Introduction to Microbiology PDF

Introduction to Microbiology Medical Microbiology (BIO 219) Dr. Mohammad Fayyad-Kazan Spring 2023  Introduction to Microbiology  Learning Outcome By the end of this lecture, you should be able to: 1. Under...

Introduction to Microbiology Medical Microbiology (BIO 219) Dr. Mohammad Fayyad-Kazan Spring 2023  Introduction to Microbiology  Learning Outcome By the end of this lecture, you should be able to: 1. Understand the general characteristics of Microorganisms 2. The history of microorganisms 3. Paths that led to discovery of microorganisms  Introduction to Microbiology 1. What is Microbiology? Microbiology is the science that deals with the study of microorganisms. The term microbiology = mikros [small] + bios [life] + logos [study].  Microorganisms:  Are tiny and invisible to naked eye.  They can be looked into and studied only with the help of microscope.  Introduction to Microbiology Micro-organisms : 1. Commonly called microbes 2. The first to occupy planet earth even before man and other creatures. 3. Present in every part of biosphere.  Introduction to Microbiology Microorganisms Parasites Viruses Bacteria Yeast Algae (Protozoa)  Introduction to Microbiology Microorganisms Cellular Acellular Eukaryotic cells Prokaryotic cells Not cells Have nucleus No nucleus No cell membrane Have intracellular organelles No intracellular organelles No nucleus. Example: Yeast, Parasites, Algae Example: Bacteria Example: Viruses Introduction to Microbiology Introduction to Microbiology  Introduction to Microbiology 7. Taxonomy  Introduction to Microbiology 7. Taxonomy Taxonomy: organizing, classifying, and naming living things Concerned with: – Classification – orderly arrangement of organisms into groups – Nomenclature – assigning names – Identification – determining and recording traits of organisms for placement into taxonomic schemes Binomial (scientific) nomenclature Gives each microbe 2 names: – Genus - capitalized – species - lowercase Both italicized or underlined – Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)  Introduction to Microbiology 2. History of Microbiology  Although microbes were the first life forms to occupy the earth, microbiology was well developed only after the invention of microscopes ! Various scientists contributed to major knowledge in the field of microbiology: 1. Contributions of Antony Van Leeuwenhoek i. He was Dutch Philosopher, born on 24 October 1632. ii. He is regarded as Father of “Bacteriology‟ and “Protozoology‟, iii. He invented simple microscope having magnification power up to 300X. iv. He observed bacteria from his teeth scrap under the microscope invented by him and he named them as “animalcules‟. v. He also discovered bacteria in rain water ditch and protozoans like paramecium and amoeba.  Introduction to Microbiology 2. History of Microbiology 2. Contributions of Louis Pasteur i. He was a French Biochemist, born on 27 December 1822. ii. He is regarded as “Father of Microbiology and Immunology‟. iii. He proposed the “Theory of Germ Disease‟, where diseases of plants, viruses, animals and human beings are caused by pathogenic microbes. iv. He discovered the presence of bacteria in the air and classified the bacteria into aerobic and anaerobic forms. v. He coined the term “microbiology‟, aerobic, anaerobic. vi. He discovered the role of anaerobic microbes in the fermentation of sugar. vii. He developed technique (Pasteurization technique) to prevent souring of milk and spoilage of food. viii. He first isolated bacteria causing cholera (Vibrio cholerae). ix. He developed technique to strengthen immunity against anthrax bacteria by injecting weakened anthrax bacteria to healthy animal.  Introduction to Microbiology 2. History of Microbiology 3. Contributions of Robert Koch i. He was a German microbiologist born on 11 December 1843. ii. He developed for the first time culture technique to culture the bacteria in the laboratory. iii. He discovered bacteria caused tuberculosis of man. iv. He developed for the first time staining technique to stain the bacteria with acidic or basic stain. v. He was awarded Nobel Prize of medicine in 1905, formulating principles regarding diseases. 4. Contributions of Alexander Fleming i. He was a Scotland doctor and biochemist born in 1881. ii. He contributed knowledge about antibiotic Penicillin for this kind of work. iii. He was awarded Nobel Prize in 1945. iv. He worked on antimicrobial substances. That is not toxic to human body but toxic to microbial body. v. He discovered bacteriolytic substance lysosome in the animal tissue.  Introduction to Microbiology 3. Importance and Scope of Microbiology Medicine Bio- Biotechnology remediation Microbiology is an applied science that has great impact on genetics, biochemistry, food sciences, ecology, immunology, agriculture, medicine and many other Microbiology disciplines. Industry Environment Agriculture  Introduction to Microbiology 5. General Aspects of Medical Microbiology Diseases  Chapter 1: Introduction to Microbiology 5. General Aspects of Medical Microbiology Death rates for the leading causes of death in the  At the beginning of the twentieth century, the major causes of human United States: 1900 and today. death were infectious diseases caused by bacterial and viral pathogens.  Today, however, infectious diseases are much less deadly, at least in developed countries.  Control of infectious disease has come from a combination of advances including: 1. Increased understanding of disease processes, 2. Improved sanitary and public health practices, 3. Active vaccine campaigns, 4. The widespread use of antimicrobial agents, such as antibiotics.  Introduction to Microbiology 5. General Aspects of Medical Microbiology Do you think Microbiology is still important in the 21th century? Why? If Not