Graphics-Visual Design PDF
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Polytechnic University of the Philippines
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Summary
This document provides information on graphics, visual design, and architectural principles. It details topics like architectural lettering, drawing instruments, types of doors and windows, and visual techniques. Topics include composition, justification of lettering, and different types of paper, as well as visual tools like T-squares, triangles, and compasses. The document is suitable for secondary school students learning about these concepts.
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GRAPHICS, VISUAL and DESIGN GRAPHICS The placement, location and arrangement of each room unit in relation with each other Distribution as to f...
GRAPHICS, VISUAL and DESIGN GRAPHICS The placement, location and arrangement of each room unit in relation with each other Distribution as to functions and coordination. Like roads and high ways with traffic problem, traffic is also present inside the building Circulation that must be considered in planning The position and direction of the sunrise and sunset. It also includes the prevailing wind Orientation directions in the area for the year round. Zoning ordinance should be consulted first before deciding on the final site of the house Zoning Laws or building. If your client believes and insists that life depends on luck brought by his superstitious Superstition beliefs, then as a planner you have no choice but to do what the client says. ARCHITECTURAL LETTERING Composition refers to the spacing, layout, and appearance of the lettering Means to align the text. Several lines of text that are left-justified are aligned along the Justify left side, for example. Lettering The term used to describe the traditional handmade letters and numbers on a drawing. Test The term for lettering that is done using CADD. Minimum lettering height should be 1/8" (3 mm). Some companies use 5/32" (4 mm). All dimension numerals, notes, and other lettered information should be the same height Lettering Height except for titles, drawing numbers, and other captions. Titles and subtitles, for example, can be 3/16" or 1/4" (4 or 6 mm) high. DRAWING INSTRUMENTS Drawing board is made from strips of well seasoned soft wood generally 25 mm thick. It is cleared at the back by two battens to prevent warping. One of the shorter edges of the Drawing Board rectangular board is provided with perfectly straight ebony edge which is used as working edge on which the T-square is moved while making Drawings T-squares are made from hard wood. A T-square consists of two parts namely the stock T-square and the blade joined together at right angles to each other by means of screws and Pins Generally made from Plastic or celluloid material. They are triangular in shape with one Triangles corner, a right angle triangle. A pair of set squares (30°–60°) and 45° (45° set square are generally provided with Protractor) Protractors are used to mark or measure angles between 0 and 180°. They are Protractor semicircular in shape (of diameter 100mm) and are made of Plastic or celluloid which has more life The accuracy and appearance of a Drawing depends on the quality of Pencil used to make Drawing pencils Drawing. The grade of a Pencil lead is marked on the Pencil Compass is used for drawing circles and arcs of circles. The compass has two legs hinged Compass at one end. One of the legs has a pointed needle fitted at the lower end where as the other end has provision for inserting pencil lead. ALPHABET OF LINES Line Weight the thickness of the line Guide Lines Very light, easily erased lines used to block in the main layout. Use to show where the cutting-plane line has cut through material. Section lines are Section Lines usually drawn at 45O Represents an invisible edge on an object. Hidden lines show surfaces and edges that are Hidden Lines hidden from the viewers viewing plane. Extension Line Show the extent of a dimension Dimension Line Indicates the length of the dimension Center Lines Centerlines show the center of circles and radius ORTHOGRAPHIC AND AXONOMETRIC PROJECTIONS Ortho Greek word meaning Perpendicular Means of representing a three-dimensional object in two dimensions. It is a form Orthographic of parallel projection, where all the projection lines are orthogonal to the projection Projection plane, Axonometric a type of parallel projection used to create a pictorial drawing of an object, where the Projection object is rotated along one or more of its axes relative to the plane of projection Axonometric means "to measure along axes" PERSPECTIVE A system for drawing 3-D space on a 2-D surface by following the guidelines that all Linear Perspective parallel and receding lines converge to vanishing points, and that objects appear smaller as they recede in space. This was developed during the Renaissance (1400 - 1500’s) A type of linear perspective where the sides of the object that are facing the viewer are One-Point parallel to the picture plane and the parallel lines that recede from the viewer converge Perspective to a single vanishing point. A type of linear perspective where the sides of the object that are facing the viewer are Two-Point at an angle to the picture plane and the parallel lines that recede from the viewer Perspective converge to two vanishing points. A type of linear perspective where the sides of the object that are facing the viewer are Three-Point at an angle to the to the picture plane and the parallel lines that recede from the viewer Perspective converge to three vanishing points. Picture plane An imaginary transparent plane that is between the viewer and the subject. Also known as the “Eye Level Line”. This line is drawn across the page and represents the Horizon line eye level of the viewer. The height of the horizon line changes depending on the viewer’s height. This changes the view of the subject. Eye level line The vantage point of the spectator Parallel lines Two lines that are the same distance from one another Imaginary points on the horizon line in 1 pt. and 2 pt. perspective. Receding lines Vanishing point converge to these points. One of the two variables that control view in a drawing. This refers to a stationery point Station point on the ground from which the viewer/artist observes the scene. Receding Moving away from the viewer. (Opposite) - Advancing. Refers to the apparent size of objects and how they become smaller when the distance Diminishing Forms between the object moves further away from the viewer/artist. Converging lines Parallel lines that come together towards a single vanishing point. Overlapping A technique used to create depth on a 2-D surface by placing one form over another The apparent reduction in the length or width of a subject due to the angle from which it Foreshortening is viewed. Ground line The bottom of the picture plane Imaginary or lightly drawn guidelines in a perspective drawing. They are usually the Orthogonal Lines parallel lines that converge on to the horizon line. Line of Sight An imaginary line traveling from the eye of the spectator to infinity A transparent sheet of paper that allows the viewer of a design to reference a drawing Overlay below it An angle measuring technique in which the artist holds out a pencil out at arm’s length Sighting toward an object being examined to make comparisons. TYPES OF DOORS A movable structure which is used to open and close an entrance, typically consisting of a Door panel that swings on hinges or that slides or spins inside a space. Swinging Doors The shutters are hung to the door frame on hinges or butts fixed to one side of the shutter so that they swing on vertical axis. These types are mostly in residential buildings In this, the shutters can slide in either upward, downward or sideway. These doors do not Sliding Doors create obstructions in movement Rolling Shutter An improvement on the sliding doors. Made of steel and easy to open and close. They do Doors not require much space. Useful for garages and shops where large openings are provided Used in places where frequent opening and closing of a door is to be provided. E.g. fish Revolving Doors market. These doors hang on central pivot and rotate whenever used. Suitable for air-conditioned buildings. These doors may be of wood material. Can be constructed cheaply. They are used for Folding Doors large openings Made of light steel sections, mostly channels. They roll in small channels fixed at top and Collapsible Doors bottom wherein small rollers have been kept Telescopic Doors Use for very large opening. They are made up of 5-15 leaves, generally center parting. TYPES OF WINDOWS Consists of a framework in which the panel or glass is fitted and the framework in which Fixed Type the panel or glass is fitted and the framework cannot move. Opening Outside The shutters open towards outside the building Opening Inside The shutters open inside the building Top-Hinged The shutter is hinged at the bottom and can be moved outside Bottom-Hinged The shutter is hinged at the bottom and can be moved inside These window shutters rotate about a pivot which may be fixed to the window frame. Pivoted The windows can rotate horizontally or vertically depending upon the position of the pivot Sliding The shutters can move inside the walls horizontally or vertically Double Hung One shutter goes up and one shutter moves gown. TYPES OF ROOFS VISUAL TECHNIQUES Monochromatic Colors that are shade or tint variations of the same hue. Complementary Those colors across from each other on a color wheel. Split One hue plus two others equally spaced from its complement. Complementary Double Two complementary color sets; the distance between selected complementary pairs will Complementary affect the overall contrast of the final composition. Analogous Those colors located adjacent to each other on a color wheel. Triad Three hues equally positioned on a color wheel. a paint gun that employs compressed air to atomize paint into a fine spray. It can be used Airbrush to produce extremely fine detail or to fill in large areas of flat color in visual art, refers to an artwork in the making of which more than one medium has Mixed media been employed. The photographing of buildings and similar structures that are both aesthetically pleasing Architectural and accurate representations of their subjects. Architectural photographers, are usually photography skilled in the use of specialized techniques and equipment. Exterior Usually takes advantage of available daylight, or if performed at night, uses ambient light architectural from adjacent street lights, landscape lights, exterior building lights, moonlight and even photography twilight present in the sky in all but the darkest situations. Performed with ambient light transmitted through windows and skylights, as well as Interior interior lighting fixtures. Frequently though, architectural photographers will use architectural supplemental lighting to improve the illumination within a building. Either electronic photography flash "strobes" or incandescent "hot lights" can be used. the process and the result of making a composite photograph by cutting and joining two Photomontage or more photographs into an illusion of an unreal subject. TYPES OF PAPER Thin strong writing paper of less than 50g/m2 commonly used for typewriting and Bank paper correspondence. Bond paper is a high quality durable writing paper similar to bank paper but having a Bond Paper weight greater than 50 g/m2.It is used for letterheads and other stationery and as paper for electronic printers. A book paper (or publishing paper) is a paper which is designed specifically for the Book Paper publication of printed books. Typically, books papers are light weight papers 60 - 90gsm and often specified by their caliper/substance ratios (volume basis). Construction paper or sugar paper is a type of coarse colored paper typically available in Construction large sheets. The texture is slightly rough, and the surface is unfinished. Due to the Paper / Sugar nature of the source material from which the paper is manufactured, small particles are Paper visible on the paper’s surface. Cotton paper is made from 100% cotton fibers. Cotton paper is superior in both strength Cotton Paper and durability to wood pulp-based papers, which may contain high concentrations of acids.May also be known as cotton rag or ragged paper. Electronic Paper is a display technology designed to mimic the appearance of ordinary ink Electronic Paper/ on paper. Electronic paper reflects light like ordinary paper and is capable of holding text E- Paper and images indefinitely without drawing electricity, while allowing the image to be changed later. Inkjet paper is paper designed for inkjet printers, typically classified by its weight, Inkjet Paper brightness and smoothness, and sometimes by its opacity. Photo paper is a category of inkjet paper designed specifically for reproduction of photographs. The best of these papers, with suitable pigment-based ink systems, can Photo Paper match or exceed the image quality and longevity of traditional materials used for printing color photographs Kraft paper is paper produced by the Kraft process from wood pulp. It is strong and relatively coarse. Kraft paper is usually a brown colour but can be bleached to produce Kraft Paper white paper. It is used for paper grocery bags, multiwall sacks, envelopes and other packaging. Laid paper is a type of paper having a ribbed texture imparted by the manufacturing Laid Paper process.Laid paper is still commonly used by artists as a support for charcoal drawings. The material is very strong; it is difficult to tear but can easily be cut with scissors or any other sharp object. Water vapor can pass through Tyvek, but not liquid water, so the Tyvek / Tyvex material lends itself to a variety of applications: medical packaging, envelopes, car covers, air and water intrusion barriers (housewrap) under house siding, labels, wristbands, mycology, and graphics. A paper towel is a disposable product made of paper. It serves the same general purposes as conventional towels, such as drying hands, wiping windows and dusting. Paper Towel Because paper towels are disposable, they are often chosen to avoid the contamination of germs. Wallpaper is material which is used to cover and decorate the interior walls of homes, Wall Paper offices, and other buildings; it is one aspect of interior decoration. Washi or Wagami is a type of paper made in Japan. Washi is commonly made using fibers Washi from the bark of the gampi tree, the mitsumata shrub (Edgeworthia papyrifera), or the paper mulberry, but also can be made using bamboo, hemp, rice, and wheat. Wax paper (also called waxed paper) is a kind of paper that is made moisture proof Wax Paper through the application of wax. Wove Paper Wove paper is a writing paper with a uniform surface, not ribbed or watermarked. Coated paper is paper which has been coated by an inorganic compound to impart Coated Paper certain qualities to the paper, including weight and surface gloss, smoothness or ink absorbency. Kaolinite is the compound most often used for coating papers used in commercial printing. One function of coating is to protect against ultraviolet radiation. DESIGN As per fire code of the Philippines, the maximum travel distance between any room door 30 meters intended as access and exit shall not exceed. 1.8 sqm The unit area per occupant in a classroom as required by the NBC Two Exit Required by the NBC when the occupants in a classroom is over 50 Elevator Elevator is not considered as an exit 6m to 12 m The flagpole range RROW Road Right of Way BHL Building Height Limit TCT Transfer of Certificate Title 15m BHL for institutional structures as required by the NBC Contour Line Elevation above sea level Gothic The Iglesia ni Cristo follows this architectural style Living Wall Another term for green wall Ephiraim Henry Forerunner in the design of futuristic homes Pavie Shaft Wall enclosure for elevator Garage A space intended to house automobiles, enclosed on all sides Cross Ventilation To obtain cool air from outside and force warm air to go outside Department of The Philippine Government agency that identified 12 areas with high potential for wind Energy energy utilization Mosque Three architectural style in Mosque: Persian, Turkish and Arab INC Kapilya Two Architects involved : Juan Nakpil and Carlos Viola; Left-Male; Right-Female 10 Tablets which are used as markers located along the front area of Catholic Church Commandments Protestant Two plan shapes: Octagonal and Circular Churches Ablution Facility Cleansing area Onion Bulb Cupola Mosque Dome Geometric Figures Mosque interior motif Staired Pulpit Mimbar Orientation Placement of object with respect to cardinal points Passive Cooling Removal of unwanted heat without power consumption Clerestorey High window that brings in natural light and fresh air Amihan Northeast Wind Habagat Southwest Wind Crescent moon The most common exterior accent of a mosque Masjid Arabic term for mosque Confessional Box Part of Catholic Church not evident on churches of other sector Congregation In the mosque plan lay out, the part were Mecca should be faced Kingdom Hall Jehovah’s Witnesses place of Worship Futuristic Design Means prospective design BP 344 3. 70 m least dimension of a parking slot for the disabled 1.7m x 1.8m The minimum water closet stall dimension for PWD tactile surface best way to provide for the convenience of both people in wheelchair and blind persons 1.20m minimum width for a hallway 30m distance of the Building Main Entrance to the Elevator 0.80m minimum dimension of an elevator door width 1.10 x 1.40 m minimum size of an elevator car 1.50 x 1.80 m minimum size of an elevator shaft 0.80m Minimum door opening for elevators for a single door 0.80m minimum size of Elevator Doors for the handicapped 30m maximum distance of Elevators considering the handicapped 0.80m minimum Doorway width under BP 344 60m Distance of parking for the disabled from building entrance For parking areas of PWD, a walkway between the front ends of parked cars shall have a 1.20m minimum clear width 1.50 m in diameter suitable guide in the planning of wheelchair turning spaces 90 degrees suitable guide in the planning of wheelchair turning 90m under the Accessibility Code, the maximum height of handrail 74m Min. clearance of a table from floor considering the handicapped Slanted Nosing preferred design for a stair considering users of crutches 0.70m minimum width of a stair under BP 344 0.90m minimum width of a stair under BP 344 1.10m minimum clear width of a hallway under bp344 0.80 x 2.10 for doors Dimensions of doors and windows conforming to accessibility law 10% for windows 1.20m Minimum door width for hospital nursing units Central Refuge space for wheelchair when passing through a road 1.5m minimum depth of a Central Refuge 8m From BP 344, the maximum width of a carriageway where a central refuge is no longer required Dropped curbs at crossings have a width corresponding to the width of the crossing; otherwise, 0.90m the minimum width 25mm The lowest point of a dropped curb from the road or gutter should not 0.90m The minimum width of a curb cut-out 1 is to 100 The minimum width of a curb cut-out 1.20m minimum width of a walkway Deal extension of the handrail should be provided at the start and end of ramps and stairs of 300mm about 30 to 60 mm Handrails that require full grip should have a dimension 50mm Handrails that require full grip should have a dimension 40mm Handrails that require full grip should have a dimension 1.60m Signs on walls and doors should be located at a maximum height 1.40 Signs on walls and doors should be located at a minimum height 1mm Signs on walls and doors should be located at a minimum height 1:12 The maximum ramp gradient shall be 6m The length of a ramp should not exceed 1.50m Longer ramps whose gradient is 1 is to 12 shall be provided with landings not less than 1.80m A level area should be provided at the top and bottom of any ramp of not less than 4kg Doors should be operable by a pressure or force not more than 1.5m x 1.5m A minimum clear level space to be provided before and extending beyond a door.82 m and 1.06m Doorknobs and other hardware should be located between _____ above the floor Thresholds shall be kept to a minimum; whenever necessary, thresholds and sliding door tracks 25mm shall have a maximum height 1.20m to 1.30m Manual switches shall be positioned above the floor within 0.2m Manual switches should be located from the latch side of the door of about 1.2m Corridors shall have minimum clear width 2. 25 sq. m Minimum turning space of a water closet stalls 0.45 m The maximum height of water closets 1.20m Flush control should have a maximum height 0.80m Maximum height of lavatories should be.60m-.70m Lavatories vertical clearance 0.48m Urinals should have an elongated lip or through type; the maximum height of the lip should be Accessible elevators should be located from the entrance and should be easy to locate with the 30m aid of signs of not more than FIRE CODE Group A Assembly Group B Educational Group C Institutional Group D Residential Group E Mercantile Group F Business Group G Industrial Group H Storage 0.71m Minimum exit door width 2.30m Minimum floor to ceiling height. 0.19m Maximum stair rise height for a class A stair. 2.75m Maximum height between landings for class A stair. 2.00m Minimum headroom for class A & B stairs. 0.28sqm Unit area per person for waiting areas or standing rooms. 4 Number of exits for place of assembly for 1000 occupants 46.00m Travel distance to an exit without fire sprinkler system. 61.00m Travel distance to an exit with fire sprinkler system. 0.83m Minimum spacing of rows of seats from back to back for a public assembly building. 14 Maximum number of seats in a row in between aisles. 7 Maximum number of seats in a row opening on to an aisle at one side. 60cm Standard width of a seat without dividing arms for places of assembly. 91cm Minimum width of an aisle serving an occupant of 60. 2.00m Minimum headroom created by any projection from the ceiling. 56cm Minimum clear width of turnstiles. 112cm Minimum dimension of landings in direction of travel for class A & B stairs. 3 Minimum number of risers in any one (1) flight of stairs. 76cms Minimum height of a handrail above the upper surface of the tread. 38mm Minimum height of a handrail above the upper surface of the tread. 91cm Minimum height of a guard rail. 106cm Maximum height of a guard rail. 7.50m Minimum inner radius of a monumental stair. 112cm Minimum width of any balcony or bridge. 112cm Minimum width of any balcony or bridge. 20.3cm Maximum rise of any floor from the balcony floor to which an access door leads. 1floor Maximum vertical height in floors for an escalator. 55.9cm Minimum width of a fire escape stair for existing stairs. 55.9cm Minimum width of landing for a fire escape stair for existing stairs. 15.25cm Minimum tread for a fire escape stair for small buildings. 30.5cm Maximum rise of fire escape stair for a small building. 22.9cm Maximum rise of fire escape stair for existing stairs. 3.66m Maximum height between landings for a fire escape stair for existing stairs. 2.13m Minimum headroom clearance for a fire escape stair for existing stairs. 1.98m Minimum headroom clearance for a fire escape stair for small buildings. 3 Number of exits for place of assembly for 600-1000 occupants. 50-300 Maximum occupant load for a class C public assembly. 2 Minimum number of exit for an Institutional type of structure. Maximum travel distance bet. room door intended as exit access and exit with sprinkler system 30m for institutional use. 30m Maximum travel distance from the door of any room to exit for hotels with sprinkler. 31m Maximum travel distance from the main entrance door to exit for apartments with sprinkler. 2.5cm Minimum increase in width for an aisle per linear meter. Minimum width of an aisle serving an occupant of 60 or more serving one side for a public 91cm assembly building. Minimum width of an aisle serving an occupant of 60 or more serving two sides for a public 1m assembly building. 76cm Minimum width of an aisle serving an occupant of below 60 for a public assembly building. 1.80m Minimum width of an aisle for an educational use building. 2.44m Minimum width of an aisle for hospitals or nursing homes. 1.83m Minimum width of an aisle for custodial care institutions. 112cm Minimum width of an aisle for business use structure. 112cm Minimum width of an aisle for an industrial building. 4.60sqm Occupant load per person for laboratories. Institutional Occupant load per person for laboratories. Courtrooms with an occupant load of more than 100 are classified under what classification of Assembly occupancy. Armories with an occupant load of more than 100 are classified under what classification of Assembly occupancy Business Libraries are classified under what classification of occupancy. Picking Rooms Rooms where baled, bundled or piled materials segregated into desired sizes or groups. High Rise Building Buildings or structures 15 meters or more in height. Explosive magazine Buildings or structures used for the storage of explosives, shells, projectile, etc. An air compartment or chamber to which 1 or more ducts are connected and which form part of Plenum an air distribution system. Fulminate A kind of stable explosive compound which explodes by percussion. Phyrophoric Descriptive of any substance that ignites spontaneously when exposed to air. Oxidizing material A material that readily yields oxygen in quantities sufficient to stimulate or support combustion Forging A process where a piece of metal is heated prior to changing its shape and dimension. The process of first raising the temperature to separate the more volatile from the less volatile Distillation parts and then cooling and condensing the result vapor so as to produce a nearly purified substance A finely powdered substance which, when mixed with air in the proper proportion and ignited Dust will cause an explosion. 37.8 oC (100 oF) Temperature rating at flash point. Class B A class of fire with flammable liquid and gasses. Boiling Point The temperature at which a liquid is transformed or converted into vapor. 4 hours Minimum fire resistance rating for a firewall. Duct System A continuous passageway for the transmission of air. The minimum temperature at which any material gives off vapor in sufficient concentration to Flash Point form an ignitable mixture with air. A gas, fume or vapor used for the destruction or control of insects, fungi, vermin, germs, rodents Fumigant or other pests. 4.50m Minimum width of any driveway in and around a lumber yard / piles. 1.80m Minimum height of fence for a lumber yard for exterior storage of lumbers. 3.70m Maximum width of sumps for the retention of oil and petroleum products. 1.50m For Refineries, distilleries, and chemical plants, the minimum height for a fence. 15m Minimum travel distance from any individual room subject to occupancy by not more 6 persons 23m Maximum distance of travel from the high hazard area to an exit. 3m Minimum distance of an incinerator from any structure used other than a single family dwelling 9cm Maximum reduction in width of a stair by a handrail. 71cm Minimum door width of a single door in a door way. Maximum change in elevation between the interior of a door to the outside of it other than a 20.5cm balcony 7kgs Maximum force in kilograms required for a panic hardware. 112cm Maximum height required for a panic hardware installation. 76cm Minimum height required for a panic hardware installation. 20 Maximum number of occupant for a subdivided room or space by a folding partition. 61cm Minimum width of a door for family day care homes. 91cm Minimum stair width for a class B stair serving an occupant load of less than 50. Length of a nosing or effective projection over the level immediately below it for tread below 25 25mm cms in dimension. 86.5cm Maximum height of a handrail. 37.8 oC (100 oF) A combustible liquid is any liquid having a flash point at or above. Fire Resistance The time duration that a material or construction can withstand the effect of standard fire test is Rating known as. Any material which by its nature or as a result of its reaction with other elements produces a Cyrogenic rapid drop in temperature of the immediate surroundings. 30.50m Classified as mercantile occupancies, the travel distance from exits shall be. Assembly Under what classification of occupancy do pool rooms fall? Institutional Under what classification of occupancy does home for the aged fall. Business Under what classification of occupancy do court houses fall? Industrial Under what classification of occupancy does a refinery fall? Mercantile Under what classification of occupancy does drugstores fall. 71cm Minimum width of an aisle in a store for mercantile occupancies. 1 Minimum number of aisles for Class 'A' stores. 1.50m Minimum clear width of aisles for a Class 'A' store. 3.66m Minimum clear width of an exit access through a covered mall. 15m Minimum height of buildings requiring automatic sprinkler protection. 763m Standard inner radius of a curved stair in business occupancies. 19cm Maximum height of riser for Class 'A' stairs. 20cm Maximum height of riser for Class 'B' Stairs. 112cm Minimum width of stair for Class 'B' stairs serving more than 50 persons. 91cm Minimum width of stair for Class 'B' stairs serving 50 persons and below. 38mm Maximum horizontal projection of a handrail over a stair. 25mm Minimum width of a stair width for Class 'A' stairs. 3.70m Maximum height between landings for a Class 'B' stairs. 112cm Minimum width of landings in direction of travel for Class 'A / B' stairs. 112cm Minimum width of Class 'A' ramp. 76cm Minimum width of Class 'B' ramp. 10-17% Standard slope of Class 'B' ramp in percentage. No Limit Maximum height between landings for Class 'A' ramp. 3.66m Maximum height between landings for Class 'B' ramp. 1.20m Minimum width of ramps of 3 stories or more in height. 55.9cm Minimum width for fire escape for existing stairs. 55.9cm Minimum horizontal dimension of any landing of platform for existing stairs for fire escape. 30.5cm Maximum rise for a fire escape for very small buildings. 3.66m Maximum height between landings for fire escape for existing stairs. 23m Minimum distance travel to an exit for storage occupancies of high hazard commodities. Class of fire involving combustible metals, such as magnesium, sodium, potassium, and other Class D similar materials. Class of fire involving ordinary combustible materials, such as wood, papers, cloth, rubber, and Class A plastics. A tank, vat or container of flammable or combustible liquid in which articles or materials are Diptank immersed for the purpose of coating, finishing, treating or similar processes. An integrated system of underground or overhead piping or both connected to a source of Automatic Fire extinguishing agents or medium and designed in accordance with fire protection engineering Supression System standards which when actuated by its automatic detecting device, suppresses fire within the area protected. Means of Egress A continuous and unobstructed route of exit from any point in a building to a public way. 5m Minimum distance of an incinerator containing kindled fire or rubbish fire or bonfires. Assembly Under what classification of occupancy does museums fall? Business Under what classification of occupancy does town halls fall? 1.22 m Maximum width of a single door in a doorway. 22.9cm Minimum tread for a fire escape stair for existing stairs. 30.5cm Maximum spacing of rungs for a fire escape ladder. 25cm Minimum spacing of rungs for a fire escape ladder. Class III combustible liquids shall mean any liquid having a flash point at how many degrees 60 o C Celsius? 0.83m In standard seating, the minimum spacing from back to back. 30cm Minimum space from the back of chair to the front of the chair behind. (1:8) 12.5% Maximum slope for aisles for public assembly structures. 63.5mm Size of standpipe provided for each stage for public assembly building. 1.8sqm Occupant load per person for classrooms. Where exterior corridors or balconies are provided as means of exit, they shall open to the 76.25m outside and shall be spaced ___ meters apart. (Educational) 55cm Minimum dimension of a rescue window for educational occupancies. 82cm Maximum height from the floor for a rescue window for educational occupancies. 2.44m Minimum width of corridors, aisles, and ramps for exits in hospitals and nursing homes. 1.83m Minimum width of corridors, aisles, and ramps for exits in residential-custodial care. Any room for sleeping in institutional occupancies if subdivided shall have a maximum area of 465sqm how many square meters? Includes buildings or groups of building under the same management in which there are more Hotel than 15 sleeping accommodations for hire. Includes buildings containing three or more living units independent cooking and bathroom Apartment Buildings facilities, whether designed as row house, apartment house, tenement, garden apartment, or by any other name. 3 Minimum number of stories of apartment buildings requiring fire alarm system. 12 Minimum number of apartment units requiring fire alarm system.