Principles of 2D/3D Design PDF

Composition/Design??? Principles Design Basic principles used to arrange, position, and 2D/3D place various elements into a harmonious whole....

Composition/Design??? Principles Design Basic principles used to arrange, position, and 2D/3D place various elements into a harmonious whole. For developing a story ®Dr.Norasikin Fabil Why we need to design? The Principles of Design Important to the 2D/3D because both deal with 1. Format telling stories, communicating ideas, and generally 2. Figure trying to get a point across using visual media. 3. Ground Design - Communicating a story or idea in a visual 4. Balance way. 5. Harmony and Unity 6. Movement and Motion The lack of good design - leaves viewers confused communicate the wrong story or idea and message all 7. Rhythm together. 8. Emphasis 9. Dominance  Format Figure Format is simply the area within which an image is composed. Format is defined by size and shape. Most often the format is a The part of any composition the viewer pays rectangular, which is the most flexible shape because it can be attention to is called the figure. altered to contain almost any composition. Square formats are The figure is usually a positive shape. formal and stable but tend to lend themselves to motionless and static compositions. Simple compositions might have only one figure. The format can be any shape, although composing in a format that Complex compositions can have multiple figures is not rectangular or square becomes increasingly difficult. although one figure generally dominates. The most interesting spot in an image is usually part of the figure. The figure should be the focal point or Ground center of interest. The center of interest is the area of an Everything in an image that is not the image that first attracts the viewer’s figure is the ground. attention. This part of the image is visually more important compared to Ground is sometimes the background other areas within a picture. but this is not always the case. It may include the foreground, middle ground, The important areas in a composition or design are usually created using a and background. combination of elements such as contrast, color, texture, value, size, proximity, balance, pattern, and position within the format.  Balance The figure is usually surrounded by ground but sometimes part of the figure There should be balance between all the can surround or enclose portions of the elements in any given image. ground. Balance creates a feeling of equality and Enclosed ground shapes surrounded by stability in an image while the lack of the figure or positive shapes are called balance makes a viewer feel uncomfortable. negative shapes. 2. Asymmetrical or unevenly balanced. Types of Balance Occur when all the parts of an image are in a state of equilibrium but can potentially become 1. Symmetrical or evenly balanced - Also known as bilateral symmetry. unbalanced if any element is moved. - Created by repeating the reverse of a Can be achieved design on the opposite side of the - with a single complex object or multiple objects vertical axis; each side, in essence, within the image format. becomes the mirror image of the other. - Symmetrical balance is considered While symmetry achieves balance through formal, ordered, stable and quiet. repetition, asymmetry achieves balance through - It can also be boring. contrast. Asymmetrical, or informal balance, involves different elements that have equal visual - Symmetrical balance is often used in weight; the weight is equal but the elements are architecture. not identical.  How to make balance? Position: Quantity Shape - elements that have Size: larger feels heavier more complex shapes feel by moving a smaller object farther multiple small objects can balance one away from the midline of an image in larger object heavier than those with simple which a larger object is located shapes Visual weight  Balance Orientation - a diagonal orientation Color - the brighter and more intense its carries more visual weight than a color, the heavier the element will feel Others influenced by: horizontal or vertical one Texture - an element with more complex texture is heavier visually than one with a simple texture or no texture at all Isolation - an isolated element has more visual weight Value - darker feels heavier Value contrast - the higher the value- contrast, the heavier the weight.  7 Formal Symmetrical Balance of Space 4. Cruciform (cross): 3. Horizontal bands: Using cruciform balance, the center of interest is 2. Vertical bands: Regular parallel stripes give a feeling of locked noticeably at the crossing of centered vertical 1. Modular divisions of Arranged symmetrically, vertical bands become and horizontal bands. This is the most dramatic focal expansion and create horizontal movement. space: column-like and appear very stable point arrangement and it becomes very hard to relate such as grids and the corner areas of the image to the focal point. checkerboards: The divisions can be by value, color, or texture. 6. Tension: Uncomfortable tension is created when that delicate balance between 5. Frame in frame: Tension in an image can be a good or bad objects is not reached. The edge of the image is often where As with a picture frame, this compositional thing. It is created when a balance is uncomfortable tension appears principle separates and isolates the focus point achieved between competing shapes or from the surrounding parts of the image. objects. A comfortable tension can be used to guide the eye to the focus point.  Tangents are areas of tension created when the edges of two shapes or 7. Proximity Proximity is described in three ways. objects meet at a single point. Tangents create very noticeable areas of Proximity is the space between different objects in uncomfortable tension within an image. an image. 1. Overlapping objects or shapes. Objects of similar size, shape, or color are grouped together more easily than diverse sets of different objects and their proximity is more easily established. Proximity can increase or decrease tension as well as affect the balance of an image. Objects in close proximity to the focal point are seen more quickly than objects that are far away. Objects that are placed relatively far apart are not considered to have visual proximity. Harmony and Unity 2. Touching objects or shapes 3. Closely spaced objects or shapes Keeping your design in harmony and unity occurs when every individual part of an image adds to the overall pattern making the whole feel complete. Unity helps the image to be perceived as one unit or design instead of random bits and pieces scattered throughout the image. Harmony is achieved by combining similar or related elements in a visually satisfying balance. Usually the elements share common or multiple traits. These traits can be, but are not limited to: color, shape, texture, pattern, material, style, size, and functionality  Movement and Motion 1. Gravitational movement Movement is the visual flow through an image. Gravitational movement is created by an object in relation to the vertical, The position of any object in a composition, when compared to another horizontal, or both vertical and object or compared to a visual reference, creates a sense of motion. horizontal references within the image An object out-of-balance creates a sense of movement, though generally an format uncomfortable one. Movement is created in a number of different ways 2. Repetitive movement 3. Alteration Repetitive movement is created by a single object duplicated in an evenly- Alteration is movement created with a spaced sequence sequence of similar objects repeating in sequence  5. Random 4. Progressive Random movement is created by using similar Progressive movement is created by objects arranged in random progressive change in size, proportion, fashion shape, color, or other characteristics of any particular object. Rhythm Types of rhythm Rhythm is repetitive movement characterized by a series of objects with variations in Regular rhythm occurs when the amount spacing, size, alteration, and/or progression. Objects appear in a regular sequence or of space between the elements in a Flowing rhythm repetition design is the same or of comparable gives a feeling of dimension movement and is more natural and organic  Progressive rhythm gives the viewer the Emphasis impression of a sequence of steps taking place through an image. Emphasis is how the artist makes sure that a particular object is noticed and it creates the center of interest in an image. It is how you make a portion of an image more important than another. Ways to emphasize an object Place the object as near to the center of Make the object contrast with the the format as possible. background. The contrast can be in Make the object large. Larger objects demand more attention from the viewer value, color, or a combination of the two  Ways to make a secondary object is noticed quickly… Ways to hide objects Use a highly visible object that does not Have the primary object looking or dominate the first object, and place it in pointing toward the secondary object Make an object small and lower its close proximity to the first contrast in relationship to its surroundings. It should be similar in color and value to the background or what is directly behind it. Dominance Three states of dominance Closely related to emphasis is dominance. The dominant object has the most visual weight, receives the most emphasis, and Dominance relates to the various degrees of emphasis in a design. is usually in the foreground of the image Dominance is generally thought of as the visual weight of individual or groups of elements within a composition. It often determines what is emphasized first.  Subdominant objects are of secondary Subordinate objects have the least visual importance. They are usually in close weight. Subordinate objects are usually in proximity to the dominant object and can the background of an image There are also times when you may not be located either in the foreground or the want an object to be seen unless the middle ground of an image viewer pays strict attention to what they are viewing. create some very interesting imagery using the principle of camouflage. This principle is used extensively in the natural world by animals trying not to be eaten by predators Other Basics Continuity Continuity is organized visual movement Continuity created by regular, flowing, or Continuance progressive rhythm. Closure Alignment Similarity Isolation  Continuance Closure Continuance is created when an object in Closure is the ability of the viewer to see a composition leads the eye by pointing only part of an object but to visualize the or looking at another object whole. Closure works best with simple geometric shapes and objects since only a few small pieces are needed to mentally reconstruct the shape Alignment Similarity Alignment is lining up objects along an Objects that are similar in color, axis, line, or plane to form organized size, value, or texture are seen groups of objects more quickly than objects that are different. : If similar objects are close together they may form a group and become the center of interest.  Isolation Conclusions Isolation is the concept of placing an Use all the tools available to control the viewer's eye. object so that it stands out from the Design is importance when deals telling stories, communicating ideas, and generally surrounding image and is therefore more trying to get a point across using visual media. likely noticed. Task of communicating a story or idea in a visual way Isolation does not necessarily make an Lack of good design often leaves viewers confused about what the story is trying to object noticed first, but it can make an communicate. object stand out. Even worse, poor composition and design can communicate the wrong story, idea, or message all together.