscles 270 Neural Control of Muscles 272 Alpha Motor Neurons 272 The Motor Unit 272 The Control of Muscle Contractions 273 The Control of Spinal Motor Neurons 274 Interim Summary 8.1 277 Reflex Control of Movement 278 Reciprocal Inhibition at Joints 278 The Flexor Reflex 279 Spinal Reflexes Related to Walking 280 Reflexes over the Lifespan 280 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, In whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202 Copyright 2019 Ccngagc Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the cBook andfor cChaptcr(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content docs not materially affect the overall learning experience. Ccngagc Leaming reserves lhc right 10 remove additionaJ contcnl at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require ii. xii Contents Motor Systems of the Brain 281 Spinal Motor Pathways 281 The Cerebellum283 The Basal Ganglia 284 The Motor Cortex 285 Interim Summary 8.2 289 Disorders of Movement 291 Toxins 291 Myasthenia Gravis 292 Muscular Dystrophy 292 Polio 293 Accidental Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) 293 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS; Lou Gehrig's Disease) 294 Parkinson's Disease 295 Huntington's Disease 297 Interim Summary 8.3 299 Chapter Review Thought Questions Key Terms 300 THINKING ETHICALLY: Gene Doping for Strength 271 CONNECTING TO RESEARCH: Mirror Neurons 289 BUILDING BETTER HEALTH: When Vaccination Is Not Enough 293 BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE GOES TO WORK: Physical Therapy 294 Homeostasis and Motivation 302 Regulating Body Temperature 303 Adaptations Maintain Temperature 303 Endothermic Responses to Heat and Cold 303 Deviations in Human Core Temperature 305 Brain Mechanisms for Temperature Regulation 307 Thirst: Regulating the Body's Fluid Levels 309 Intracellular and Extracellular Fluid Compartments 309 Osmosis Causes Water to Move 310 The Kidneys 310 The Sensation of Thirst 311 Interim Summary 9.1 317 Hunger: Regulating the Body's Supply of Nutrients 318 The Process of Digestion 318 The Pancreatic Hormones 319 The Initiation of Eating 320 Satiety 325 Healthy and Disordered Eating 326 Defining Healthy Weight 326 Obesity 327 Disordered Eating 328 Interim Summary 9.2 332 Pleasure and Reward 332 Multiple Facets of Reward 333 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, In whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202 Copyright 2019 Ccngagc Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the cBook andfor cChaptcr(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content docs not materially affect the overall learning experience. Ccngagc Leaming reserves lhc right 10 remove additionaJ contcnl at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require ii.  Contents xiii Reward Pathways 333 The Neurochemistry of Reward 334 Cortical Processing of Reward 335 Interim Summary 9.3 336 Chapter Review T hought Questions Key Terms 336 BUILDING BETTER HEALTH: Understanding the Benefits of Fever 306 CONNECTING TO RESEARCH: Swallowing Balloons and Growling Stomachs 321 BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE GOES TO WORK: Dieticians and Nutritionists 327 THINKING ETHICALLY: How Dangerous Is It to Be Overweight or Obese? 329 Sexual Behavior 337 Sexual Development 338 The Genetics of Sex 338 Three Stages of Prenatal Development 342 Development at Mini-puberty 346 Development at Puberty 347 Interim Summary 10.1 350 Sex Differences in Hormones, Brain Structure, and Behavior 351 The Organizing Role of Sex Hormones 351 The Organizing Role of Sex Chromosome Genes 353 Sexual Dimorphism in the Brain 354 Sex Differences in Behavior and Cognition 356 Sexual Orientation 359 Hormones and Sexual Orientation 360 Brain Structure and Sexual Orientation 361 Genes and Sexual Orientation 362 Sexual Orientation and Cognition 362 Interim Summary 10.2 364 Biological Influences on Adult Sexual Behavior 364 The Regulation of Sex Hormones 364 Mood, Menstruation, and Childbirth 365 Hormones and Adult Sexual Behavior 366 Attraction, Romantic Love, Sexual Desire, and Parenting 367 Elements of Physical Attractiveness 368 Romantic Love and Sexual Desire 369 Reproduction and Parenting 371 Sexual Dysfunction and Its Treatment 372 Interim Summary 10.3 373 Chapter Review T hought Questions Key Terms 374 BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE GOES TO WORK: How Do Therapists Treat Gender Dysphoria? 348 CONNECTING TO RESEARCH: Simon LeVay and INAH-3 362 THINKING ETHICALLY: Biology's Role in Explaining Gender and Sexual Orientation 363 BUILDING BETTER HEALTH: Treating Patients with Antidepressant-Induced Sexual Dysfunction 373 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, In whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202 Copyright 2019 Ccngagc Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the cBook andfor cChaptcr(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content docs not materially affect the overall learning experience. Ccngagc Leaming reserves lhc right 10 remove additionaJ contcnl at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require ii. xiv Contents Biorhythms 376 Individual Variations in Sleep Patterns 376 Shift Work, Jet Lag, and Daylight Saving Time 378 The Body's Internal Clocks Manage Circadian Rhythms 379 Major Depressive Disorder with Seasonal Pattern 385 Interim Summary 1 1.1 387 Neural Correlates of Waking and Sleep 388 Electroencephalogram Recordings of Waking and Sleep 388 Brain Networks Control Waking and Sleep 392 Biochemical Correlates of Waking and Sleep 397 Interim Summary 1 1.2 398 The Functions of Sleep 399 Changes in Sleep over the Lifetime 400 Possible Advantages of Sleep 401 Special Benefits of REM Sleep 403 The Possible Functions of Dreaming 404 Sleep-Wake Disorders 407 Insomnia 407 Narcolepsy 408 Breathing-Related Sleep Disorders 409 Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) 410 Sleep Talking and Sleep Walking 411 REM Sleep Behavior Disorder 411 Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) 411 Interim Summary 11.3 412 Chapter Review Thought Questions Key Terms 413 CONNECTING TO RESEARCH: A Composite Scale of Morningness 377 THINKING ETHICALLY: Artificial Lighting and Circadian Rhythms 386 BUILDING BETTER HEALTH: Do Smartphone Sleep Apps Work? 389 BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE GOES TO WORK: Sleep Medicine 407 Categorizing Learning and Memory 416 Types of Learning 416 Types of Memory 418 Mechanisms of Synaptic Plasticity 421 Learning in Simple Organisms 421 Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) 425 Working Memory 432 Memory Consolidation 433 Reactivation and Reconsolidation 433 Interim Summary 12.1 434 Neural Systems Supporting Learning and Memory 435 Early Efforts to Locate Memory Functions 435 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, In whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202 Copyright 2019 Ccngagc Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the cBook andfor cChaptcr(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content docs not materially affect the overall learning experience. Ccngagc Leaming reserves lhc right 10 remove additionaJ contcnl at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require ii.  Contents XV Systems Supporting Classical Conditioning 436 The Temporal Lobe and Episodic Memory 441 Semantic Memory Networks 444 Systems Supporting Working Memory 445 Systems Supporting Procedural Memory 446 Interim Summary 12.2 447 The Effects of Stress and Healthy Aging on Learning and Memory 448 Stress Effects on Memory 448 The Effects of Healthy Aging on Memory 451 Interim Summary 12. 3 453 Chapter Review T hought Questions Key Terms 454 BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE GOES TO WORK: What Is Neuro Education? 421 CONNECTING TO RESEARCH: Karl Lashley's Search for the Engram 436 THINKING ETHICALLY: Should We Erase Traumatic Memories? 451 BUILDING BETTER HEALTH: Can We Avoid Age-Related Memory Deficits? 452 Understanding Cognitive Neuroscience 456 Hemispheric Asymmetry and Its Behavioral Correlates 456 Learning About Asymmetry 456 The Evolution of Lateralization 459 The Development of Lateralization 460 Implications of Asymmetry for Behavior 461 Interim Summary 13. 1 467 Language 468 The Origins of Language 468 Communication in Nonhuman Animals 469 Multilingualism 471 American Sign Language (ASL) 472 Communication Disorders and Brain Mechanisms for Language 473 Paul Broca and Patient Tan 473 Aphasia 473 Disorders of Reading and Writing 478 Stuttering 479 Interim Summary 13.2 480 Intelligence 481 Assessing Intelligence 481 Intelligence and Genetics 482 Structural and Functional Correlates of Intelligence 482 The Neuroscience of Decision Making 485 Interim Summary 13.3 487 Chapter Review T hought Questions Key Terms 488 CONNECTING TO RESEARCH: Savants and Laterality 466 BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE GOES TO WORK: Speech and Language Pathology 480 THINKING ETHICALLY: Performance-Enhancing Drugs for the Mind? 484 BUILDING BETTER HEALTH: Enriched Environments, Infectious Load, and IQ 485 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, In whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202 Copyright 2019 Ccngagc Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the cBook andfor cChaptcr(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content docs not materially affect the overall learning experience. Ccngagc Leaming reserves lhc right 10 remove additionaJ contcnl at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require ii. xvi Contents Emotion, Aggressio n, and Stress Emotion 490 The Evolution and Adaptive Benefits of Emotion 489 490 Theories of Emotion 491 The Expression and Recognition of Emotion 495 Biological Correlates of Emotion 501 Emotion Regulation 506 Social Cognition 507 Interim Summary 14.1 507 Aggression and Violence 508 Genetics, Environment, Epigenetics, and Aggression 509 Brain Structures and Aggression 510 Biochemistry and Aggression 511 Interim Summary 14.2 513 Stress 513 Hans Selye and the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) 514 Responses to Stress 515 Stress and Epigenetics 517 Stress, the Immune System, and Health 518 Interim Summary 14.3 520 Chapter Review Thought Questions Key Terms 521 CONNECTING TO RESEARCH: Facial Expressions Predict Assault 498 THINKING ETHICALLY: Using Neuroscience to Assess "Dangerousness" 510 BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE GOES TO WORK: Pet Therapy for Stress 519 BUILDING BETTER HEALTH: Stress Management 520 What Is Neuropsychology? 524 Who Are the Neuropsychologists? 524 Neuropsychological Assessment 524 Neurocognitive Disorders 525 Alzheimer's Disease 526 Vascular Disease (Stroke) 528 Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) 532 Substance/Medication-Induced Neurocognitive Disorder 534 HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder (HAND) 534 Prion Diseases 535 Interim Summary 15.1 539 Neurocognitive Disorders Due to Other Medical Conditions 540 Brain Tumors 540 Infections 543 Epilepsy 545 Multiple Sclerosis 548 Migraine 549 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, In whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202 Copyright 2019 Ccngagc Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the cBook andfor cChaptcr(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed contentdocs not materially affect the overall learning experience. Ccngagc Leaming reserves lhc right 10 remove additionaJ contcnl at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require ii.  Contents xvii Recovery and Treatment in Neurocognitive Disorders 550 Plasticity and Recovery 550 Cognitive Reserve 551 Rehabilitation for Neurocognitive Disorders 552 Interim Summary 1 5.2 553 Chapter Review Thought Questions Key Terms 554 BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE GOES TO WORK: Preparing to Be a Clinical Neuropsychologist 525 THINKING ETHICALLY: Apoe E4 in Younger Adults 529 531 BUILDING BETTER HEALTH: Recognizing the Signs of a Stroke CONNECTING TO RESEARCH: Stanley Prusiner and the Prion 537 What Does It Mean to Have a Mental Disorder? 556 Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) 558 Causes of ASD 559 Brain Structure and Function in ASD 560 Treatment of ASD 562 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) 563 Causes of ADHD 564 Brain Structure and Function in ADHD 564 Treatment of ADHD 565 Interim Summary 1 6. 1 566 Schizophrenia 566 Genetic Contributions to Schizophrenia 567 Environmental Influences on Schizophrenia 568 Brain Structure and Function in Schizophrenia 569 The Biochemistry of Schizophrenia 571 Treating Schizophrenia 572 Bipolar Disorder 574 Genetics and Bipolar Disorder 575 Brain Structure and Function in Bipolar Disorder 575 Biochemistry and Treatment of Bipolar Disorder 576 Major Depressive Disorder (MOD) 577 Genetic Contributions to MDD 577 Environmental Influences on MDD 578 Brain Structure and Function in MDD 578 Biochemistry of MDD 579 Treatment of MDD 580 Interim Summary 1 6.2 581 Anxiety Disorders 582 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) 583 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) 585 Brain Structure and Activity in P TSD 586 Biochemistry and Treatment of PTSD 587 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, In whole or in part. WCN 02·200-202 Copyright 2019 Ccngagc Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the cBook andfor cChaptcr(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content docs not materially affect the overall learning experience. Ccngagc Leaming reserves lhc right 10 remove additionaJ contcnl at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require ii. xviii Contents Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) 587 Genetics and ASPD 587 Brain Structure and Function in ASPD 588 Treatment of ASPD 589 Interim Summary 16.3 590 Chapter Review Thought Questions Key Terms 590 CONNECTING TO RESEARCH: Genetic Overlap in Five Disorders 557 BUILDING BETTER HEALTH: The Gut Microbiota and Mental Disorders 557 BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE GOES TO WORK: Applied Behavior Analysis 563 THINKING ETHICALLY: Are Psychopaths Responsible for their Behavior? 589 Reference R- 1 Name Index I- 1 Subject Index/Glossary I- 12 Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, In whole or in part. WCN 02·200-202 Copyright 2019 Ccngagc Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the cBook andfor cChaptcr(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content docs not materially affect the overall learning experience. Ccngagc Leaming reserves lhc right 10 remove additionaJ contcnl at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require ii.  "[I]n teaching, you must simply work your pupil into such a state of interest in what you are going to teach him that every other object ofattention is banished from his mind; then reveal it to him so impressively that he will remember the occasion to his dying day; and finally fill him with devouring curiosity to know what the steps in connection with the subject are:' -William James {1899, p. 10) James's goals for the classroom instructor might seem lofty to some, but many of us who teach neuroscience have enjoyed the peak experience of seeing students "turn on''