Chapter1_ Anatomy And Physiology.pdf

Module 1 22. Many organs are in body cavities covered by serous membrane two essential functions Viscera - Internal organs partially or totally enclosed by body ca...

Module 1 22. Many organs are in body cavities covered by serous membrane two essential functions Viscera - Internal organs partially or totally enclosed by body cavities - connected to rest of body Ex : Pericardial Cavity - Pericardium (around/heart) delicate membrane surrounds heart cavities of the trunk - Thoaric/heart and lungs all above diaphragm/ligned by plura - Abdomopelvic Cavity - abdominal with digestive stuff-pelvic/urinary reproductive  Anatomy-Structure Physiology-function Structure determines function Orient yourself Anatomical position-standing erect forward , (anteriorly) , arms at side , Palms facing anterior , lying in Supine position. FocusedStudy Homeostasis-"relatively" Stable Internal environment i.. e body temperature (TB) systems fluctuate * some - 37 homeostasis 36 : * blood PH fluctuates between 7 35-7 45.. /lethal if on either Side) * average 4 Anatomy is the study of structure Anatomy - "a cutting open" of the structures body and physical relationships among body parts Physiology the study of Function Physiology (how it works) vital functions structures functional organisms perform Complex to examine than anatomical - - - Properties Ex : Coordinating heartbeat and pressure changes Structure and Function areInterrelated Anatomy and physiology are closely Interrelated. Understanding one relies on the other. Structures Influence function , and functions are explained by structural relationships. Ex : The elbow joint acts like a hinge allowing , movement towards or away from the shoulder without twisting , due to structural limits  Chemical ex : cells talk to molecules called chemical messengers that fit into receptors on target cells to deliver messages eX : ApH-consumption of alcohol inhibits ADH leading to all liquids being released into bladder and causes dehydration. Human body organization The human body is complex consisting , of multiple levels of organization Including , Chemical (smallest units of matter) and Cellular components. Atoms form molecules , with their functions determined by shape and atomic components Cells. , the smallest living units , depend on organelles for specific functions. Tissue level - a group of Cells working together for specific functions , like heart muscle cells (cardiac muscle cells can contract on their own). Organ level-consists of multiple tissues , like the heart , which has 4 tissue cells. like the Cardiovascular Organ Systems , system , are a collection of Interacting organs that work together to maintain life and health at the organism level. Cells are the smallest units of life Free-living cells , the smallest living structures in the human body , contain trillions of cells with around 200 different types. They vary in size and function , withSmooth muscle cells , red blood cells , bone cells , fat cells , digestive tract cells , reproductive cells , and nerve cells. - how memoryaed  Cells work together - Human life depends on cells - cell responds to local environment Independently - cells in different parts of body are coordinated and controlled Tissues specialized groups of cells/products Tissues - collection of Similar cells/Products that perform specific functions - Histology Chistos , tissue) is study of tissues - Four Primary tissue types : 1. Epithelial tissue - most common - forms a barrier with specific properties - covers every exposed body surface liquid - 2. Connective tissue - Diverse in appearance , all forms contain cells by extracellular matrix (Protien Fibers , GroundSubstance heart. 3 muscle tissue Ability to contract forcefully three types : Skeletal Cardiac smooth (blood vessel glands resp circ,clig! tract - - , , , , , nerve cells Supportina. Nervous 4 tissue - carry Info within body-neurons - Transmit Info of electrical Impulses - Neurogila-Isolate/support neurons Neural tissue locations : 1. Central NS. 2 Peripheral NS Organs and organic systems organ composed of 1 more tissue type - or - Function determined and limited by combination and organization of tissues. within it * heart tissue has cardiac muscle , epithelial , connective and neural , work together as a pump organ system - Interact toPerform range of functions (coordinated fashion) Eleven organ systems in body - * none of these systems function in isolation * All are interdependant on each other  Homeostasis Homeostasis Stable - internal environment - can't maintain homeostasis leads to illness or death Regulation · - variable environments components Receptor (Sensor) Sensitive to environmental Change - - - Control Center (Integration) - Processes info from receptor and sends out Commands Effector Responds stimulus to commands opposing - - Homeostatic Control normal around set point - range - Actual value oscillates Ex: House thermostat set at - Actual temp in house ranges few degrees above and below set point feedback Negative/Positive Feedback Activating receptor altering the receptors - a causes a response surroundings Negative feedback - opposes or negates stimulus - Minimizes change Primary mechanism of homeostatic regulation in body - - Dynamic process Negative Positive Positive the vS. exaggerates original change extreme - - responses - Does not restore homeostasis - Escalating Cycle-occurs when dangerous process is completed blood clotting quickly before body Can restore homeostasis - is positive feedback  Anatomical terms Anatomical position is the body : standing up - - Hands at sides - Palms facinforward - feet together and facing upward - Eyes facing foward - Lying down in antimonical position * Supine when face up * Prone when face down Directional terms - Points of refrence (atomical Position) - terms interchangeable : Anterior or Ventral Posterior or dorsal other terms: Superficial - near surface Deep-Interior of body Direction andSectional terms sectional views - three dimensiol body Sagittal plane - Medical imaging techniques utilize views - Parallel to long axis - Divides from right to left Midsagittal (midline) and Parasagittal - Frontal or Cornal Plane Coff midline) - Oriented Parallel to long axis - Divides anterior from posterior  Transverse/horizontal plane - Perpendicular to long axis - DividesSuperior from Inferior - cross Section Body Cavities - Body interior subdivided by body wall into regions - organs in these regions in fluid-filled body carities common embryological origion - - covered by serous membrane - Functions : 1 Protect organs from shocks. and Impacts. 2 Allow organ size and shape changes Viscera Internal totally by body cavities - organs Partially or enclosed - connected to body - EX : heart is surrounded by pericardial cavity Pericardium serous membrane - - secretes fluid for moist surfaces , less frictions Allows heart Size and shape changes during beating - Trunk - Thoracic cavity - deep to chest Abdominopelvic Cavity deep to abdominal/pelvic walls two Pleural cavities - - - - lined by pleura contains lungs - digestive glands/organs - - - urniary bladder , reproductive organs , last tract portion of digestive